Biotechnology is the rapidly growing segment in biological sciences. It has diversified applications in sustainable agriculture. The review deals with microbes in biotechnology and their diversified applications in agriculture as biofertilizers, bio-pesticides, bioherbicides, bioinsecticides, fungal based bioinsecticides and viral based bioinsecticides. Further, precise descriptions have been made on Microbiology Ecology Biotechnology and Sustainable agriculture in the later part of the review. Finally, a brief highlight has been given on the role of Microbial Biotechnology on Environmental Health
{"title":"Biotechnology: Role of microbes in sustainable agriculture and environmental health","authors":"Suraiya Binte Mosttafiz, Mizanur Rahman, Md. Mostafizur Rahman","doi":"10.5580/2B91","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/2B91","url":null,"abstract":"Biotechnology is the rapidly growing segment in biological sciences. It has diversified applications in sustainable agriculture. The review deals with microbes in biotechnology and their diversified applications in agriculture as biofertilizers, bio-pesticides, bioherbicides, bioinsecticides, fungal based bioinsecticides and viral based bioinsecticides. Further, precise descriptions have been made on Microbiology Ecology Biotechnology and Sustainable agriculture in the later part of the review. Finally, a brief highlight has been given on the role of Microbial Biotechnology on Environmental Health","PeriodicalId":22514,"journal":{"name":"The Internet journal of microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91198895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Drugs in periodontal diseases have antimicrobial properties and have the ability to improve resistance against infection. These antimicrobials can be used systemically or locally. In earlier times clinical success of periodontal therapy included oral hygiene education and surgical or mechanical root debridement to remove sub-gingival pathology. In severe cases, chemotherapeutic agents may prove beneficial.
{"title":"Role Of Antibiotics In The Treatment Of Periodontal Disease-An Overview","authors":"Sanjay Kumar, M. Mittal, Perteek Khanna","doi":"10.5580/2af7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/2af7","url":null,"abstract":"Drugs in periodontal diseases have antimicrobial properties and have the ability to improve resistance against infection. These antimicrobials can be used systemically or locally. In earlier times clinical success of periodontal therapy included oral hygiene education and surgical or mechanical root debridement to remove sub-gingival pathology. In severe cases, chemotherapeutic agents may prove beneficial.","PeriodicalId":22514,"journal":{"name":"The Internet journal of microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77408525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the present paper we proved that the theory of the adaptive elasticity (Hegedus and Cowin, 1976) that deals with internal bone remodeling, can also be used in order to study the surface bone remodeling. Particularly we considered the problem of a long bone which is under an axial load. Our theoretical findings, predicts the results of the studies that describes the athrophy (Uhthoff and Jaworski, 1978; Jaworski , et., al.,1980) and the hypertrophy of the bone ( Woo, et., al., 1981; Clisouras, 1984; Kaplan, 1997, Monaco, 1997, Beck, 1998; Amendola, 1999,Walker,1999; Bouche,1999; Coutoure and Karlson, 2002; Magnusson, 2003, Hester, 2006, American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 2007) and comes to agreement with the classic theory of surface bo-ne remodeling, proposed by Cowin and Firoozbaksh (1981). INTRODUCTION Living bone is continually undergoing processes of growth, reinforcement and resorption, termed collectively remodeling. There are two kinds of bone remodeling: internal and surface (Frost, 1964). Hegedus and Cowin (1976) proposed a theory for internal remodeling, ter-med as “theory of adaptive elasticity” which has been used in various problems (Cowin and Van-Buskirk,1978; Tsili, 2000; Qin and Ye, 2004). The purpose of this work is to show that the theory of adaptive elasticity, can also be successfully used in order to study the surface remodeling of long bone. THE METHOD Initially, that is for t a(t) The diaphyseal crosssection area S(t) is given by : S(t) = π(b(t) ─ a(t)) >0. The inner and outer radius and the cross-section area in reference configuration, were ao, bo and So = π(bo 2─ao ) >0 respectively. The equations of the adaptive elasticity (Hegedus ─ Cowin, 1976) in cylindrical coordinates are, the rate re-modeling equation: Figure 1 the straindisplacement equations: Figure 2 the stress in equilibrium state: The Theory Of Adaptive Elasticity (Hegedus And Cowin,1976) That Deals With Internal Bone Remodeling, Could Also Be Used In Order To Describe The SurFace Bone Remodeling.
在本文中，我们证明了Hegedus和Cowin(1976)研究内部骨重塑的适应性弹性理论也可以用于研究表面骨重塑。我们特别考虑了在轴向载荷下的长骨的问题。我们的理论发现预测了描述萎缩的研究结果(Uhthoff and Jaworski, 1978;Jaworski, et, al.，1980)和骨质肥大(Woo等，al.， 1981;Clisouras, 1984;卡普兰，1997;摩纳哥，1997;贝克，1998;1999年Amendola,沃克,1999;钻孔,1999;couture and Karlson, 2002;Magnusson, 2003, Hester, 2006, American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 2007)，并同意Cowin和Firoozbaksh(1981)提出的经典表面骨-骨重塑理论。活骨不断经历生长、强化和吸收的过程，统称为骨重塑。有两种类型的骨重塑:内部和表面(Frost, 1964)。Hegedus和Cowin(1976)提出了一种内部重塑理论，称为“适应性弹性理论”，已被用于各种问题(Cowin和Van-Buskirk,1978;Tsili, 2000;秦和叶，2004)。本工作的目的是为了表明适应性弹性理论，也可以成功地用于研究长骨的表面重塑。首先，对于a(t)，骨干截面积S(t)由S(t) = π(b(t)─a(t)) >0给出。参考构型的内、外半径和截面面积分别为ao、bo和So = π(bo 2─ao) >0。柱坐标下的自适应弹性(Hegedus─Cowin,1976)方程为:速率重构方程;图1应变位移方程;图2平衡状态下的应力;处理骨内部重构的自适应弹性理论(Hegedus And Cowin,1976)也可用于描述骨表面重构。
{"title":"The Theory Of Adaptive Elasticity (Hegedus And Cowin,1976) That Deals With Internal Bone Remodeling, Could Also Be Used In Order To Describe The Sur- Face Bone Remodeling.","authors":"M. Tsili","doi":"10.5580/2a61","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/2a61","url":null,"abstract":"In the present paper we proved that the theory of the adaptive elasticity (Hegedus and Cowin, 1976) that deals with internal bone remodeling, can also be used in order to study the surface bone remodeling. Particularly we considered the problem of a long bone which is under an axial load. Our theoretical findings, predicts the results of the studies that describes the athrophy (Uhthoff and Jaworski, 1978; Jaworski , et., al.,1980) and the hypertrophy of the bone ( Woo, et., al., 1981; Clisouras, 1984; Kaplan, 1997, Monaco, 1997, Beck, 1998; Amendola, 1999,Walker,1999; Bouche,1999; Coutoure and Karlson, 2002; Magnusson, 2003, Hester, 2006, American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 2007) and comes to agreement with the classic theory of surface bo-ne remodeling, proposed by Cowin and Firoozbaksh (1981). INTRODUCTION Living bone is continually undergoing processes of growth, reinforcement and resorption, termed collectively remodeling. There are two kinds of bone remodeling: internal and surface (Frost, 1964). Hegedus and Cowin (1976) proposed a theory for internal remodeling, ter-med as “theory of adaptive elasticity” which has been used in various problems (Cowin and Van-Buskirk,1978; Tsili, 2000; Qin and Ye, 2004). The purpose of this work is to show that the theory of adaptive elasticity, can also be successfully used in order to study the surface remodeling of long bone. THE METHOD Initially, that is for t a(t) The diaphyseal crosssection area S(t) is given by : S(t) = π(b(t) ─ a(t)) >0. The inner and outer radius and the cross-section area in reference configuration, were ao, bo and So = π(bo 2─ao ) >0 respectively. The equations of the adaptive elasticity (Hegedus ─ Cowin, 1976) in cylindrical coordinates are, the rate re-modeling equation: Figure 1 the straindisplacement equations: Figure 2 the stress in equilibrium state: The Theory Of Adaptive Elasticity (Hegedus And Cowin,1976) That Deals With Internal Bone Remodeling, Could Also Be Used In Order To Describe The SurFace Bone Remodeling.","PeriodicalId":22514,"journal":{"name":"The Internet journal of microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84891707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vidhi Dhakray, Prateek Khanna, M. Mittal, Meetu Jain, B. Yadav
The risk markers for oral sub-mucous fibrosis were taken as serum albumin, heamoglobin percentage and iron binding capacity whose values were calculated after the condition was diagnosed by means of biopsy report.
口腔黏膜下纤维化的危险指标为血清白蛋白、血红蛋白百分比和铁结合力，经活检报告诊断后计算其值。
{"title":"Risk Markers Of OSMF, Serum Albumin, Hemoglobin And Iron Binding Capacity? A Review Of Literature","authors":"Vidhi Dhakray, Prateek Khanna, M. Mittal, Meetu Jain, B. Yadav","doi":"10.5580/2c4a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/2c4a","url":null,"abstract":"The risk markers for oral sub-mucous fibrosis were taken as serum albumin, heamoglobin percentage and iron binding capacity whose values were calculated after the condition was diagnosed by means of biopsy report.","PeriodicalId":22514,"journal":{"name":"The Internet journal of microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79613077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is a form of pancreatitis with clinical, serological and histological features of an autoimmune process. This is the case of a 32-year-old diabetic man who had been suffering from painless jaundice with pale stools and teacolored urine for 3 months prior to consultation. An endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography revealed a proximal common bile duct stricture, and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography showed a bulky pancreatic head. His serum amylase level was mildly raised, and his serum IgG titer was markedly elevated. The serum alkaline phosphatase and conjugated biulirubin levels were high, suggesting an obstructive jaundice. A diagnosis of AIP was made and treated with steroids. He responded well to the steroid therapy.
{"title":"A Case of Type 1 Autoimmune Pancreatitis","authors":"C. H. Ding, N. A. S. Muttaqillah, M. Rahman","doi":"10.5580/2B67","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/2B67","url":null,"abstract":"Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is a form of pancreatitis with clinical, serological and histological features of an autoimmune process. This is the case of a 32-year-old diabetic man who had been suffering from painless jaundice with pale stools and teacolored urine for 3 months prior to consultation. An endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography revealed a proximal common bile duct stricture, and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography showed a bulky pancreatic head. His serum amylase level was mildly raised, and his serum IgG titer was markedly elevated. The serum alkaline phosphatase and conjugated biulirubin levels were high, suggesting an obstructive jaundice. A diagnosis of AIP was made and treated with steroids. He responded well to the steroid therapy.","PeriodicalId":22514,"journal":{"name":"The Internet journal of microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87545493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tarun Ahuja, Vidhi Dhakray, M. Mittal, Prateek Khanna, B. Yadav, Meetu Jain
As in most connective tissues the fibers of the periodontal ligament are mainly collagenous in nature. The fibers of the periodontal ligament appear similar to those of other supportive connective tissues in that they are composed of an integrated unit of fibrous components. Nevertheless, the fibers of the periodontium have a particular structural requirement to withstand intensive forces from mastication and to accommodate tooth eruption.
{"title":"Role Of Collagen In The Periodontal Ligament - A Review","authors":"Tarun Ahuja, Vidhi Dhakray, M. Mittal, Prateek Khanna, B. Yadav, Meetu Jain","doi":"10.5580/2b4e","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/2b4e","url":null,"abstract":"As in most connective tissues the fibers of the periodontal ligament are mainly collagenous in nature. The fibers of the periodontal ligament appear similar to those of other supportive connective tissues in that they are composed of an integrated unit of fibrous components. Nevertheless, the fibers of the periodontium have a particular structural requirement to withstand intensive forces from mastication and to accommodate tooth eruption.","PeriodicalId":22514,"journal":{"name":"The Internet journal of microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87030462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Mittal, Prateek Khanna, B. Yadav, Vidhi Dhakray
Doctors currently recommend a four-week preventive treatment with zidovudine and lamivudine for health professionals accidentally exposed to HIV-infected blood. Preliminary research has shown that the average risk for infection (0.3%) after an injury involving HIV-infected blood can be reduced by nearly 80% with preventive treatment. The risk may be higher for those repeatedly exposed to infected blood and if the virus level in the exposed blood is high. Treatment with indinavir may be advisable if the exposure is extensive or if the infected patient carries a virus resistant to treatment. INTRODUCTION HIV transmission in the health-care setting is of concern. Transmission is evidently rare in the industrialized nations and can be significantly reduced or prevented by the use of standard infection control measures, appropriate clinical and instrument-handling procedures, and the use of safety equipment and safety needles. Viruses can be transmitted in health-care settings including dentistry, albeit rarely, where standard infection control measures are not implemented. The epidemic of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) has been recognized for about 25 years, and concern about the transmission of human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) is therefore not new. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is transmitted from person to person via the following routes: Most dental HCPs appear to be careful to try to avoid injury during intra-oral procedures, but it is during extra-oral procedures—laboratory work, operatory clean up, and instrument preparation for sterilization—that most percutaneous injuries occur. WHAT IS AN OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE? According to the ILO/WHO guidelines “An occupational exposure is defined as a percutaneous, mucous membrane or non-intact skin exposure to blood or body fluids that occurs during the course of an individual’s employment. This applies to health care workers (HCW) and to non-health workers.” The risks for occupational transmission of HIV vary with the type and severity of exposure: A percutaneous injury refers to an injury resulting from a needle prick, or a cut with a sharp object. The risk after percutaneous exposure is estimated to be about 0.3% i.e. 3 out of a thousand needle pricks may result in HIV infection. The risk after a mucous membrane exposure is estimated to be lower; about 0.09%. This includes contact with the mucous membranes of the eyes, nose and mouth, or contact with chapped, abraded or inflamed skin. Episodes of HIV transmission have also been documented after non-intact skin exposure. Although the average risk for transmission by this route has not been precisely quantified, it is estimated to be much less than the risk for mucous membrane exposures. Various factors increase the risk of acquiring HIV infection. These include: POTENTIALLY INFECTIOUS BODY FLUIDS The most frequent areas of contact are the hands, eye or mucous membrane contacts may occur in cases where there is splattering of bl
{"title":"Occupational Hazards Of HIV And Its Prophylaxis","authors":"M. Mittal, Prateek Khanna, B. Yadav, Vidhi Dhakray","doi":"10.5580/2b4f","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/2b4f","url":null,"abstract":"Doctors currently recommend a four-week preventive treatment with zidovudine and lamivudine for health professionals accidentally exposed to HIV-infected blood. Preliminary research has shown that the average risk for infection (0.3%) after an injury involving HIV-infected blood can be reduced by nearly 80% with preventive treatment. The risk may be higher for those repeatedly exposed to infected blood and if the virus level in the exposed blood is high. Treatment with indinavir may be advisable if the exposure is extensive or if the infected patient carries a virus resistant to treatment. INTRODUCTION HIV transmission in the health-care setting is of concern. Transmission is evidently rare in the industrialized nations and can be significantly reduced or prevented by the use of standard infection control measures, appropriate clinical and instrument-handling procedures, and the use of safety equipment and safety needles. Viruses can be transmitted in health-care settings including dentistry, albeit rarely, where standard infection control measures are not implemented. The epidemic of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) has been recognized for about 25 years, and concern about the transmission of human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) is therefore not new. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is transmitted from person to person via the following routes: Most dental HCPs appear to be careful to try to avoid injury during intra-oral procedures, but it is during extra-oral procedures—laboratory work, operatory clean up, and instrument preparation for sterilization—that most percutaneous injuries occur. WHAT IS AN OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE? According to the ILO/WHO guidelines “An occupational exposure is defined as a percutaneous, mucous membrane or non-intact skin exposure to blood or body fluids that occurs during the course of an individual’s employment. This applies to health care workers (HCW) and to non-health workers.” The risks for occupational transmission of HIV vary with the type and severity of exposure: A percutaneous injury refers to an injury resulting from a needle prick, or a cut with a sharp object. The risk after percutaneous exposure is estimated to be about 0.3% i.e. 3 out of a thousand needle pricks may result in HIV infection. The risk after a mucous membrane exposure is estimated to be lower; about 0.09%. This includes contact with the mucous membranes of the eyes, nose and mouth, or contact with chapped, abraded or inflamed skin. Episodes of HIV transmission have also been documented after non-intact skin exposure. Although the average risk for transmission by this route has not been precisely quantified, it is estimated to be much less than the risk for mucous membrane exposures. Various factors increase the risk of acquiring HIV infection. These include: POTENTIALLY INFECTIOUS BODY FLUIDS The most frequent areas of contact are the hands, eye or mucous membrane contacts may occur in cases where there is splattering of bl","PeriodicalId":22514,"journal":{"name":"The Internet journal of microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77525512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study aimed at determining the presence, type, count and causes of bacterial contamination of water used for drinking and other domestic purposes in Mpraeso. Fifty-four (54) water samples (48 from 8 groundwater wells and 6 from a stream) were collected and analyzed for six months (both during the dry and raining seasons). The results showed that groundwater sources were as polluted as surface water. The detection of bacterial cells in the water sources means that some forms of treatment needed to be done before consumption. The mean count of total coliform and faecal coliform ranged from 299 2267 MPN colonies/100 ml water sample and 111 – 1235 MPN colonies/100 ml water sample, respectively. For the groundwater sources, the enterobacteriaceae species detected were Escherichia coli (8 wells), Enterococcus faecalis (8 wells), Klebsiella pneumoniae (6 wells), Enterobacter cloacae (5), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (3), and Proteus mirabilis (3). All these bacterial species were detected in the surface water samples.
{"title":"The Study Of Bacterial Contamination Of Drinking Water Sources: A Case Study Of Mpraeso, Ghana","authors":"Stephen Omari, D. Yeboah-Manu","doi":"10.5580/2B06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/2B06","url":null,"abstract":"The study aimed at determining the presence, type, count and causes of bacterial contamination of water used for drinking and other domestic purposes in Mpraeso. Fifty-four (54) water samples (48 from 8 groundwater wells and 6 from a stream) were collected and analyzed for six months (both during the dry and raining seasons). The results showed that groundwater sources were as polluted as surface water. The detection of bacterial cells in the water sources means that some forms of treatment needed to be done before consumption. The mean count of total coliform and faecal coliform ranged from 299 2267 MPN colonies/100 ml water sample and 111 – 1235 MPN colonies/100 ml water sample, respectively. For the groundwater sources, the enterobacteriaceae species detected were Escherichia coli (8 wells), Enterococcus faecalis (8 wells), Klebsiella pneumoniae (6 wells), Enterobacter cloacae (5), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (3), and Proteus mirabilis (3). All these bacterial species were detected in the surface water samples.","PeriodicalId":22514,"journal":{"name":"The Internet journal of microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86979662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Ibecheozor, I. Peletiri, J. Ajobiewe, N. Akogwu, P. Onyeka, A. Ogundeji, W.N.T. Okoye
Typhoid / paratyphoid fever is caused by Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi A, B and C respectively. A 5 year retrospective study on blood (Oxoid signal blood culture system) and faecal cultures at the Medical Microbiology Laboratory of National Hospital, Abuja was carried out. Of the 2,818 blood cultures, only 90 (3.2%) had positive cultures for Salmonella species while the 10,007 faecal samples cultured, only 159 (1.58%) were positive for Salmonella species. Identification was by biochemical and serological methods. The sensitivity pattern in both blood and faecal isolates show Ceftazidime (97.9% and 98.1%), Ceftriaxone (98.0% and 95.4%), Cefotaxime (97.6% and 93.7%), Gentamicin (80.9% and 78.5%), Augmentin (76.1% and 69.5%), Amoxycillin (45.5% and 56.4%), Chloramphenicol (40.6% and 75.2%), Tetracycline (100% and 51.1%), Ampicillin (35.3% and 32.6%) and Cotrimoxazole (34.4% and 76.6%). Our results indicate a very low rate of typhoid / paratyphoid fever and the need for isolation and proper sensitivity testing before the commencement of therapy. Appropriate specimens (faeces, urine, or blood) from suspected patients should be cultured for the presence of salmonellae. INTRODUCTION Typhoid / paratyphoid fever is caused by Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi A, B and C respectively. It is customary in our society that any feverish condition is first treated for malaria. If this fails, then treatment for typhoid automatically follows and if the patient at this stage fails to respond, it is only then that laboratory investigations are remembered. Salmonellosis is responsible for a variety of clinical syndromes, including gastroenteritis, enteric (typhoid) fever and extraintestinal manifestations. Typhoid fever remains one of the most prevalent acute infectious diseases in the developing world including Nigeria. It continues to exist as an endemic disease due to poor (improper) sanitation and low socio-economic status of the people. The Widal test (Widal’s agglutination reaction) is routinely employed for the serodiagnosis of typhoid fever by most Medical Laboratories in Nigeria. However, several workers within the Medical community have expressed doubt regarding the reliability of the test. There are several contributing factors for this uncertainty. Some have started calling for the discontinuance of Widal test as a diagnostic test for typhoid fever. Their argument is based on; 1. The difficulty of interpreting Widal test result in areas where typhoid fever is endemic and where the baseline titre of the normal population are not known. 2. The typhoid febrile agglutination test (Widal test) is often positive (raised O and H titres) in patients with infections caused by other bacteria, because of cross-reacting antibodies or previous vaccination with TAB or typhoid vaccine; chronic liver disease associated with raised globulin levels, and disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatic The Menace of Typhoid / Paratyphoid Fever – The Abu
{"title":"The Menace of Typhoid / Paratyphoid Fever – The Abuja Experience: A 5 Year Retrospective Study","authors":"N. Ibecheozor, I. Peletiri, J. Ajobiewe, N. Akogwu, P. Onyeka, A. Ogundeji, W.N.T. Okoye","doi":"10.5580/2b26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/2b26","url":null,"abstract":"Typhoid / paratyphoid fever is caused by Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi A, B and C respectively. A 5 year retrospective study on blood (Oxoid signal blood culture system) and faecal cultures at the Medical Microbiology Laboratory of National Hospital, Abuja was carried out. Of the 2,818 blood cultures, only 90 (3.2%) had positive cultures for Salmonella species while the 10,007 faecal samples cultured, only 159 (1.58%) were positive for Salmonella species. Identification was by biochemical and serological methods. The sensitivity pattern in both blood and faecal isolates show Ceftazidime (97.9% and 98.1%), Ceftriaxone (98.0% and 95.4%), Cefotaxime (97.6% and 93.7%), Gentamicin (80.9% and 78.5%), Augmentin (76.1% and 69.5%), Amoxycillin (45.5% and 56.4%), Chloramphenicol (40.6% and 75.2%), Tetracycline (100% and 51.1%), Ampicillin (35.3% and 32.6%) and Cotrimoxazole (34.4% and 76.6%). Our results indicate a very low rate of typhoid / paratyphoid fever and the need for isolation and proper sensitivity testing before the commencement of therapy. Appropriate specimens (faeces, urine, or blood) from suspected patients should be cultured for the presence of salmonellae. INTRODUCTION Typhoid / paratyphoid fever is caused by Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi A, B and C respectively. It is customary in our society that any feverish condition is first treated for malaria. If this fails, then treatment for typhoid automatically follows and if the patient at this stage fails to respond, it is only then that laboratory investigations are remembered. Salmonellosis is responsible for a variety of clinical syndromes, including gastroenteritis, enteric (typhoid) fever and extraintestinal manifestations. Typhoid fever remains one of the most prevalent acute infectious diseases in the developing world including Nigeria. It continues to exist as an endemic disease due to poor (improper) sanitation and low socio-economic status of the people. The Widal test (Widal’s agglutination reaction) is routinely employed for the serodiagnosis of typhoid fever by most Medical Laboratories in Nigeria. However, several workers within the Medical community have expressed doubt regarding the reliability of the test. There are several contributing factors for this uncertainty. Some have started calling for the discontinuance of Widal test as a diagnostic test for typhoid fever. Their argument is based on; 1. The difficulty of interpreting Widal test result in areas where typhoid fever is endemic and where the baseline titre of the normal population are not known. 2. The typhoid febrile agglutination test (Widal test) is often positive (raised O and H titres) in patients with infections caused by other bacteria, because of cross-reacting antibodies or previous vaccination with TAB or typhoid vaccine; chronic liver disease associated with raised globulin levels, and disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatic The Menace of Typhoid / Paratyphoid Fever – The Abu","PeriodicalId":22514,"journal":{"name":"The Internet journal of microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83664034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pseudomonas aeruginosa produces three different pyoverdines, types I-III (Cornelis et al., 1989), which are able to chelate iron and form ferripyoverdine complexes that are recognized and transported by different ferripyoverdine receptors present on the outer membrane. The ferripyoverdine receptor gene, fpvA of P. aeruginosa (PAO1) has been characterized previously (Poole et al., 1993). In addition, the other iron-repressible outer membrane receptor proteins for types II and III ferripyoverdine complexes were recently identified and characterized by cloning (De Chial et al., 2003). Following the observation that an fpvA mutant could demonstrate low ferripyoverdine uptake compared with wild type (Poole et al., 1991; Gensberg et al., 1992), an alternative ferripyoverdine receptor gene fpvB was identified and a fragment (562 bp) was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (Ghysels et al. 2004). In addition, the growth of several P. aeruginosa pyoverdine-negative mutants, found to inhabit the lungs of cystic fibrosis patients, were stimulated by existing pyoverdine types, providing additional confirmation for the existence of an alternative route for ferripyoverdine uptake (De Vos et al., 2001; Ghysels et al., 2004). PCR was developed in 1983 by Kary Mullis (Karry Mullis Nobel Lecture, December 8, 1993) and involves the selective amplification of specific regions of DNA for extensive use in molecular biology (Sambrook and Russell, 2001). Using primers designed in this study, the complete sequence of the ferripyoverdine receptor genes (fpvA and fpvB) from several P. aeruginosa clinical and environmental isolates were amplified and sequenced, allowing the identification of variant forms of these receptor genes.
铜绿假单胞菌产生三种不同的吡啶，I-III型(Cornelis et al.， 1989)，它们能够螯合铁并形成铁吡啶复合物，这些复合物被存在于外膜上的不同铁吡啶受体识别和运输。铜绿假单胞菌(P. aeruginosa, PAO1)的铁嘌呤受体基因fpvA先前已被鉴定(Poole et al.， 1993)。此外，II型和III型铁吡啶复合物的其他铁抑制外膜受体蛋白最近被鉴定并通过克隆进行了表征(De cil et al.， 2003)。在观察到与野生型相比，fpvA突变体可以表现出较低的铁嘌呤摄取(Poole等，1991;Gensberg等人，1992)，鉴定了另一种铁嘌呤受体基因fpvB，并通过聚合酶链反应扩增了一个片段(562 bp) (Ghysels等人，2004)。此外，囊性纤维化患者肺中发现的几种P. aeruginosa pyoverdine阴性突变体的生长受到现有pyoverdine类型的刺激，进一步证实了铁嘧啶(ferripyoverdine)摄取的替代途径的存在(De Vos et al.， 2001;Ghysels et al.， 2004)。PCR是由Kary Mullis于1983年发明的(1993年12月8日，Karry Mullis诺贝尔奖演讲)，涉及DNA特定区域的选择性扩增，广泛应用于分子生物学(Sambrook和Russell, 2001)。利用本研究设计的引物，对来自铜绿假单胞菌临床和环境分离株的铁吡啶受体基因(fpvA和fpvB)的完整序列进行扩增和测序，从而鉴定出这些受体基因的变异形式。
{"title":"Use of Polymerase Chain Reaction for the Determination of About 2.5 kb fpvA and fpvB Gene Sequences in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Strains","authors":"J. Osayande","doi":"10.5772/23983","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/23983","url":null,"abstract":"Pseudomonas aeruginosa produces three different pyoverdines, types I-III (Cornelis et al., 1989), which are able to chelate iron and form ferripyoverdine complexes that are recognized and transported by different ferripyoverdine receptors present on the outer membrane. The ferripyoverdine receptor gene, fpvA of P. aeruginosa (PAO1) has been characterized previously (Poole et al., 1993). In addition, the other iron-repressible outer membrane receptor proteins for types II and III ferripyoverdine complexes were recently identified and characterized by cloning (De Chial et al., 2003). Following the observation that an fpvA mutant could demonstrate low ferripyoverdine uptake compared with wild type (Poole et al., 1991; Gensberg et al., 1992), an alternative ferripyoverdine receptor gene fpvB was identified and a fragment (562 bp) was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (Ghysels et al. 2004). In addition, the growth of several P. aeruginosa pyoverdine-negative mutants, found to inhabit the lungs of cystic fibrosis patients, were stimulated by existing pyoverdine types, providing additional confirmation for the existence of an alternative route for ferripyoverdine uptake (De Vos et al., 2001; Ghysels et al., 2004). PCR was developed in 1983 by Kary Mullis (Karry Mullis Nobel Lecture, December 8, 1993) and involves the selective amplification of specific regions of DNA for extensive use in molecular biology (Sambrook and Russell, 2001). Using primers designed in this study, the complete sequence of the ferripyoverdine receptor genes (fpvA and fpvB) from several P. aeruginosa clinical and environmental isolates were amplified and sequenced, allowing the identification of variant forms of these receptor genes.","PeriodicalId":22514,"journal":{"name":"The Internet journal of microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80518721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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