Furosemide (4 mg) dispersible tablets tailored for paediatric patients were formulated by direct compression using granulated lactose as the filler. Combinations of superdisintergrants namely sodium starch glycolate-crospovidone, sodium starch glycolate-croscarmellose and croscarmellose-crospovidone were incorporated to form three tablet batches; with a total superdisintegrant concentration of 4% w/w per tablet. The quality of the resultant tablets was evaluated using pharmacopoeial physicochemical tests. Tablets prepared with sodium starch glycolate-crospovidone and croscarmellose-crospovidone as superdisintegrants were found to comply with all specifications for tablet quality, while those formulated with sodium starch glycolate-croscarmellose, failed both the uniformity of weight and friability tests. This study showed that low dose furosemide dispersible tablets for pediatric use can be formulated using 4% w/w combinations of sodium starch glycolate-crospovidone and croscarmellosecrospovidone as superdisintegrants. Keywords : Furosemide, dispersible tablet, pediatric, formulation, superdisintegrants
{"title":"Formulation of Furosemide Dispersible Tablets for Use in Paediatrics","authors":"V. V. Abwova, P. N. Mbeo, L. Tirop, K. Kuria","doi":"10.4314/ECAJPS.V18I2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ECAJPS.V18I2","url":null,"abstract":"Furosemide (4 mg) dispersible tablets tailored for paediatric patients were formulated by direct compression using granulated lactose as the filler. Combinations of superdisintergrants namely sodium starch glycolate-crospovidone, sodium starch glycolate-croscarmellose and croscarmellose-crospovidone were incorporated to form three tablet batches; with a total superdisintegrant concentration of 4% w/w per tablet. The quality of the resultant tablets was evaluated using pharmacopoeial physicochemical tests. Tablets prepared with sodium starch glycolate-crospovidone and croscarmellose-crospovidone as superdisintegrants were found to comply with all specifications for tablet quality, while those formulated with sodium starch glycolate-croscarmellose, failed both the uniformity of weight and friability tests. This study showed that low dose furosemide dispersible tablets for pediatric use can be formulated using 4% w/w combinations of sodium starch glycolate-crospovidone and croscarmellosecrospovidone as superdisintegrants. Keywords : Furosemide, dispersible tablet, pediatric, formulation, superdisintegrants","PeriodicalId":22387,"journal":{"name":"The East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"38 1","pages":"61-66"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81580587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nelson E Masota, J. Sempombe, M. Mihale, L. Henry, V. Mugoyela, F. Sung’hwa
Adenia spp. (Passifloraceae) grows widely in many parts of Eastern and Southern Africa. Though some species of the plant are known to be generally toxic, a few of them are used in traditional medical practices. Among the many uses is the claim that when given to goats and cows which have difficulty in giving birth, it hastens the process of giving birth. We found this of interest and set out to investigate it further. We determined the effect of the water extract of Adenia globosa on the isolated preparation of the rat uterus and how this action interacts with ergometrine and prostaglandin F2α, two well-established uterine stimulants. The crude extract and the other drugs were tested on isolated rat uterus set up in an organ bath under the usual laboratory conditions. The results obtained showed that the plant extract caused a dose-dependent contraction of the rat uterus. The contractile effect was potentiated by small doses of ergometrine and prostaglandin F2α. It was therefore postulated that since prostaglandin F-2α also exists as an endogenous hormone which is released at the time of labour, the observed potentiation probably occurs in vivo when the plant preparation is given to domestic animals to ease and speed up the process of giving birth as claimed in the traditional use of this plant. These results therefore provide scientific justification for the traditional usage of the plant preparation. Keywords: Adenia globosa ; traditional medicine; oxytocic action; rat uterus; ergometrine; prostaglandin F 2α .
{"title":"Pesticidal Activity of Wild Mushroom Boletus satanas Lenz Extracts against Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Stored Maize Grains","authors":"Nelson E Masota, J. Sempombe, M. Mihale, L. Henry, V. Mugoyela, F. Sung’hwa","doi":"10.4314/ECAJPS.V18I3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ECAJPS.V18I3","url":null,"abstract":"Adenia spp. (Passifloraceae) grows widely in many parts of Eastern and Southern Africa. Though some species of the plant are known to be generally toxic, a few of them are used in traditional medical practices. Among the many uses is the claim that when given to goats and cows which have difficulty in giving birth, it hastens the process of giving birth. We found this of interest and set out to investigate it further. We determined the effect of the water extract of Adenia globosa on the isolated preparation of the rat uterus and how this action interacts with ergometrine and prostaglandin F2α, two well-established uterine stimulants. The crude extract and the other drugs were tested on isolated rat uterus set up in an organ bath under the usual laboratory conditions. The results obtained showed that the plant extract caused a dose-dependent contraction of the rat uterus. The contractile effect was potentiated by small doses of ergometrine and prostaglandin F2α. It was therefore postulated that since prostaglandin F-2α also exists as an endogenous hormone which is released at the time of labour, the observed potentiation probably occurs in vivo when the plant preparation is given to domestic animals to ease and speed up the process of giving birth as claimed in the traditional use of this plant. These results therefore provide scientific justification for the traditional usage of the plant preparation. Keywords: Adenia globosa ; traditional medicine; oxytocic action; rat uterus; ergometrine; prostaglandin F 2α .","PeriodicalId":22387,"journal":{"name":"The East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"21 1","pages":"86-95"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75458027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Sempombe, V. Mugoyela, M. Mihale, A. Zacharia, P. Ipagala, K. Kilulya
Entada abyssinica, Securinega virosa and Ehretia amoena are traditionally used in Southern Uganda to treat Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT). Extracts from the roots and root barks of E. abyssinica, S. virosa and E. amoena were investigated for in vivo antitrypanosomal activity against Trypanosoma brucei brucei in mice. The extracts were also tested in vitro for potential cytotoxicity against a 3-cell line panel consisting of TK10 (renal), UACC62 (melanoma) and MCF7 (breast) cancer cells using the highly sensitive Sulforhodamine B assay. The ethanolic extract from the roots of E. abyssinica showed a reduction of T. b. brucei parasitaemia at a single dose of 400 mg/kg. The petroleum ether extract from the root bark of E. abyssinica showed the highest cytotoxicity with GI50, total growth inhibition, LC50 and LC100 values of less than 6.25 μg/ml. Our findings confirm earlier in vitro antitrypanosomal studies and lend credence to the traditional use of these plants against trypanosomiasis.Keywords: Medicinal plants, antitrypanosomal activity, anticancer activity, in vivo assay, SRB assay, bioactive components
{"title":"Preliminary in vivo antitrypanosomal activity and cytotoxicity of Entada abyssinica, Securinega virosa and Ehretia amoena","authors":"J. Sempombe, V. Mugoyela, M. Mihale, A. Zacharia, P. Ipagala, K. Kilulya","doi":"10.4314/ECAJPS.V17I2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ECAJPS.V17I2","url":null,"abstract":"Entada abyssinica, Securinega virosa and Ehretia amoena are traditionally used in Southern Uganda to treat Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT). Extracts from the roots and root barks of E. abyssinica, S. virosa and E. amoena were investigated for in vivo antitrypanosomal activity against Trypanosoma brucei brucei in mice. The extracts were also tested in vitro for potential cytotoxicity against a 3-cell line panel consisting of TK10 (renal), UACC62 (melanoma) and MCF7 (breast) cancer cells using the highly sensitive Sulforhodamine B assay. The ethanolic extract from the roots of E. abyssinica showed a reduction of T. b. brucei parasitaemia at a single dose of 400 mg/kg. The petroleum ether extract from the root bark of E. abyssinica showed the highest cytotoxicity with GI50, total growth inhibition, LC50 and LC100 values of less than 6.25 μg/ml. Our findings confirm earlier in vitro antitrypanosomal studies and lend credence to the traditional use of these plants against trypanosomiasis.Keywords: Medicinal plants, antitrypanosomal activity, anticancer activity, in vivo assay, SRB assay, bioactive components","PeriodicalId":22387,"journal":{"name":"The East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":"37-43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90795950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Shedafa, P. Tibalinda, V. Manyanga, J. Sempombe, E. Kaale, C. Bonsmann, C. Haefelé, M. Chambuso
This study describes the development and validation of a stability indicating high performance liquid chromatographic method for the analysis of lamivudine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and their degradants. The method uses a Reprosil®-pur basic C18 column (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) maintained at 30°C, methanol and a mixture of buffers (2.3 g/L ammonium dihydrogen phosphate and 1.32 g/L of diammonium hydrogen phosphate, pH 3.9) for gradient elution at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, and UV detection at 270 nm. Good separation of lamivudine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and their potential impurities was achieved. The stability indicating ability of the developed method was validated by subjecting both active ingredients to hydrolytic and oxidative stress conditions and separating the degradation products from their respective intact drugs. The calibration curve was linear over the 80-120 μg/mL concentration range for both active ingredients with r2> 0.99. A recovery rate of 99.8 % for lamivudine and 99.3 % for tenofovir disoproxil fumarate confirmed the accuracy of the method for the simultaneous determination of both drugs in the fixed-dose combination.Keywords: Stability indicating liquid chromatography, lamivudine, tenofovir, validation
本研究描述了一种稳定性高的高效液相色谱分析拉米夫定和富马酸替诺福韦二氧吡酯及其降解物的方法的建立和验证。方法采用resil®-pur碱性C18色谱柱(250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm)，在30°C下保持，甲醇和缓冲液(2.3 g/L磷酸二氢铵和1.32 g/L磷酸氢二铵，pH 3.9)的混合物，梯度洗脱，流速1.0 mL/min, 270 nm紫外检测。对拉米夫定和富马酸替诺福韦二氧吡酯及其潜在杂质进行了较好的分离。将两种有效成分分别置于水解和氧化应激条件下，并将降解产物从各自的完整药物中分离出来，验证了所开发方法的稳定性和能力。两种有效成分在80 ~ 120 μg/mL浓度范围内均呈线性，r2> 0.99。拉米夫定的回收率为99.8%，富马酸替诺福韦二氧吡酯的回收率为99.3%，证实了该方法同时测定两种药物固定剂量组合的准确性。关键词:稳定性指示液相色谱，拉米夫定，替诺福韦，验证
{"title":"Stability Indicating Liquid Chromatographic Method for Determination of Lamivudine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate in Fixed Dose Combination Formulations","authors":"R. Shedafa, P. Tibalinda, V. Manyanga, J. Sempombe, E. Kaale, C. Bonsmann, C. Haefelé, M. Chambuso","doi":"10.4314/ECAJPS.V17I3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ECAJPS.V17I3","url":null,"abstract":"This study describes the development and validation of a stability indicating high performance liquid chromatographic method for the analysis of lamivudine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and their degradants. The method uses a Reprosil®-pur basic C18 column (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) maintained at 30°C, methanol and a mixture of buffers (2.3 g/L ammonium dihydrogen phosphate and 1.32 g/L of diammonium hydrogen phosphate, pH 3.9) for gradient elution at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, and UV detection at 270 nm. Good separation of lamivudine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and their potential impurities was achieved. The stability indicating ability of the developed method was validated by subjecting both active ingredients to hydrolytic and oxidative stress conditions and separating the degradation products from their respective intact drugs. The calibration curve was linear over the 80-120 μg/mL concentration range for both active ingredients with r2> 0.99. A recovery rate of 99.8 % for lamivudine and 99.3 % for tenofovir disoproxil fumarate confirmed the accuracy of the method for the simultaneous determination of both drugs in the fixed-dose combination.Keywords: Stability indicating liquid chromatography, lamivudine, tenofovir, validation","PeriodicalId":22387,"journal":{"name":"The East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"104 1","pages":"70-78"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85870217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Na Mukungu, K. Abuga, N. Mungai, K. Bosire, E. Karumi
The aerial parts of Nicandra physaloides plant collected from Kenyatta National Hospital grounds were dried and subjected to acid-base extraction and partitioned to obtain alkaloidal and non-alkaloidal extracts. The non-alkaloidal extract yielded three compounds; withanicandrin, â-sitosterol and stigmasterol after column chromatography. Withanicandrin exhibited antifungal activity against Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans but lacked antibacterial activity. Key words: Nicandra physaloides , withanicandrin, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, antifungal activity.
{"title":"Isolation and structural elucidation of compounds from the non-alkaloidal extract of Nicandra physaloides and the antimicrobial activity of withanicandrin","authors":"Na Mukungu, K. Abuga, N. Mungai, K. Bosire, E. Karumi","doi":"10.4314/ECAJPS.V16I2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ECAJPS.V16I2","url":null,"abstract":"The aerial parts of Nicandra physaloides plant collected from Kenyatta National Hospital grounds were dried and subjected to acid-base extraction and partitioned to obtain alkaloidal and non-alkaloidal extracts. The non-alkaloidal extract yielded three compounds; withanicandrin, â-sitosterol and stigmasterol after column chromatography. Withanicandrin exhibited antifungal activity against Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans but lacked antibacterial activity. Key words: Nicandra physaloides , withanicandrin, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, antifungal activity.","PeriodicalId":22387,"journal":{"name":"The East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":"49-53"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82252251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Karumi, C. Maitai, Faith A. Okalebo, N. Mungai, S. Ndwigah, P. Mutai, Na Mukungu
A descriptive cross-sectional survey to determine prescribing practice of clinicians at four public hospitals in West Ethiopia was carried out. The study involved retrospective review of 2024 prescriptions received at the hospitals' outpatient pharmacies during the period between January and September 2013. The mean number of drugs per prescription was 2.1±0.5. The prevalence of generic, antibiotics and injections prescribing were 79.2%, 54.7% and 28.3%, respectively. Drugs prescribed from Ethiopian essential drug list/formulary constituted 83.0%, which is far less than the ideal limit. Further, all the prescribing indicators studied were out of the ranges recommended by World Health Organization implying that there is deep rooted irrational prescribing practice in public hospitals in Ethiopia. Thus, urgent and well organized interventions should be implemented in the country. Key words : World Health Organization, prescribing indicators, rational drug use
{"title":"A Retrospective Analysis of Prescribing Practice Based on WHO Prescribing Indicators at Four Selected Hospitals of West Ethiopia: Policy Implication","authors":"E. Karumi, C. Maitai, Faith A. Okalebo, N. Mungai, S. Ndwigah, P. Mutai, Na Mukungu","doi":"10.4314/ECAJPS.V16I3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ECAJPS.V16I3","url":null,"abstract":"A descriptive cross-sectional survey to determine prescribing practice of clinicians at four public hospitals in West Ethiopia was carried out. The study involved retrospective review of 2024 prescriptions received at the hospitals' outpatient pharmacies during the period between January and September 2013. The mean number of drugs per prescription was 2.1±0.5. The prevalence of generic, antibiotics and injections prescribing were 79.2%, 54.7% and 28.3%, respectively. Drugs prescribed from Ethiopian essential drug list/formulary constituted 83.0%, which is far less than the ideal limit. Further, all the prescribing indicators studied were out of the ranges recommended by World Health Organization implying that there is deep rooted irrational prescribing practice in public hospitals in Ethiopia. Thus, urgent and well organized interventions should be implemented in the country. Key words : World Health Organization, prescribing indicators, rational drug use","PeriodicalId":22387,"journal":{"name":"The East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"31 1","pages":"69-74"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78851416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A good knowledge of disease management is necessary in promoting care and enhancing good therapeutic outcomes. The present study analyzed the knowledge, attitude and practice of hospital pharmacists in three referral hospitals to assess their preparedness in rendering pharmaceutical care to type 2 diabetic outpatients according to current pharmacy practices. The study was a cross-sectional survey of randomly selected hospital pharmacists at three teaching hospitals in eastern Nigeria. Retrospective data was collected using a structured questionnaire and analyzed based on descriptive statistics. A total of 130 hospital pharmacists comprising of 81 (62.3%) males and 49 (37.7%) females participated in the study. The mean duration of number of years of practice for the respondents was 23.3, 16.7 and 5.1 for University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital and Enugu State University Teaching Hospital, respectively. The survey revealed that the pharmacists had good knowledge of the diabetes disease and its management. While 83% believed that diabetes is dangerous, 17% felt that it should not be considered as a dangerous disease. Some of the pharmacists (25%) were of the view that patients' education is not the most important management tool in diabetic care while 10.8% felt that diabetic patients do not need special attention. Key words: Diabetes, knowledge, attitude, practice, pharmacists, tertiary hospital
{"title":"A Survey of Pharmacists' Knowledge, Attitude and Practice on Diabetes in Three Tertiary Hospitals in Eastern Nigeria","authors":"BO Ogbonna, AC Opara, C. Ezenduka, Oo Udochukwu","doi":"10.4314/ECAJPS.V16I1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ECAJPS.V16I1","url":null,"abstract":"A good knowledge of disease management is necessary in promoting care and enhancing good therapeutic outcomes. The present study analyzed the knowledge, attitude and practice of hospital pharmacists in three referral hospitals to assess their preparedness in rendering pharmaceutical care to type 2 diabetic outpatients according to current pharmacy practices. The study was a cross-sectional survey of randomly selected hospital pharmacists at three teaching hospitals in eastern Nigeria. Retrospective data was collected using a structured questionnaire and analyzed based on descriptive statistics. A total of 130 hospital pharmacists comprising of 81 (62.3%) males and 49 (37.7%) females participated in the study. The mean duration of number of years of practice for the respondents was 23.3, 16.7 and 5.1 for University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital and Enugu State University Teaching Hospital, respectively. The survey revealed that the pharmacists had good knowledge of the diabetes disease and its management. While 83% believed that diabetes is dangerous, 17% felt that it should not be considered as a dangerous disease. Some of the pharmacists (25%) were of the view that patients' education is not the most important management tool in diabetic care while 10.8% felt that diabetic patients do not need special attention. Key words: Diabetes, knowledge, attitude, practice, pharmacists, tertiary hospital","PeriodicalId":22387,"journal":{"name":"The East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"68 1","pages":"20-23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75116925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of this study was to assess the human pharmaceutical products that have been registered in Kenya in order to determine the most common routes of administration and type of dosage forms that are used. Registered pharmaceutical products were categorized by route of administration and then sub-categorized by the dosage form. Oral dosage forms were the most common accounting for 73% of all registered products. Parenteral and topical products represented 18% and 4% of the registered products respectively. Ophthalmic and pulmonary dosage forms accounted for 2% and 1% of the registered products, respectively. All other dosage forms categories individually accounted for less than 1% of the registered products. For most routes of administration, a variety of specific dosage forms were observed. The paper also briefly reviews the advantages and disadvantages of the routes of administration and the dosage forms that were observed. Keywords: Route of administration, dosage forms, drug delivery, registered pharmaceutical products East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Vol. 15 (2012) 38-46
{"title":"Assessment of human pharmaceutical products registered in Kenya by Route of administration and type of dosage form","authors":"N. Nyamweya, L. Tirop","doi":"10.4314/ECAJPS.V15I2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ECAJPS.V15I2","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to assess the human pharmaceutical products that have been registered in Kenya in order to determine the most common routes of administration and type of dosage forms that are used. Registered pharmaceutical products were categorized by route of administration and then sub-categorized by the dosage form. Oral dosage forms were the most common accounting for 73% of all registered products. Parenteral and topical products represented 18% and 4% of the registered products respectively. Ophthalmic and pulmonary dosage forms accounted for 2% and 1% of the registered products, respectively. All other dosage forms categories individually accounted for less than 1% of the registered products. For most routes of administration, a variety of specific dosage forms were observed. The paper also briefly reviews the advantages and disadvantages of the routes of administration and the dosage forms that were observed. Keywords: Route of administration, dosage forms, drug delivery, registered pharmaceutical products East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Vol. 15 (2012) 38-46","PeriodicalId":22387,"journal":{"name":"The East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"5 1","pages":"38-46"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80414252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Maru, L. Gathu, A. W. Mathenge, Alex O Okaru, F. Kamau, H. Chepkwony
The present work reports on the mucoadhesive and mechanical properties of the water-soluble gum obtained from Entandophragma angolense when incorporated in oral tablets. Flat-faced chlorpheniramine maleate tablets containing the gum were formulated. The potential for chemical interaction between the gum and drug was evaluated by UV spectroscopy. The mucoadhesive, mechanical and release properties of the tablets were evaluated. The rates of water uptake and erosion were determined for the tablets. The detachment time for the tablets increased from 78.71 ± 0.43 to 84.28 ± 0.75 min, and from 33.57 ± 0.48 to 79.27 ± 4.7 min as the amount of gum per tablet was increased from 2.5 to 10.0% w/w, respectively. The drug release time for all tablets increased with binder concentration. UV spectroscopy suggested the absence of chemical interactions. The novel natural gum compared favourably with established mucoadhesive polymers namely hydroxypropylcellulose and gelatin. The mucoadhesive, mechanical and release properties were a function of polymer concentration. Key words : Entandophragma angolense, chlorpheniramine maleate tablets, mucoadhesion, mechanical properties
{"title":"In Vitro Drug Release Studies of Metronidazole Topical Formulations Through Cellulose Membrane","authors":"S. Maru, L. Gathu, A. W. Mathenge, Alex O Okaru, F. Kamau, H. Chepkwony","doi":"10.4314/ECAJPS.V15I3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ECAJPS.V15I3","url":null,"abstract":"The present work reports on the mucoadhesive and mechanical properties of the water-soluble gum obtained from Entandophragma angolense when incorporated in oral tablets. Flat-faced chlorpheniramine maleate tablets containing the gum were formulated. The potential for chemical interaction between the gum and drug was evaluated by UV spectroscopy. The mucoadhesive, mechanical and release properties of the tablets were evaluated. The rates of water uptake and erosion were determined for the tablets. The detachment time for the tablets increased from 78.71 ± 0.43 to 84.28 ± 0.75 min, and from 33.57 ± 0.48 to 79.27 ± 4.7 min as the amount of gum per tablet was increased from 2.5 to 10.0% w/w, respectively. The drug release time for all tablets increased with binder concentration. UV spectroscopy suggested the absence of chemical interactions. The novel natural gum compared favourably with established mucoadhesive polymers namely hydroxypropylcellulose and gelatin. The mucoadhesive, mechanical and release properties were a function of polymer concentration. Key words : Entandophragma angolense, chlorpheniramine maleate tablets, mucoadhesion, mechanical properties","PeriodicalId":22387,"journal":{"name":"The East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"37 1","pages":"57-62"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79569011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Indomethacin in ground pellet mixture was fed to a group of starved albino mice 6-8 weeks old, weighing 20-26 g in varying concentrations ranging from 0.0125–1.0 % w/w. The mice were observed for signs of toxicity over a period of 8 days or until death and the LD 100 determined. The same LD 100 indomethacin concentration was fed to a group of albino rats to determine if the results could be replicated in a different rodent species. All the mice fed concentrations of indomethacin ranging from 0.0625–1.0% died within 3 days and none died within 24 h. These results were replicated in rats but in this case, death occurred within 6 days. The LD 100 indomethacin dose in mice was 35 mg/kg body weight compared to 65mg/kg given in literature for Zinc Phosphide. Most prominent manifestation of toxicity at death was extensive haemorrhage in gastrointestinal tract. Blood clotting time just before death was over 30 minutes compared to that of control mice which was 10-15 sec. Zinc phosphide, flocoumafen, difethiolone and bromadiolone, all established rodenticides in the Kenya market were fed to mice for purposes of comparison and their rodenticidal effects confirmed. On the basis of these results use of indomethacin as rodenticide is justified as it is much cheaper, readily available and safer in humans compared to other rodenticides in the market. Keywords: Indomethacin, rodenticide East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Vol. 14 (2011) 12-15
{"title":"New use of indomethacin","authors":"M. Jande, A. Muhereza, G. Kongola, G. Rimoy","doi":"10.4314/ECAJPS.V14I1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ECAJPS.V14I1","url":null,"abstract":"Indomethacin in ground pellet mixture was fed to a group of starved albino mice 6-8 weeks old, weighing 20-26 g in varying concentrations ranging from 0.0125–1.0 % w/w. The mice were observed for signs of toxicity over a period of 8 days or until death and the LD 100 determined. The same LD 100 indomethacin concentration was fed to a group of albino rats to determine if the results could be replicated in a different rodent species. All the mice fed concentrations of indomethacin ranging from 0.0625–1.0% died within 3 days and none died within 24 h. These results were replicated in rats but in this case, death occurred within 6 days. The LD 100 indomethacin dose in mice was 35 mg/kg body weight compared to 65mg/kg given in literature for Zinc Phosphide. Most prominent manifestation of toxicity at death was extensive haemorrhage in gastrointestinal tract. Blood clotting time just before death was over 30 minutes compared to that of control mice which was 10-15 sec. Zinc phosphide, flocoumafen, difethiolone and bromadiolone, all established rodenticides in the Kenya market were fed to mice for purposes of comparison and their rodenticidal effects confirmed. On the basis of these results use of indomethacin as rodenticide is justified as it is much cheaper, readily available and safer in humans compared to other rodenticides in the market. Keywords: Indomethacin, rodenticide East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Vol. 14 (2011) 12-15","PeriodicalId":22387,"journal":{"name":"The East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"70 1","pages":"12-15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77165781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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