The introduction of diphtheria immunisation into the Expanded Program of Immunisation in the 1970s has markedly reduced the incidence of diphtheria diseases. We report a case of fatal diphtheria in a 2 year-old girl whose immunisation status was not known. She had presented with acute exudative tonsillitis and was treated with intravenous amoxicillin-clavulanate but showed progressive signs of upper airway obstruction; stridor, drooling of saliva and bull-neck appearance, with bilateral facial swelling around the parotid region that extended to submental and submandibular regions. Initial cultures from blood, throat, nasal and oral cavity revealed no significant organisms. Corynebacterium diphtheriae subspecies gravis which was resistant to penicillin, was isolated from pus specimen a day after her demise. Clinical suspicion is important to aid diagnosis, microbiological confirmation and management of diphtheria, as the disease is rare in the era of successful immunisation programs. Microbiological vigilance plays an important role in early detection of infection as well as outbreaks. Early institution of diphtheria antitoxin may save lives, while delay in diagnosis may increase mortality and the risk of transmission. This case reaffirms the vital role of immunisation and the importance of efforts to ensure a high uptake of the scheduled immunisations.
{"title":"A Case Of Fatal Diphtheria In A Paediatric Patient","authors":"Z. Z. Rashid, N. A. Mohamed, T. Fong","doi":"10.5580/IJMB.32981","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/IJMB.32981","url":null,"abstract":"The introduction of diphtheria immunisation into the Expanded Program of Immunisation in the 1970s has markedly reduced the incidence of diphtheria diseases. We report a case of fatal diphtheria in a 2 year-old girl whose immunisation status was not known. She had presented with acute exudative tonsillitis and was treated with intravenous amoxicillin-clavulanate but showed progressive signs of upper airway obstruction; stridor, drooling of saliva and bull-neck appearance, with bilateral facial swelling around the parotid region that extended to submental and submandibular regions. Initial cultures from blood, throat, nasal and oral cavity revealed no significant organisms. Corynebacterium diphtheriae subspecies gravis which was resistant to penicillin, was isolated from pus specimen a day after her demise. Clinical suspicion is important to aid diagnosis, microbiological confirmation and management of diphtheria, as the disease is rare in the era of successful immunisation programs. Microbiological vigilance plays an important role in early detection of infection as well as outbreaks. Early institution of diphtheria antitoxin may save lives, while delay in diagnosis may increase mortality and the risk of transmission. This case reaffirms the vital role of immunisation and the importance of efforts to ensure a high uptake of the scheduled immunisations.","PeriodicalId":22514,"journal":{"name":"The Internet journal of microbiology","volume":"13 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84718136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Michael J LaGier, Ihor Bilokopytov, Bradley Cockerill, Deborah S Threadgill
Campylobacter rectus is an understudied oral bacterium that contributes to periodontitis. Processes that contribute to the disease-causing capabilities of pathogens, such as chemotaxis, are largely unknown in C. rectus. The aim of this study was to better understand C. rectus chemotaxis, by examining the C. rectus genome for the presence of a cheY gene. CheY proteins play a part in chemotaxis by acting as two-component response regulators. Significantly, CheY proteins from several pathogens, including the related species Campylobacter jejuni, have been shown to contribute to bacterial virulence. Degenerate PCR, RT-PCR, sequence analyses, and structural modeling showed that C. rectus encodes a gene (Cr-CheY) which shares significant homology with previously characterized CheY proteins. Functional studies of a recombinant form of the protein supports a likely role of Cr-CheY in C. rectus chemotaxis. Cr-CheY is the first CheY characterized from the oral campylobacters.
{"title":"Identification and Characterization of a Putative Chemotaxis Protein, CheY, from the Oral Pathogen <i>Campylobacter rectus.</i>","authors":"Michael J LaGier, Ihor Bilokopytov, Bradley Cockerill, Deborah S Threadgill","doi":"10.5580/IJMB.21300","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/IJMB.21300","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Campylobacter rectus</i> is an understudied oral bacterium that contributes to periodontitis. Processes that contribute to the disease-causing capabilities of pathogens, such as chemotaxis, are largely unknown in <i>C. rectus</i>. The aim of this study was to better understand <i>C. rectus</i> chemotaxis, by examining the <i>C. rectus</i> genome for the presence of a <i>cheY</i> gene. CheY proteins play a part in chemotaxis by acting as two-component response regulators. Significantly, CheY proteins from several pathogens, including the related species <i>Campylobacter jejuni,</i> have been shown to contribute to bacterial virulence. Degenerate PCR, RT-PCR, sequence analyses, and structural modeling showed that <i>C. rectus</i> encodes a gene (C<i>r-CheY</i>) which shares significant homology with previously characterized CheY proteins. Functional studies of a recombinant form of the protein supports a likely role of Cr-CheY in <i>C. rectus</i> chemotaxis. <i>Cr-CheY</i> is the first CheY characterized from the oral campylobacters.</p>","PeriodicalId":22514,"journal":{"name":"The Internet journal of microbiology","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4295560/pdf/nihms648662.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32984653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Z. Z. Rashid, I. Isahak, Chiam poh Jeann, M. Suki, N. Mohamad, Dalila Hussain, Tee Yee Sim, Hasni Mohd Jaafar, Y. A. Yusof, M. Rahman
Objectives: Streptococcus pneumoniae causes acute otitis media, pneumonia, meningitis and bacteraemia. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Streptococcus pneumoniae oropharyngeal carriage in healthy children and the antimicrobial susceptibility in a daycare nursery and a government-managed orphanage in Kuala Lumpur during 2010.Methods: Throat swabs were obtained from 36 children of daycare nursery (open community) and from 84 orphans from orphanage (closed community) those did not receive any pneumococcal vaccine. Children were between births to 6 years of age. Antibiotic susceptibility of isolated strains was determined using disk diffusion method and Etest (minimum inhibitory concentration). Results: Overall prevalence of Streptococcus pneumoniae of the children was 1.7% (2 out of 120). Prevalence of the bacteria in open community was 5.6% (2 out of 36) and no positive cases were recorded in orphanage (closed community, (p=0.161). Prevalence was 15.4% (2 out of 13) in children aged below 2 years in the open community. There was no association was found to exist between Streptococcus pneumoniae carriage with age (p=0.432) and gender (p=0.418). Serotyping showed serotype 11F for one isolate, while the other was non-typable. Both isolates were susceptible to penicillin, azithromycin, ceftriaxone and vancomycin. The serotype 11F isolate was susceptible while the non-typable isolate was resistant to erythromycin.Conclusions: The results demonstrated low prevalence of Streptococcus pneumoniae in healthy children. These findings may complement other studies to explore further risk factors for colonisation, antimicrobial susceptibility and serotype distribution of Streptococcus pneumoniae to help for the planning of immunization strategies.
{"title":"Oro-Pharyngeal Carriage And Antimicrobial Susceptibility Of Streptococcus Pneumoniae From Healthy Children","authors":"Z. Z. Rashid, I. Isahak, Chiam poh Jeann, M. Suki, N. Mohamad, Dalila Hussain, Tee Yee Sim, Hasni Mohd Jaafar, Y. A. Yusof, M. Rahman","doi":"10.5580/2CDA","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/2CDA","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: Streptococcus pneumoniae causes acute otitis media, pneumonia, meningitis and bacteraemia. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Streptococcus pneumoniae oropharyngeal carriage in healthy children and the antimicrobial susceptibility in a daycare nursery and a government-managed orphanage in Kuala Lumpur during 2010.Methods: Throat swabs were obtained from 36 children of daycare nursery (open community) and from 84 orphans from orphanage (closed community) those did not receive any pneumococcal vaccine. Children were between births to 6 years of age. Antibiotic susceptibility of isolated strains was determined using disk diffusion method and Etest (minimum inhibitory concentration). Results: Overall prevalence of Streptococcus pneumoniae of the children was 1.7% (2 out of 120). Prevalence of the bacteria in open community was 5.6% (2 out of 36) and no positive cases were recorded in orphanage (closed community, (p=0.161). Prevalence was 15.4% (2 out of 13) in children aged below 2 years in the open community. There was no association was found to exist between Streptococcus pneumoniae carriage with age (p=0.432) and gender (p=0.418). Serotyping showed serotype 11F for one isolate, while the other was non-typable. Both isolates were susceptible to penicillin, azithromycin, ceftriaxone and vancomycin. The serotype 11F isolate was susceptible while the non-typable isolate was resistant to erythromycin.Conclusions: The results demonstrated low prevalence of Streptococcus pneumoniae in healthy children. These findings may complement other studies to explore further risk factors for colonisation, antimicrobial susceptibility and serotype distribution of Streptococcus pneumoniae to help for the planning of immunization strategies.","PeriodicalId":22514,"journal":{"name":"The Internet journal of microbiology","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79961119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objective: To compare the microbiological profile of community acquired diabetic foot infections and hospital acquired infection in the same patients following a week of treatment. To study the morbidity associated with hospital acquired infections in terms of number of days ofhospitalization and requirement of further surgical interventions.Materials and methods: 55 individuals admitted with diabetic foot infections to tertiary referral hospital of a developing country were included in the study. Two microbial swabs were taken one at admission and the second a week later and data studied.Result: The first culture grew Klebsiellae (25.5%), E-coli (20%), Enterococci (16.4%). The surgical procedures undertaken were debridement in 57.2%, amputation in 20% and fasciotomy in 21.8%. 94 % of patients developed hospital acquired infection, the predominant organism being pseudomonas (50.9%) and E- coli-(14.9%). The surgical procedure undertaken after this was debridement in 83.6%. Conclusion: The community acquired infections varied in character and polymicrobial in nature. Hospital acquired infections were responsible for the extended morbidity of the patients and no mortality was observed in the study duration. 94% of patients developed hospital acquired infection, the predominant organism being pseudomonas and its treatment may be the key to lower the morbidity rate in patients.
{"title":"Comparative Study of Community and Hospital Acquired Infections in Diabetic Foot","authors":"S. A. Pai, H. Vijaykumar, M. Sreevathsa, D. Parag","doi":"10.5580/2e8b","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/2e8b","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: To compare the microbiological profile of community acquired diabetic foot infections and hospital acquired infection in the same patients following a week of treatment. To study the morbidity associated with hospital acquired infections in terms of number of days ofhospitalization and requirement of further surgical interventions.Materials and methods: 55 individuals admitted with diabetic foot infections to tertiary referral hospital of a developing country were included in the study. Two microbial swabs were taken one at admission and the second a week later and data studied.Result: The first culture grew Klebsiellae (25.5%), E-coli (20%), Enterococci (16.4%). The surgical procedures undertaken were debridement in 57.2%, amputation in 20% and fasciotomy in 21.8%. 94 % of patients developed hospital acquired infection, the predominant organism being pseudomonas (50.9%) and E- coli-(14.9%). The surgical procedure undertaken after this was debridement in 83.6%. Conclusion: The community acquired infections varied in character and polymicrobial in nature. Hospital acquired infections were responsible for the extended morbidity of the patients and no mortality was observed in the study duration. 94% of patients developed hospital acquired infection, the predominant organism being pseudomonas and its treatment may be the key to lower the morbidity rate in patients.","PeriodicalId":22514,"journal":{"name":"The Internet journal of microbiology","volume":"121 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85957501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Alao, C. T. Kester, Bolanle Korede Gbagba, Feyikemi Kikelomo Fakilede
Salmonella typhimurium has been extensively incriminated worldwide as common causes of Salmonellosis in humans, with food-animals serving as important reservoirs. This study was aimed at determining and comparing the prevalence of Salmonella typhimurium isolated from faeces of goats and cattle in Sango-Ota and also at determining the antimicrobial sensitivity of the isolated organisms. A total of 157 fresh faecal samples (50 from goat and 107 from cattle) were examined for the presence of Salmonella typhimurium using standard microbiological and biochemical methods. 22 (14%) of the total samples were positive for Salmonella typhimurium and 13 (8.28%) were positive for Salmonella spp. 19 (86.4%) of Salmonella typhimurium were isolated from cattle while 3 (13.6%) from goats while 12 (92.31%) of Salmonella spp were isolated from cattle while 1 (7.69%) from goats. Other organisms isolated were Citrobacter spp, Providencia spp, Pseudomonas spp, Proteus spp, Klebsiella spp, Yersinia spp, Morganella spp, Enterobacter spp, Escherichia coli and Serratia spp. Antibiotic susceptibility test revealed that majority of the isolates were susceptible to ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, pefloxacin, gentamicin, and nalidixic acid. A majority of Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella spp, and other bacterial isolates were susceptible to all fluoroquinolones used in this study. A majority of the isolates were resistant to amoxicillin, ampicillin, augmentin, cotrimoxazole, streptomycin, tetracycline, and all cephalosporins used in this study. Salmonella typhimurium was present in both cattle and goat faeces in Sango-Ota and therefore if food from these sources are not properly handled it could lead to spread of the organism and occurrence of food borne salmonellosis.
{"title":"Comparison Of Prevalence And Antimicrobial Sensitivity Of Salmonella typhimurium In Apparently Healthy Cattle And Goat In Sango-Ota, Nigeria","authors":"F. Alao, C. T. Kester, Bolanle Korede Gbagba, Feyikemi Kikelomo Fakilede","doi":"10.5580/2be6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/2be6","url":null,"abstract":"Salmonella typhimurium has been extensively incriminated worldwide as common causes of Salmonellosis in humans, with food-animals serving as important reservoirs. This study was aimed at determining and comparing the prevalence of Salmonella typhimurium isolated from faeces of goats and cattle in Sango-Ota and also at determining the antimicrobial sensitivity of the isolated organisms. A total of 157 fresh faecal samples (50 from goat and 107 from cattle) were examined for the presence of Salmonella typhimurium using standard microbiological and biochemical methods. 22 (14%) of the total samples were positive for Salmonella typhimurium and 13 (8.28%) were positive for Salmonella spp. 19 (86.4%) of Salmonella typhimurium were isolated from cattle while 3 (13.6%) from goats while 12 (92.31%) of Salmonella spp were isolated from cattle while 1 (7.69%) from goats. Other organisms isolated were Citrobacter spp, Providencia spp, Pseudomonas spp, Proteus spp, Klebsiella spp, Yersinia spp, Morganella spp, Enterobacter spp, Escherichia coli and Serratia spp. Antibiotic susceptibility test revealed that majority of the isolates were susceptible to ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, pefloxacin, gentamicin, and nalidixic acid. A majority of Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella spp, and other bacterial isolates were susceptible to all fluoroquinolones used in this study. A majority of the isolates were resistant to amoxicillin, ampicillin, augmentin, cotrimoxazole, streptomycin, tetracycline, and all cephalosporins used in this study. Salmonella typhimurium was present in both cattle and goat faeces in Sango-Ota and therefore if food from these sources are not properly handled it could lead to spread of the organism and occurrence of food borne salmonellosis.","PeriodicalId":22514,"journal":{"name":"The Internet journal of microbiology","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74047330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Few reports document the misdiagnosis of Acinetobacterlwoffii skin infections for allergic reactions. In addition, A. lwoffii is frequently misidentified when applying conventional diagnostic methods. The bacterium has been reported to cause a multitude of diseases including skin and wound infections. The application of the newly established method “The Universal Method” allowed definite identification of the bacterium isolated from a leg and foot cellulitis case (Isolate QUBC mk1) that was misdiagnosed as an allergic reaction and was treated with intramuscular injections of diclofeneac sodium, anonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug.The isolate was identified as A. lwoffii, it failed to grow on MacConkey agar, and it was sensitive to ciprofloxacin but resistant to cefazolin. The 51-year old male patient was successfully treated with intravenous administration of ciprofloxacin, doxacillin, and cefazolin. He was released in good health after ten days.This work emphasizes the importance of distinguishing between skin infections and allergies. It also stresses the importance of prompt and accurate identification of A. Lwoffii and its possible relationship to allergic reactions. Misdiagnosis isdiscussed in the context of “The Hygiene Hypothesis”.
{"title":"Acinetobacterlwoffii Induced Cellulitis with Allergy-like Symptoms","authors":"S. Barghouthi, G. Hammad, M. Kurdi","doi":"10.5580/2e86","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/2e86","url":null,"abstract":"Few reports document the misdiagnosis of Acinetobacterlwoffii skin infections for allergic reactions. In addition, A. lwoffii is frequently misidentified when applying conventional diagnostic methods. The bacterium has been reported to cause a multitude of diseases including skin and wound infections. The application of the newly established method “The Universal Method” allowed definite identification of the bacterium isolated from a leg and foot cellulitis case (Isolate QUBC mk1) that was misdiagnosed as an allergic reaction and was treated with intramuscular injections of diclofeneac sodium, anonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug.The isolate was identified as A. lwoffii, it failed to grow on MacConkey agar, and it was sensitive to ciprofloxacin but resistant to cefazolin. The 51-year old male patient was successfully treated with intravenous administration of ciprofloxacin, doxacillin, and cefazolin. He was released in good health after ten days.This work emphasizes the importance of distinguishing between skin infections and allergies. It also stresses the importance of prompt and accurate identification of A. Lwoffii and its possible relationship to allergic reactions. Misdiagnosis isdiscussed in the context of “The Hygiene Hypothesis”.","PeriodicalId":22514,"journal":{"name":"The Internet journal of microbiology","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79165714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Ajobiewe, S. Olorunmaiye, Kemi Akinmusire, H. Ajobiewe, A. Dangana
Study BackgroundDespite the impregnation of paper currency notes with disinfectant to inhibit microorganisms, pathogens had long been isolated from currency notes .The microorganisms implicated included members of the family Enterobacteriaceae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Vibrio cholera, e.t.c. Simultaneous handling of food and money contributes to the incidence of food-related public health incidents. This work focuses on the fungi flora load of Nigerian currency and the associated medical hazard.Study Design/ Methods: A completely randomized sample collection design was adopted. A total of 160 dirty and tattered notes, and 40 minted denominations were randomly collected from various groups using the currency in Maiduguri Metropolis and Federal Capital Territory Abuja. Culture was by the pour plate method. Other routine fungi isolation techniques were adopted.RESULT : The fungi flora of the various denominations of Nigerian currency Notes does not differ significantly- As the fungi loads of the various Aspergillus species, and Blastomyces dermatitidis isolated from the various currency denominations had statistical calculated F value less than table value using the one-way ANOVA technique.CONCLUSION: All currency notes in use may be potential sources of disseminating hazardous fungi pathogens no matter the type, - dirty, tattered, nor minted naira notes
{"title":"Medical Implications Of The Fungi Flora Of Naira - “A Nigerian Currency”","authors":"J. Ajobiewe, S. Olorunmaiye, Kemi Akinmusire, H. Ajobiewe, A. Dangana","doi":"10.5580/2e95","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/2e95","url":null,"abstract":"Study BackgroundDespite the impregnation of paper currency notes with disinfectant to inhibit microorganisms, pathogens had long been isolated from currency notes .The microorganisms implicated included members of the family Enterobacteriaceae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Vibrio cholera, e.t.c. Simultaneous handling of food and money contributes to the incidence of food-related public health incidents. This work focuses on the fungi flora load of Nigerian currency and the associated medical hazard.Study Design/ Methods: A completely randomized sample collection design was adopted. A total of 160 dirty and tattered notes, and 40 minted denominations were randomly collected from various groups using the currency in Maiduguri Metropolis and Federal Capital Territory Abuja. Culture was by the pour plate method. Other routine fungi isolation techniques were adopted.RESULT : The fungi flora of the various denominations of Nigerian currency Notes does not differ significantly- As the fungi loads of the various Aspergillus species, and Blastomyces dermatitidis isolated from the various currency denominations had statistical calculated F value less than table value using the one-way ANOVA technique.CONCLUSION: All currency notes in use may be potential sources of disseminating hazardous fungi pathogens no matter the type, - dirty, tattered, nor minted naira notes","PeriodicalId":22514,"journal":{"name":"The Internet journal of microbiology","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85506628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A simplified and efficient method of preparing colloidal chitin from inexpensive crab shell flakes was developed. It modifies some steps of existing techniques to provide significant saving in effort and materials for colloidal chitin preparation. In colloidal chitin preparation, unless the initial chitin flakes are ground to a fine powder, it becomes difficult to later separate the chitin chunks from the precipitated colloidal chitin. The modified technique reported here involves the use of simple everyday lab materials to extract colloidal chitin from crab shell flakes, without the need of powdering the chitin flakes to a uniformly fine size. Utility of the colloidal chitin obtained was shown by using it in plate assays to screen for extracellular chitinase producers, and labeling it with Remazol Brilliant Blue (RBB) for chitinase assays.
研究了一种从廉价的蟹壳片中制备胶体甲壳素的简便高效方法。它改进了现有技术的一些步骤，为胶体甲壳素的制备提供了显著的省力和节省材料。在胶体几丁质制备中，除非最初的几丁质薄片被磨成细粉，否则以后很难从沉淀的胶体几丁质中分离出几丁质块。本文报道的改进技术包括使用简单的日常实验室材料从蟹壳薄片中提取胶体几丁质，而不需要将几丁质薄片磨成均匀的细尺寸。所获得的胶体几丁质的效用是通过用它在平板试验中筛选细胞外几丁质酶的生产者，并用Remazol Brilliant Blue (RBB)标记它进行几丁质酶试验。
{"title":"Simplified Method of Preparing Colloidal Chitin Used For Screening of Chitinase- Producing Microorganisms","authors":"N. Murthy, B. Bleakley","doi":"10.5580/2bc3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/2bc3","url":null,"abstract":"A simplified and efficient method of preparing colloidal chitin from inexpensive crab shell flakes was developed. It modifies some steps of existing techniques to provide significant saving in effort and materials for colloidal chitin preparation. In colloidal chitin preparation, unless the initial chitin flakes are ground to a fine powder, it becomes difficult to later separate the chitin chunks from the precipitated colloidal chitin. The modified technique reported here involves the use of simple everyday lab materials to extract colloidal chitin from crab shell flakes, without the need of powdering the chitin flakes to a uniformly fine size. Utility of the colloidal chitin obtained was shown by using it in plate assays to screen for extracellular chitinase producers, and labeling it with Remazol Brilliant Blue (RBB) for chitinase assays.","PeriodicalId":22514,"journal":{"name":"The Internet journal of microbiology","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88610174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Brucellosis is an economically important but neglected emerging endemic zoonotic communicable disease in India. The prevalence of brucellosis has increased from 34.15% of the samples in 2006-07 to 67.28 % in the year 2010-11. Brucella abortus is an intracellular pathogen capable of infecting animals and humans. The use of phages in the treatment of bacterial infections is an attractive alternative to existing antibiotic therapy. Phages target a particular host and it is unlikely to elicit resistance in untargeted bacterial strains. A brucellaphage was isolated against actively growing stage of Brucella abortus strain S 19 from sewage sample of a dairy farm in Ludhiana. The plaque morphology revealed discrete, clear, circular plaques of diameter 0.1 to 3 mm after 48 h of incubation at 37C aerobically. The field isolates (n=9) of B. abortus were sensitive to phage. The host range of brucellaphage is against vaccine strains, viz. S19, S99 and Rev1 of B. abortus, B. melitensis and B. suis. The isolated brucellaphage failed to lyse any culture of heterologous species tested viz. Pasteurella multocida, E.coli, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Salmonella Dublin, Micrococcus and Pseudomonas spp. Electron microscopic studies of the brucellaphage revealed it to be an elementary body measuring approximately 65 nm at 50,000 X magnification with rounded head and a very short tail.The size and shape resembles another Brucella phage Tbilisi phage and the other phages isolated elsewhere. The isolated brucellaphage was able to survive at a temperature of -20C, 4C, 37C and 50C when exposed for duration of 20 min. But, a temperature of 70C and beyond was lethal for the brucellaphage. Unlike normal light, the effect of sunlight on the survivability of phage indicates deleterious effects on the phage. UV light completely destroyed the phage within 15 min. Non-ionic detergents like SDS (10%) completely destroyed the phage in 15 min. There was no effect of RNAse and trypsin on the survivability of phage while proteinase K and lysozyme reduced the survivability of the isolated phage. The isolated phage was tolerant to pH 7 and 9 while there was a reduction in phage activity at pH 3 and 5. According to the literature reviewed, this is the first report of isolation of a genus specific brucellaphage against B. abortus from Punjab which will pave a way for its use in various cost effective diagnostics and in therapy of brucellosis.
{"title":"Isolation, Electron Microscopy And Physicochemical Characterization Of A Brucellaphage Against Brucella Abortus Vaccine Strain S19","authors":"D. Chachra, H. Kaur, M. Chandra, H. Saxena","doi":"10.5580/2c47","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/2c47","url":null,"abstract":"Brucellosis is an economically important but neglected emerging endemic zoonotic communicable disease in India. The prevalence of brucellosis has increased from 34.15% of the samples in 2006-07 to 67.28 % in the year 2010-11. Brucella abortus is an intracellular pathogen capable of infecting animals and humans. The use of phages in the treatment of bacterial infections is an attractive alternative to existing antibiotic therapy. Phages target a particular host and it is unlikely to elicit resistance in untargeted bacterial strains. A brucellaphage was isolated against actively growing stage of Brucella abortus strain S 19 from sewage sample of a dairy farm in Ludhiana. The plaque morphology revealed discrete, clear, circular plaques of diameter 0.1 to 3 mm after 48 h of incubation at 37C aerobically. The field isolates (n=9) of B. abortus were sensitive to phage. The host range of brucellaphage is against vaccine strains, viz. S19, S99 and Rev1 of B. abortus, B. melitensis and B. suis. The isolated brucellaphage failed to lyse any culture of heterologous species tested viz. Pasteurella multocida, E.coli, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Salmonella Dublin, Micrococcus and Pseudomonas spp. Electron microscopic studies of the brucellaphage revealed it to be an elementary body measuring approximately 65 nm at 50,000 X magnification with rounded head and a very short tail.The size and shape resembles another Brucella phage Tbilisi phage and the other phages isolated elsewhere. The isolated brucellaphage was able to survive at a temperature of -20C, 4C, 37C and 50C when exposed for duration of 20 min. But, a temperature of 70C and beyond was lethal for the brucellaphage. Unlike normal light, the effect of sunlight on the survivability of phage indicates deleterious effects on the phage. UV light completely destroyed the phage within 15 min. Non-ionic detergents like SDS (10%) completely destroyed the phage in 15 min. There was no effect of RNAse and trypsin on the survivability of phage while proteinase K and lysozyme reduced the survivability of the isolated phage. The isolated phage was tolerant to pH 7 and 9 while there was a reduction in phage activity at pH 3 and 5. According to the literature reviewed, this is the first report of isolation of a genus specific brucellaphage against B. abortus from Punjab which will pave a way for its use in various cost effective diagnostics and in therapy of brucellosis.","PeriodicalId":22514,"journal":{"name":"The Internet journal of microbiology","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73687220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) remains as the most nosocomial pathogen and is now the emerging problem of community-associated infections. In the present study 100 nasal samples from pediatric patients were subjected to bacteriological and molecular tests for the identification drug resistant Staphylococcus organisms and detection of responsible genes. It revealed that out of 100 nares specimens examined 25% were Staphylococcus aureus, 65% were coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CONS), and 10% were positive other than Staphylococcus. Among 25 Staphylococcus aureus isolates, only 1 identified as MRSA. The MRSA carrier strain was characterized through sequencing and it was observed that the strains possesses SCCmec type III, Spa type t037 and sequence type 239 with presence of sea and fnbA genes. In conclusion MRSA carrier strain can represent the clonal distribution of locally prevalent MRSA clone. Therefore, a study with large number of strains from many regions is needed to confirm the predominant clones circulating in Malaysia.
{"title":"Molecular Detection Of Virulence Gene From Nosocomial Staphylococcus Infection In Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Malaysian-A Brief Report","authors":"S. Masri, R. Hamat, M. Rahman","doi":"10.5580/2C48","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/2C48","url":null,"abstract":"Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) remains as the most nosocomial pathogen and is now the emerging problem of community-associated infections. In the present study 100 nasal samples from pediatric patients were subjected to bacteriological and molecular tests for the identification drug resistant Staphylococcus organisms and detection of responsible genes. It revealed that out of 100 nares specimens examined 25% were Staphylococcus aureus, 65% were coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CONS), and 10% were positive other than Staphylococcus. Among 25 Staphylococcus aureus isolates, only 1 identified as MRSA. The MRSA carrier strain was characterized through sequencing and it was observed that the strains possesses SCCmec type III, Spa type t037 and sequence type 239 with presence of sea and fnbA genes. In conclusion MRSA carrier strain can represent the clonal distribution of locally prevalent MRSA clone. Therefore, a study with large number of strains from many regions is needed to confirm the predominant clones circulating in Malaysia.","PeriodicalId":22514,"journal":{"name":"The Internet journal of microbiology","volume":"91 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80399309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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