Pub Date : 2008-02-20DOI: 10.4314/ECAJPS.V10I1.9754
N. Dobaria, R. Mashru, N. Vadia
Among the various routes of drug delivery, the vaginal route offers many advantages due to its large permeation area, rich vascularization, avoidance of first pass metabolism and relatively low enzymatic activity. Several studies have shown that the vaginal cavity is an effective route for drug administration intended mainly for local action. In addition, it has the potential of delivering drugs for systemic effects and uterine targeting. Use of the vaginal mucosa for drug absorption was first attempted by Sobrero and since then much research has been done on the administration of drugs through this route. In recent years, the level of interest in the design and application of different dosage forms for vaginal use has increased considerably. Vaginal drug delivery specifically refers to the delivery of drugs within or through the vaginal mucosa for local or systemic pharmacological action. The rate and extent of drug absorption after intravaginal administration may vary depending on vaginal physiology, age of the patient, stage in the menstrual cycle, pathological conditions and formulation factors. This review highlights the benefits and limitations of vaginal drug delivery, methodology in evaluation of vaginal drug delivery systems, pharmaceutical aspects and gives a summary of recent advances made in the field of vaginal drug delivery. The various dosage forms in different stages of development and in the market are also reviewed. Keywords : Vaginal delivery, microbicide delivery, solubility modifier, bioadhesion; formulation design. East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Studies Vol. 10 (1) 2007: pp. 3-13
在多种给药途径中，阴道给药途径具有渗透面积大、血管化丰富、避免首过代谢、酶活性相对较低等优点。几项研究表明，阴道是药物给药的有效途径，主要是局部作用。此外，它还具有输送全身效应和子宫靶向药物的潜力。索布雷罗首次尝试利用阴道粘膜吸收药物，从那时起，人们对通过这种途径给药进行了大量研究。近年来，对阴道使用的不同剂型的设计和应用的兴趣程度已大大增加。阴道给药特指药物在阴道粘膜内或通过阴道粘膜给药，以达到局部或全身的药理作用。阴道内给药后的药物吸收速度和程度可能因阴道生理、患者年龄、月经周期阶段、病理情况和配方因素而异。这篇综述强调了阴道给药的好处和局限性，阴道给药系统的评价方法，药学方面，并总结了阴道给药领域的最新进展。还对不同发展阶段和市场上的各种剂型进行了审查。关键词:阴道给药，杀微生物剂，溶解度调节剂，生物粘附;配方设计。东非和中非医药研究杂志Vol. 10 (1) 2007: pp. 3-13
{"title":"Vaginal drug delivery systems: A Review of Current Status","authors":"N. Dobaria, R. Mashru, N. Vadia","doi":"10.4314/ECAJPS.V10I1.9754","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ECAJPS.V10I1.9754","url":null,"abstract":"Among the various routes of drug delivery, the vaginal route offers many advantages due to its large permeation area, rich vascularization, avoidance of first pass metabolism and relatively low enzymatic activity. Several studies have shown that the vaginal cavity is an effective route for drug administration intended mainly for local action. In addition, it has the potential of delivering drugs for systemic effects and uterine targeting. Use of the vaginal mucosa for drug absorption was first attempted by Sobrero and since then much research has been done on the administration of drugs through this route. In recent years, the level of interest in the design and application of different dosage forms for vaginal use has increased considerably. Vaginal drug delivery specifically refers to the delivery of drugs within or through the vaginal mucosa for local or systemic pharmacological action. The rate and extent of drug absorption after intravaginal administration may vary depending on vaginal physiology, age of the patient, stage in the menstrual cycle, pathological conditions and formulation factors. This review highlights the benefits and limitations of vaginal drug delivery, methodology in evaluation of vaginal drug delivery systems, pharmaceutical aspects and gives a summary of recent advances made in the field of vaginal drug delivery. The various dosage forms in different stages of development and in the market are also reviewed. Keywords : Vaginal delivery, microbicide delivery, solubility modifier, bioadhesion; formulation design. East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Studies Vol. 10 (1) 2007: pp. 3-13","PeriodicalId":22387,"journal":{"name":"The East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"38 1","pages":"3-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83387328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-11-15DOI: 10.4314/ECAJPS.V9I3.9752
P. Karimi, S. Maru, J. M. Bururia, K. Kuria, P. A. Odhiambo
A cross sectional study of 115 patients admitted at the Department of Orthopedics, Kenyatta Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya was carried out to determine the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from infected wounds. The prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus was 33.0 %. The drugs tested and their corresponding sensitivity were amoxycillin (13.2 %), co-amoxiclav (39.5 %), oxacillin (55.3 %), erythromycin (44.7 %), gentamicin (60.5 %), ciprofloxacin (62.2 %) minocycline (86.8 %), cefuroxime (57.9 %) and clindamycin (84.2 %). These results show the sensitivity profile of Staphylococcus aureus and can be used to choose suitable drugs in the management of wounds for hospitalized patients. Keywords : Prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility, Staphylococcus aureus The East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Vol. 9 (3) 2006: pp. 71-73
对肯尼亚内罗毕肯雅塔医院骨科收治的115例患者进行了横断面研究，以确定从感染伤口分离的金黄色葡萄球菌的患病率和抗生素敏感性。金黄色葡萄球菌感染率为33.0%。检测药物及其敏感性分别为阿莫西林(13.2%)、共阿莫西林(39.5%)、奥西林(55.3%)、红霉素(44.7%)、庆大霉素(60.5%)、环丙沙星(62.2%)、米诺环素(86.8%)、头孢呋辛(57.9%)、克林霉素(84.2%)。这些结果显示了金黄色葡萄球菌的敏感谱，可用于住院患者伤口治疗中选择合适的药物。关键词:流行，抗菌药物敏感性，金黄色葡萄球菌东非和中非医药科学杂志Vol. 9 (3) 2006: pp. 71-73
{"title":"Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus at the Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi","authors":"P. Karimi, S. Maru, J. M. Bururia, K. Kuria, P. A. Odhiambo","doi":"10.4314/ECAJPS.V9I3.9752","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ECAJPS.V9I3.9752","url":null,"abstract":"A cross sectional study of 115 patients admitted at the Department of Orthopedics, Kenyatta Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya was carried out to determine the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from infected wounds. The prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus was 33.0 %. The drugs tested and their corresponding sensitivity were amoxycillin (13.2 %), co-amoxiclav (39.5 %), oxacillin (55.3 %), erythromycin (44.7 %), gentamicin (60.5 %), ciprofloxacin (62.2 %) minocycline (86.8 %), cefuroxime (57.9 %) and clindamycin (84.2 %). These results show the sensitivity profile of Staphylococcus aureus and can be used to choose suitable drugs in the management of wounds for hospitalized patients. Keywords : Prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility, Staphylococcus aureus The East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Vol. 9 (3) 2006: pp. 71-73","PeriodicalId":22387,"journal":{"name":"The East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"77 6 1","pages":"71-73"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77414849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-11-15DOI: 10.4314/ECAJPS.V9I3.9751
G. Rimoy, M. Justin-Temu, M. Mndolwa
Prevalence and sensitivity trends of urinary tract bacterial isolates were determined through a cross sectional retrospective study at Muhimbili National Hospital in Dar es Salaam. Four hundred specimens from 274 inpatients and 126 outpatients were studied and anti microbial sensitivity test was done by the disc diffusion technique. The results showed that among the isolated organisms the commonest were E. coli 44.75 %, Klebsiella spp. 33.00 %. Proteus spp. 10.50 %, Staphylococcus aureus 3.75 %, Streptococcus spp 3.75 %, mixed Coliforms 2.50 % and Pseudomonas spp 1.75 %. Of the total isolates 92.5 % were Gram negatives. Sensitivity tests against twelve antibiotics showed that resistance was common. Effectiveness of co-amoxiclav, cotrimoxazole, tetracycline, ampicillin and kanamycin was below 50.0 %. Their resistance rates were 53.9 %, 87.2 %, 85.7 %, 81.3 % and 53.9 % respectively. Gentamicin was tested in over 58 % of the common infective agents while ciprofloxacin was tested in over 71 % of all the isolates. It was observed that there was very high resistance to the commonly used antibiotics. The sensitivity rates for ciprofloxacin and gentamicin were found to be above 90 %. Therefore, these two antibiotics may be used for empirical therapy of urinary tract infections when culture and sensitivity tests are unavailable. Strict control on the use of antibiotics and appropriate measures against over the counter availability and self-medication is recommended. Keywords : Antibiotic, UTI, Bacterial Sensitivity. The East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Vol. 9 (3) 2006: pp. 67-70
通过在达累斯萨拉姆Muhimbili国立医院进行的横断面回顾性研究，确定了尿路细菌分离株的患病率和敏感性趋势。对274例住院患者和126例门诊患者的400份标本进行了研究，采用圆盘扩散技术进行了抗微生物敏感性试验。结果表明，分离出的细菌中最常见的是大肠杆菌44.75%，克雷伯氏菌33.00%;变形杆菌10.50%，金黄色葡萄球菌3.75%，链球菌3.75%，混合大肠菌群2.50%，假单胞菌1.75%。其中92.5%为革兰氏阴性。对12种抗生素的敏感性试验表明耐药是常见的。复方阿莫昔拉、复方新诺明、四环素、氨苄西林、卡那霉素的有效率均在50.0%以下。耐药率分别为53.9%、87.2%、85.7%、81.3%和53.9%。庆大霉素在58%以上的常见感染因子中检测，环丙沙星在71%以上的所有分离株中检测。据观察，对常用抗生素有很高的耐药性。对环丙沙星和庆大霉素的敏感性均在90%以上。因此，这两种抗生素可用于经验治疗尿路感染时，培养和敏感性试验是不可用的。建议严格控制抗生素的使用，并采取适当措施防止非处方药物和自行用药。关键词:抗生素，尿路感染，细菌敏感性。东非和中非医药科学杂志Vol. 9 (3) 2006: pp. 67-70
{"title":"Antibiotic Sensitivity of Bacterial Pathogens in Urinary Tract Infections at Muhimbili National Hospital, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania","authors":"G. Rimoy, M. Justin-Temu, M. Mndolwa","doi":"10.4314/ECAJPS.V9I3.9751","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ECAJPS.V9I3.9751","url":null,"abstract":"Prevalence and sensitivity trends of urinary tract bacterial isolates were determined through a cross sectional retrospective study at Muhimbili National Hospital in Dar es Salaam. Four hundred specimens from 274 inpatients and 126 outpatients were studied and anti microbial sensitivity test was done by the disc diffusion technique. The results showed that among the isolated organisms the commonest were E. coli 44.75 %, Klebsiella spp. 33.00 %. Proteus spp. 10.50 %, Staphylococcus aureus 3.75 %, Streptococcus spp 3.75 %, mixed Coliforms 2.50 % and Pseudomonas spp 1.75 %. Of the total isolates 92.5 % were Gram negatives. Sensitivity tests against twelve antibiotics showed that resistance was common. Effectiveness of co-amoxiclav, cotrimoxazole, tetracycline, ampicillin and kanamycin was below 50.0 %. Their resistance rates were 53.9 %, 87.2 %, 85.7 %, 81.3 % and 53.9 % respectively. Gentamicin was tested in over 58 % of the common infective agents while ciprofloxacin was tested in over 71 % of all the isolates. It was observed that there was very high resistance to the commonly used antibiotics. The sensitivity rates for ciprofloxacin and gentamicin were found to be above 90 %. Therefore, these two antibiotics may be used for empirical therapy of urinary tract infections when culture and sensitivity tests are unavailable. Strict control on the use of antibiotics and appropriate measures against over the counter availability and self-medication is recommended. Keywords : Antibiotic, UTI, Bacterial Sensitivity. The East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Vol. 9 (3) 2006: pp. 67-70","PeriodicalId":22387,"journal":{"name":"The East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"31 1","pages":"67-70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73750000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-11-15DOI: 10.4314/ECAJPS.V9I2.9747
V. Kalu, Michael A. Odeniyi, K. T. Jaiyeoba
Okra gum was evaluated as a controlled-release agent in modified release matrices in comparison with sodium carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC) using aspirin as the model drug. Tablets were produced by direct compression and the in vitro drug release was assessed under conditions similar to those in the gastrointestinal system for a period of 6 hours. The hydration (swelling) and erosion rates of the okra gum matrix tablets were also studied. Okra gum matrices provided a controlled-release of aspirin and the release rates followed time-independent kinetics. The addition of the tablet excipients, lactose and Avicel, altered the dissolution profile and release kinetics. Okra gum compared favourably with NaCMC and a combination of okra gum and NaCMC resulted in near zero-order release of aspirin from the matrix tablets. The results indicate that okra gum is suitable for the sustained release of water soluble drugs. Keywords : Okra gum, aspirin, matrix tablet, sustained-release The East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Vol. 9 (2) 2006: pp. 46-51
以阿司匹林为模型药，对秋葵胶与羧甲基纤维素钠(NaCMC)在改性释放基质中的控释效果进行了比较。采用直接加压法制备片剂，在类似于胃肠系统的条件下体外释放6小时。研究了秋葵胶基质片的水化(溶胀)速率和侵蚀速率。秋葵胶基质对阿司匹林具有控释作用，且释放速率与时间无关。添加片剂辅料乳糖和阿维塞尔改变了溶出曲线和释放动力学。与NaCMC相比，秋葵胶的释放效果更好，秋葵胶和NaCMC的组合使阿司匹林从基质片中释放接近零级。结果表明，秋葵胶适合用于水溶性药物的缓释。关键词:秋葵胶，阿司匹林，基质片，缓释《东非和中非医药科学杂志》Vol. 9 (2) 2006: pp. 46-51
{"title":"Sustained Release of a Water-Soluble Drug from Directly Compressed Okra Gum Matrix Tablets","authors":"V. Kalu, Michael A. Odeniyi, K. T. Jaiyeoba","doi":"10.4314/ECAJPS.V9I2.9747","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ECAJPS.V9I2.9747","url":null,"abstract":"Okra gum was evaluated as a controlled-release agent in modified release matrices in comparison with sodium carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC) using aspirin as the model drug. Tablets were produced by direct compression and the in vitro drug release was assessed under conditions similar to those in the gastrointestinal system for a period of 6 hours. The hydration (swelling) and erosion rates of the okra gum matrix tablets were also studied. Okra gum matrices provided a controlled-release of aspirin and the release rates followed time-independent kinetics. The addition of the tablet excipients, lactose and Avicel, altered the dissolution profile and release kinetics. Okra gum compared favourably with NaCMC and a combination of okra gum and NaCMC resulted in near zero-order release of aspirin from the matrix tablets. The results indicate that okra gum is suitable for the sustained release of water soluble drugs. Keywords : Okra gum, aspirin, matrix tablet, sustained-release The East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Vol. 9 (2) 2006: pp. 46-51","PeriodicalId":22387,"journal":{"name":"The East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"14 1","pages":"46-51"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87162521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-11-15DOI: 10.4314/ECAJPS.V9I3.9753
S. Nsimba, M. Jande
A cross sectional study was conducted in rural areas of Kibaha district within the Coastal region of Tanzania to assess knowledge on dosage, storage, expiry and dispensing practices of antimalarial drugs among households, drug stores and ordinary shops. A standard questionnaire was administered to 253 household members to assess their knowledge as regards storage, sources and use of antimalarial drugs. Drug sellers in 20 drug stores and 39 shopkeepers in ordinary retail shops were also interviewed and their dispensing practices of antimalarials and other over the counter drugs were observed and recorded. The results showed that 35 % of household members interviewed knew the dates and importance of drug expiry, whereas 65 % kept drugs without knowing expiry dates. Only 16 % of household members were informed of the expiry dates of drugs at the facilities they attended. Furthermore, 48 % of these household members could state three or more symptoms of malaria correctly. The majority of drug store (53 %) and ordinary retail shop (75 %) sellers did not dispense correct doses of antimalarials due to low literacy and lack of dosage guidelines or package inserts. In order to reduce incidences of drug poisoning due to over-dosage or drug resistance due to under dosage, there is need to educate both consumers and dispensers on correct dosage regimens through mass media such as radio, health education programs, television, posters, leaflets and newspapers. Keywords : Households, antimalarials, storage, expiry dates, self-medication, drug stores, ordinary shops. The East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Vol. 9 (3) 2006: pp. 74-80
在坦桑尼亚沿海地区的基巴哈县农村地区进行了一项横断面研究，以评估家庭、药店和普通商店对抗疟疾药物的剂量、储存、有效期和分发做法的了解。向253名家庭成员发放了一份标准问卷，以评估他们对抗疟疾药物的储存、来源和使用的了解。还对20家药店的药品销售者和普通零售商店的39名店主进行了访谈，并对他们配发抗疟药和其他非处方药的做法进行了观察和记录。结果显示，35%的受访家庭成员知道药品有效期和重要性，65%的受访家庭成员不知道药品有效期。只有16%的家庭成员在他们所到的机构被告知药物的有效期。此外，这些家庭成员中有48%能够正确说出三种或更多疟疾症状。大多数药店(53%)和普通零售商店(75%)的销售者由于文化水平低和缺乏剂量指南或说明书而没有分发正确剂量的抗疟药物。为了减少剂量过量引起的药物中毒或剂量不足引起的耐药性的发生率，需要通过广播、健康教育节目、电视、海报、传单和报纸等大众传播媒介对消费者和配药者进行正确的给药方案教育。关键词:家庭，抗疟药，储存，有效期，自我药疗，药店，普通商店。东非和中非医药科学杂志Vol. 9 (3) 2006: pp. 74-80
{"title":"Household Storage of Pharmaceuticals, Sources and Dispensing Practices in Drug Stores and Ordinary Retail Shops in Rural Areas of Kibaha District, Tanzania","authors":"S. Nsimba, M. Jande","doi":"10.4314/ECAJPS.V9I3.9753","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ECAJPS.V9I3.9753","url":null,"abstract":"A cross sectional study was conducted in rural areas of Kibaha district within the Coastal region of Tanzania to assess knowledge on dosage, storage, expiry and dispensing practices of antimalarial drugs among households, drug stores and ordinary shops. A standard questionnaire was administered to 253 household members to assess their knowledge as regards storage, sources and use of antimalarial drugs. Drug sellers in 20 drug stores and 39 shopkeepers in ordinary retail shops were also interviewed and their dispensing practices of antimalarials and other over the counter drugs were observed and recorded. The results showed that 35 % of household members interviewed knew the dates and importance of drug expiry, whereas 65 % kept drugs without knowing expiry dates. Only 16 % of household members were informed of the expiry dates of drugs at the facilities they attended. Furthermore, 48 % of these household members could state three or more symptoms of malaria correctly. The majority of drug store (53 %) and ordinary retail shop (75 %) sellers did not dispense correct doses of antimalarials due to low literacy and lack of dosage guidelines or package inserts. In order to reduce incidences of drug poisoning due to over-dosage or drug resistance due to under dosage, there is need to educate both consumers and dispensers on correct dosage regimens through mass media such as radio, health education programs, television, posters, leaflets and newspapers. Keywords : Households, antimalarials, storage, expiry dates, self-medication, drug stores, ordinary shops. The East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Vol. 9 (3) 2006: pp. 74-80","PeriodicalId":22387,"journal":{"name":"The East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"163 1","pages":"74-80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86196558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-11-15DOI: 10.4314/ECAJPS.V9I3.9750
T. Shimelis, U. Kelbessa, T. Ashenif, G. Negero, A. Ashenafi, L. Hirut
Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of semisolid formulations of Trachyspermum ammi and Cymbopogon citratus essential oils against five common strains of pathogenic fungi was carried out using the agar well diffusion method. The results indicated that 1 % v/w of T. ammi and C. citratus oils prepared in some bases exhibited remarkable antifungal activity with zone inhibition diameters greater than those for standard antifungal agents. The growth of all five fungal strains was inhibited when T. ammi and C. citratus oil were formulated separately in macrogol blend ointment or hydrophilic ointment base. The properties of base into which the oil was incorporated affected its activity. The hydrophilic formulations exhibited higher antifungal activities compared to their lipophilic counterparts and all the formulations were intended for topical use. Keywords : Agar well diffusion, antifungal activity, essential oils, semisolid formulation,zone of inhibition. The East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Vol. 9 (3) 2006: pp. 62-66
采用琼脂孔扩散法，对半固体配方的羊草精油和香茅精油对5种常见病原菌的抑菌活性进行了评价。结果表明，以1% v/w的碱基制备的香茅油和香茅油具有明显的抑菌活性，抑菌带直径大于标准抑菌剂。在大醇混合软膏或亲水性软膏基质中分别配制黄霉油和柑橘油对5株真菌的生长均有抑制作用。油掺入的基料的性质影响其活性。与亲脂制剂相比，亲水制剂表现出更高的抗真菌活性，所有制剂均用于局部使用。关键词:琼脂扩散，抗真菌活性，精油，半固体配方，抑制区。东非和中非医药科学杂志Vol. 9 (3) 2006: pp. 62-66
{"title":"Antimicrobial Effects of Trachyspermum ammi and Cymbopogon citratus Essential Oil Topical Formulations on Pathogenic Fung","authors":"T. Shimelis, U. Kelbessa, T. Ashenif, G. Negero, A. Ashenafi, L. Hirut","doi":"10.4314/ECAJPS.V9I3.9750","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ECAJPS.V9I3.9750","url":null,"abstract":"Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of semisolid formulations of Trachyspermum ammi and Cymbopogon citratus essential oils against five common strains of pathogenic fungi was carried out using the agar well diffusion method. The results indicated that 1 % v/w of T. ammi and C. citratus oils prepared in some bases exhibited remarkable antifungal activity with zone inhibition diameters greater than those for standard antifungal agents. The growth of all five fungal strains was inhibited when T. ammi and C. citratus oil were formulated separately in macrogol blend ointment or hydrophilic ointment base. The properties of base into which the oil was incorporated affected its activity. The hydrophilic formulations exhibited higher antifungal activities compared to their lipophilic counterparts and all the formulations were intended for topical use. Keywords : Agar well diffusion, antifungal activity, essential oils, semisolid formulation,zone of inhibition. The East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Vol. 9 (3) 2006: pp. 62-66","PeriodicalId":22387,"journal":{"name":"The East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"154 8 1","pages":"62-66"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83142740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-11-15DOI: 10.4314/ECAJPS.V9I2.9745
K. Mwambete, F. Ponco-Gordo, C. Cuesta-Bandera
Benzimidazole carbamates are broad-spectrum anthelmintics which have limited solubility and hence poor absorption following oral administration. Consequently, their use is limited almost entirely to the treatment of intestinal helminthiasis. This study was designed to compare two different preparations (polyvinylpyrrolidone-drug solutions and dimethylsulfoxide-drug suspensions) of mebendazole, albendazole and ricobendazole (albendazole sulphoxide) by analyzing their i n vitro efficacy on Echinococcus granulosus, Mesocestoides corti and Taenia crassiceps parasite models at concentrations of 5, 25, 50 and 100 μg/ml. The effects of the two drug preparations were evaluated on days 2, 4, 7 and 11 post inoculation. The in vitro effects of the two preparations on the assayed cystic larvae showed that polyvinylpyrrolidone-drug solutions were more efficacious than dimethylsulfoxide-drug suspensions in the order of mebendazole >albendazole >ricobendazole. Moreover, the three parasite models complement one another. Keywords : In vitro efficacy, Echinococcus granulosus, Mesocestoides corti, Taenia crassiceps, benzimidazole carbamates, cysts viability The East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Vol. 9 (2) 2006: pp. 31-39
苯并咪唑氨基甲酸酯是广谱驱虫药，溶解度有限，因此口服后吸收不良。因此，它们的使用几乎完全局限于治疗肠蠕虫病。本研究比较了两种不同制剂(聚乙烯吡咯烷酮药物溶液和二甲亚砜药物混悬液)甲苯达唑、阿苯达唑和利苯达唑(阿苯达唑亚砜)在5、25、50和100 μg/ml浓度下对颗粒棘球蚴、corso - Mesocestoides corti和带绦虫寄生虫模型的体外药效。分别于接种后第2、4、7、11天评价两种药物制剂的效果。两种制剂对囊性幼虫的体外作用表明，聚乙烯吡咯烷酮药物溶液对囊性幼虫的体外作用顺序为甲苯达唑>阿苯达唑>利苯达唑。此外，这三种寄生虫模型是相互补充的。关键词:体外药效，细粒棘球绦虫，中囊绦虫，带绦虫，苯并咪唑氨基甲酸酯，包囊活力。《东非和中非医药科学杂志》Vol. 9 (2) 2006: pp. 31-39
{"title":"In vitro Evaluation of Benzimidazole Carbamates on Cystic Larvae of Three Cestode Parasite Models","authors":"K. Mwambete, F. Ponco-Gordo, C. Cuesta-Bandera","doi":"10.4314/ECAJPS.V9I2.9745","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ECAJPS.V9I2.9745","url":null,"abstract":"Benzimidazole carbamates are broad-spectrum anthelmintics which have limited solubility and hence poor absorption following oral administration. Consequently, their use is limited almost entirely to the treatment of intestinal helminthiasis. This study was designed to compare two different preparations (polyvinylpyrrolidone-drug solutions and dimethylsulfoxide-drug suspensions) of mebendazole, albendazole and ricobendazole (albendazole sulphoxide) by analyzing their i n vitro efficacy on Echinococcus granulosus, Mesocestoides corti and Taenia crassiceps parasite models at concentrations of 5, 25, 50 and 100 μg/ml. The effects of the two drug preparations were evaluated on days 2, 4, 7 and 11 post inoculation. The in vitro effects of the two preparations on the assayed cystic larvae showed that polyvinylpyrrolidone-drug solutions were more efficacious than dimethylsulfoxide-drug suspensions in the order of mebendazole >albendazole >ricobendazole. Moreover, the three parasite models complement one another. Keywords : In vitro efficacy, Echinococcus granulosus, Mesocestoides corti, Taenia crassiceps, benzimidazole carbamates, cysts viability The East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Vol. 9 (2) 2006: pp. 31-39","PeriodicalId":22387,"journal":{"name":"The East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89766345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-10-24DOI: 10.4314/ECAJPS.V8I3.9728
S. M. Maru
This study aimed at investigating the influence of varying proportions of the surfactant span 60, cholesterol and dicetylphosphate on the morphology, particle size distribution, entrapment efficiency and in vitro drug release of encapsulated tenoxicam niosomes. In vitro stability studies of the niosomes were then performed using blood from albino rats. Drug release from the niosomes showed biphasic sustained release pattern of tenoxicam for a period of 24 h. The results obtained show that niosomes of tenoxicam can be prepared as carriers for transdermal therapy.. Keywords : Niosomes, Tenoxicam, Cholesterol, Span 60, Dicetyl phosphate The East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Vol. 8 (3) 2005: pp 62-66
{"title":"Formulation and Evaluation of Tenoxicam Niosomes","authors":"S. M. Maru","doi":"10.4314/ECAJPS.V8I3.9728","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ECAJPS.V8I3.9728","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed at investigating the influence of varying proportions of the surfactant span 60, cholesterol and dicetylphosphate on the morphology, particle size distribution, entrapment efficiency and in vitro drug release of encapsulated tenoxicam niosomes. In vitro stability studies of the niosomes were then performed using blood from albino rats. Drug release from the niosomes showed biphasic sustained release pattern of tenoxicam for a period of 24 h. The results obtained show that niosomes of tenoxicam can be prepared as carriers for transdermal therapy.. Keywords : Niosomes, Tenoxicam, Cholesterol, Span 60, Dicetyl phosphate The East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Vol. 8 (3) 2005: pp 62-66","PeriodicalId":22387,"journal":{"name":"The East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"30 1","pages":"62-66"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74973332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-10-24DOI: 10.4314/ECAJPS.V9I1.9730
D. Mwambete, M. Justin-Temu, M. Mashurano, O. Tenganamba
Three traditional alcoholic beverages available locally in Dar es Salaam namely ‘mbege', ‘mnazi' and ‘komoni' were subjected to microbiological assessments in order to determine their microbial quality and possible resistance to antibiotics among the isolated microorganisms. Twenty-seven samples were randomly collected from local drinking clubs in all the three districts included in the study. The microorganisms were isolated and identified by the conventional methods. Microbial counts were determined for the beverages. The total viable yeast counts in ‘mbege', ‘mnazi' and ‘komoni' were 2.37 x 10 16 , 3.9 x 10 16 and 7.0 x 10 10 cfu/ml respectively, while the total viable counts for bacteria in the same beverages were 9.50 x 10 9 , 2.22 x 10 10 and 1.88 x 10 10 cfu/ml respectively. Antimicrobial sensitivity tests on the microorganisms showed that all bacteria were susceptible to a majority of the assayed antibacterials, whilst yeasts were resistant to all the antifungal agents tested except clotrimazole. The results indicate that these beverages pose a danger to public health due to the observed high ‘bio-burden' and call for better and safer means for the preparation, processing and handling of the products. . Keywords : Traditional beverages, microorganisms, antibacterials, antifungal agents. The East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Vol. 8 (3) 2005: pp 8-13
{"title":"Microbial Quality of Traditional Alcoholic Beverages Consumed in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania","authors":"D. Mwambete, M. Justin-Temu, M. Mashurano, O. Tenganamba","doi":"10.4314/ECAJPS.V9I1.9730","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ECAJPS.V9I1.9730","url":null,"abstract":"Three traditional alcoholic beverages available locally in Dar es Salaam namely ‘mbege', ‘mnazi' and ‘komoni' were subjected to microbiological assessments in order to determine their microbial quality and possible resistance to antibiotics among the isolated microorganisms. Twenty-seven samples were randomly collected from local drinking clubs in all the three districts included in the study. The microorganisms were isolated and identified by the conventional methods. Microbial counts were determined for the beverages. The total viable yeast counts in ‘mbege', ‘mnazi' and ‘komoni' were 2.37 x 10 16 , 3.9 x 10 16 and 7.0 x 10 10 cfu/ml respectively, while the total viable counts for bacteria in the same beverages were 9.50 x 10 9 , 2.22 x 10 10 and 1.88 x 10 10 cfu/ml respectively. Antimicrobial sensitivity tests on the microorganisms showed that all bacteria were susceptible to a majority of the assayed antibacterials, whilst yeasts were resistant to all the antifungal agents tested except clotrimazole. The results indicate that these beverages pose a danger to public health due to the observed high ‘bio-burden' and call for better and safer means for the preparation, processing and handling of the products. . Keywords : Traditional beverages, microorganisms, antibacterials, antifungal agents. The East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Vol. 8 (3) 2005: pp 8-13","PeriodicalId":22387,"journal":{"name":"The East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"134 1","pages":"8-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80360972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-10-24DOI: 10.4314/ECAJPS.V9I1.9729
T. Kaisi, C. Maponga, P. Gavaza, I. Pazvakavambwa
This study was undertaken to assess the extent of use of unlicensed and off-license drugs on children at Parirenyatwa Teaching Hospital in Harare, Zimbabwe. The study was conducted in the two pediatric wards at the hospital. Data on three hundred patients aged 5 years and below was collected prospectively. Ten percent of the pediatric patients at Parirenyatwa Hospital aged five years and below received at least one drug in an off-license way while 31 % received at least one drug in an unlicensed way. Fifty nine percent of the patients received licensed drugs in a licensed way. There is a significant amount of unlicensed and off-license use of drugs at Parirenyatwa Hospital in Harare, Zimbabwe. Regulatory authorities and the pharmaceutical industry should re-double their efforts in order to ensure that children receive only well-tolerated and effective medicines. Keywords : Children, off-label medicines, unlicensed drugs, licensing. The East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Vol. 8 (3) 2005: pp 3-7
{"title":"An Assessment of the Extent of Use of Off-License and Unlicensed Drugs on Children at Parirenyatwa Hospital in Harare, Zimbabwe","authors":"T. Kaisi, C. Maponga, P. Gavaza, I. Pazvakavambwa","doi":"10.4314/ECAJPS.V9I1.9729","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ECAJPS.V9I1.9729","url":null,"abstract":"This study was undertaken to assess the extent of use of unlicensed and off-license drugs on children at Parirenyatwa Teaching Hospital in Harare, Zimbabwe. The study was conducted in the two pediatric wards at the hospital. Data on three hundred patients aged 5 years and below was collected prospectively.\u0000\u0000Ten percent of the pediatric patients at Parirenyatwa Hospital aged five years and below received at least one drug in an off-license way while 31 % received at least one drug in an unlicensed way. Fifty nine percent of the patients received licensed drugs in a licensed way. \u0000\u0000There is a significant amount of unlicensed and off-license use of drugs at Parirenyatwa Hospital in Harare, Zimbabwe. Regulatory authorities and the pharmaceutical industry should re-double their efforts in order to ensure that children receive only well-tolerated and effective medicines. Keywords : Children, off-label medicines, unlicensed drugs, licensing. The East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Vol. 8 (3) 2005: pp 3-7","PeriodicalId":22387,"journal":{"name":"The East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"74 4","pages":"3-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91485748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：