Lactobacilli strains were isolated from the milk of domestic animals for potential probiotic. A total of 120 milk samples (40 each from buffalo, cow and goat) were analyzed and 110 Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) were identified, out of these 43 were identified as probiotics, (L. acidophilus, L. bulgaricus, L. plantarum, L. lactis and L. rhamnosus). Out of these, 11 isolates were potential probiotics, which includes L. plantarum (C1, C4, C7, G7, G8 and B14) and L. rhamnosus (B13, C5, G4, G10 and G18). Their bacteriocins showed a broad inhibitory spectrum against the indicator organisms tested. The bacteriocins produced by L. plantarum (C4, G7) and L. rhamnosus (G18) showed prominent antimicrobial activity, resistance to heat at 121 C and tolerate acidic pH 3 but sensitive to pH 9 indication strong probiotic potential. These isolated LABS, exhibiting excellent probiotic characteristics, can be use in the protection and improvement of intestinal microbial flora and contribute health benefits to consumers.
从家畜乳汁中分离出乳酸菌菌株，作为潜在的益生菌。对120份牛奶样品(水牛、奶牛和山羊各40份)进行了分析，鉴定出110种乳酸菌，其中43种为益生菌(嗜酸乳杆菌、保加利亚乳杆菌、植物乳杆菌、乳酸乳杆菌和鼠李糖乳杆菌)。其中11株菌株为潜在益生菌，包括L. plantarum (C1、C4、C7、G7、G8和B14)和L. rhamnosus (B13、C5、G4、G10和G18)。他们的细菌素对测试的指示生物显示出广泛的抑制谱。L. plantarum (C4, G7)和L. rhamnosus (G18)产生的细菌素具有显著的抗菌活性，耐121℃高温，耐酸性pH 3，但对pH 9敏感，显示出较强的益生菌潜力。这些独立实验室具有优良的益生菌特性，可用于保护和改善肠道微生物菌群，为消费者的健康带来益处。
{"title":"Studies on Antimicrobial Activity and Characteristics of Bacteriocins Produced by Lactobacillus strains Isolated from Milk of Domestic Animals","authors":"D. Tambekar, S. Bhutada","doi":"10.5580/18b1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/18b1","url":null,"abstract":"Lactobacilli strains were isolated from the milk of domestic animals for potential probiotic. A total of 120 milk samples (40 each from buffalo, cow and goat) were analyzed and 110 Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) were identified, out of these 43 were identified as probiotics, (L. acidophilus, L. bulgaricus, L. plantarum, L. lactis and L. rhamnosus). Out of these, 11 isolates were potential probiotics, which includes L. plantarum (C1, C4, C7, G7, G8 and B14) and L. rhamnosus (B13, C5, G4, G10 and G18). Their bacteriocins showed a broad inhibitory spectrum against the indicator organisms tested. The bacteriocins produced by L. plantarum (C4, G7) and L. rhamnosus (G18) showed prominent antimicrobial activity, resistance to heat at 121 C and tolerate acidic pH 3 but sensitive to pH 9 indication strong probiotic potential. These isolated LABS, exhibiting excellent probiotic characteristics, can be use in the protection and improvement of intestinal microbial flora and contribute health benefits to consumers.","PeriodicalId":22514,"journal":{"name":"The Internet journal of microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81136214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rhizopus nigricans isolated from stagnant water was studied as a source of amylase using boiled mashed maize (yellow variety) as sole source of carbon, while ammonium sulphate was used as nitrogen source. Concentrations of mashed maize and ammonium sulphate were 50g/l and 20g/l respectively. These levels were optimal for growth and amylase production at 30C and pH 6.0. Partial purification of the enzyme by salting, desalting and elution using DEAE-Sephadex A 50 were carried out to increase enzyme activity. Amylase activities using some native starches as test substrates showed a maximum of 7.0U/L for rice starch, followed by potato starch 6.5U/L. Mashed maize, therefore, could serve as sole source of carbon for amylase production by Rhizopus nigricans.
以煮沸的玉米泥(黄色品种)为唯一碳源，以硫酸铵为氮源，研究了从死水中分离的黑根霉作为淀粉酶的来源。玉米泥和硫酸铵的浓度分别为50g/l和20g/l。这些水平在30℃和pH 6.0时最适合生长和淀粉酶的产生。采用DEAE-Sephadex A 50盐化、脱盐和洗脱对酶进行部分纯化，以提高酶的活性。以某些天然淀粉为底物，水稻淀粉淀粉酶活性最高，为7.0U/L，马铃薯淀粉次之，为6.5U/L。因此，捣碎的玉米可以作为黑根霉生产淀粉酶的唯一碳源。
{"title":"Amylase Production by Rhizopus nigricans Using Mashed Maize","authors":"T. Ayogu, E. Amadi","doi":"10.5580/f95","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/f95","url":null,"abstract":"Rhizopus nigricans isolated from stagnant water was studied as a source of amylase using boiled mashed maize (yellow variety) as sole source of carbon, while ammonium sulphate was used as nitrogen source. Concentrations of mashed maize and ammonium sulphate were 50g/l and 20g/l respectively. These levels were optimal for growth and amylase production at 30C and pH 6.0. Partial purification of the enzyme by salting, desalting and elution using DEAE-Sephadex A 50 were carried out to increase enzyme activity. Amylase activities using some native starches as test substrates showed a maximum of 7.0U/L for rice starch, followed by potato starch 6.5U/L. Mashed maize, therefore, could serve as sole source of carbon for amylase production by Rhizopus nigricans.","PeriodicalId":22514,"journal":{"name":"The Internet journal of microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87823875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Solubilization of insoluble organic phosphate has been the focus of many studies as it increases the availability of phosphorus to vegetation and improves plant growth. The aim of this study was to study those bacterial strains which were positive for phosphate solubilization in plate assay as well as in liquid media. The isolates which showed efficient phosphate solubilization activity both in plate and liquid media were examined for the release of free phosphate in liquid media. The amount of free phosphate liberated by the organisms was estimated. The efficient phosphate solubilizing bacteria which also released high amount of free phosphate in the media were scrutinized for auxin production via bioassay. Five bacterial isolates CMG851, CMG854, CMG857, CMG860 and CMG861 found positive for auxin production were checked for the production of indole acetic acid and indole butyric acid via high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The amounts of indole acetic acid and indole butyric acid were also estimated. These five efficient phosphate solubilizing and auxin producing bacterial isolates were identified via 16srRNA analysis. They were Acinetobacter lwofii (CMG851), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CMG860) and Bacillus thuringiensis (CMG854, CMG857, CMG861) showed efficient phosphate solubilization and auxin production abilities. Mung beans were selected to study the effect of plant growth promotion abilities by the three phosphate solubilizing and auxin producing bacteria. The root and shoot length of Rye plants were measured and it was found that the selected bacteria had noticeable effect on them.
{"title":"Isolation, Purification And Liberation Of Free Phosphate By Indigenous Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria And Effect On Plant Growth Promotion.","authors":"N. Ahmed, Sadaf Shahab","doi":"10.5580/893","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/893","url":null,"abstract":"Solubilization of insoluble organic phosphate has been the focus of many studies as it increases the availability of phosphorus to vegetation and improves plant growth. The aim of this study was to study those bacterial strains which were positive for phosphate solubilization in plate assay as well as in liquid media. The isolates which showed efficient phosphate solubilization activity both in plate and liquid media were examined for the release of free phosphate in liquid media. The amount of free phosphate liberated by the organisms was estimated. The efficient phosphate solubilizing bacteria which also released high amount of free phosphate in the media were scrutinized for auxin production via bioassay. Five bacterial isolates CMG851, CMG854, CMG857, CMG860 and CMG861 found positive for auxin production were checked for the production of indole acetic acid and indole butyric acid via high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The amounts of indole acetic acid and indole butyric acid were also estimated. These five efficient phosphate solubilizing and auxin producing bacterial isolates were identified via 16srRNA analysis. They were Acinetobacter lwofii (CMG851), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CMG860) and Bacillus thuringiensis (CMG854, CMG857, CMG861) showed efficient phosphate solubilization and auxin production abilities. Mung beans were selected to study the effect of plant growth promotion abilities by the three phosphate solubilizing and auxin producing bacteria. The root and shoot length of Rye plants were measured and it was found that the selected bacteria had noticeable effect on them.","PeriodicalId":22514,"journal":{"name":"The Internet journal of microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88749706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Cotner, E. Navrotski, L. Sewera, V. Snyder, E. Richter
Bacterial sampling of clothing worn by a class of undergraduate microbiology students was performed over the course of one month. Microorganisms were cultured on nutrient agar, visually distinct colonies were subcultured, and subcultured colonies were tested for alpha haemolyic properties. Significant differences were found between the number of visually differentiable types of colony forming units on natural and artificial textiles, with mean diversity of cfus on artificial textiles exceeding those on natural by a factor of 2.3. Significant differences in the number of organisms capable of alpha haemolysis were also noted, with mean levels of such organisms on artificial textiles exceeding those on natural by a factor of 3.7.
{"title":"Diversity Of Culturable Bacteria On Natural Vs Artifical Fabrics","authors":"S. Cotner, E. Navrotski, L. Sewera, V. Snyder, E. Richter","doi":"10.5580/1ed4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/1ed4","url":null,"abstract":"Bacterial sampling of clothing worn by a class of undergraduate microbiology students was performed over the course of one month. Microorganisms were cultured on nutrient agar, visually distinct colonies were subcultured, and subcultured colonies were tested for alpha haemolyic properties. Significant differences were found between the number of visually differentiable types of colony forming units on natural and artificial textiles, with mean diversity of cfus on artificial textiles exceeding those on natural by a factor of 2.3. Significant differences in the number of organisms capable of alpha haemolysis were also noted, with mean levels of such organisms on artificial textiles exceeding those on natural by a factor of 3.7.","PeriodicalId":22514,"journal":{"name":"The Internet journal of microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88922059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Purusothaman, K. Bhattacharjee, S. Joshi, R. Vasanthakumari
Tuberculosis is a most important human disease in its global prevalence. It is caused by tubercle bacilli. Among the various methods for diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis, bacteriological methods are more important. Standard Ziehl-Neelsen method of staining is most reliable for this. But due to some operational disadvantages in the Ziehl-Neelsen method, many other methods were also discovered. In this research work two such techniques that is Modified Ziehl-Neelsen method where a boiling water bath is used as a source of heating and cold staining method where heating is completely eliminated and instead of which duration of exposure to carbol-fuchsin stain prolonged to 10 minutes were compared with conventional Ziehl-Neelsen method. For these 145 sputum samples having the symptoms of tuberculosis were collected and each of these samples were stained by three above mentioned methods. The results were analyzed by Mc Nemar’s chi-square test and kappa statistics. It was observed that Cold-staining method is more appropriate than that of the Modified Ziehl-Neelsen method. Additionally due to some advantages in cold staining method it is more reliable and safer than that of the standard Ziehl-Neelsen method in field conditions.
{"title":"Comparative efficacies of three acid-fast staining techniques under field conditions for Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the Indian context","authors":"K. Purusothaman, K. Bhattacharjee, S. Joshi, R. Vasanthakumari","doi":"10.5580/4ab","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/4ab","url":null,"abstract":"Tuberculosis is a most important human disease in its global prevalence. It is caused by tubercle bacilli. Among the various methods for diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis, bacteriological methods are more important. Standard Ziehl-Neelsen method of staining is most reliable for this. But due to some operational disadvantages in the Ziehl-Neelsen method, many other methods were also discovered. In this research work two such techniques that is Modified Ziehl-Neelsen method where a boiling water bath is used as a source of heating and cold staining method where heating is completely eliminated and instead of which duration of exposure to carbol-fuchsin stain prolonged to 10 minutes were compared with conventional Ziehl-Neelsen method. For these 145 sputum samples having the symptoms of tuberculosis were collected and each of these samples were stained by three above mentioned methods. The results were analyzed by Mc Nemar’s chi-square test and kappa statistics. It was observed that Cold-staining method is more appropriate than that of the Modified Ziehl-Neelsen method. Additionally due to some advantages in cold staining method it is more reliable and safer than that of the standard Ziehl-Neelsen method in field conditions.","PeriodicalId":22514,"journal":{"name":"The Internet journal of microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81834848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Extracellular enzymatic activity profiles of thermophilic bacterial strains isolated from hotsprings of Namboli area of the Western coastal district of Maharashtra have been studied. Bacterial strains of spring water and sediments were enriched in various nutrient mediums and later isolated on the same with gelarite as the solidifying agent. About 98% of the isolates tested showed extracellular enzymatic activity. Out of all the isolates screened, 8 isolates exhibited protease, amylase and cellulase activities respectively.
{"title":"Occurrence and Extra cellular Enzymatic Activity Profiles Of Bacterial Strains Isolated From Hot springs Of Western Coastal Districts of Maharashtra, India","authors":"Yash Hiroo Gursahani, S. G. Gupta","doi":"10.5580/2083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/2083","url":null,"abstract":"Extracellular enzymatic activity profiles of thermophilic bacterial strains isolated from hotsprings of Namboli area of the Western coastal district of Maharashtra have been studied. Bacterial strains of spring water and sediments were enriched in various nutrient mediums and later isolated on the same with gelarite as the solidifying agent. About 98% of the isolates tested showed extracellular enzymatic activity. Out of all the isolates screened, 8 isolates exhibited protease, amylase and cellulase activities respectively.","PeriodicalId":22514,"journal":{"name":"The Internet journal of microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85134035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Kitova, A. Reshetilov, O. Ponamoreva, T. Leathers
Seven microbial strains were screened for their ability to detect disaccharides as components of Clark-type oxygen biosensors. Sensors responded to varying degrees to maltose, cellobiose, sucrose, and melibiose, but none responded strongly to lactose. Although microbial sensors are relatively nonspecific, it is possible to obtain differential measurements of specific substrates using multiple sensors with different relative specificities. For example, Escherichia coli strain K-802 oxidized maltose but had low activity against sucrose, while Bacillus subtilis strain VKM B-434 responded more strongly to sucrose than maltose. Furthermore, signals from these two sensors were additive for selected samples. Results suggest that a two-component biosensor utilizing these strains could be used for differential detection of sucrose and maltose.
{"title":"Microbial Biosensors for Selective Detection of Disaccharides","authors":"A. Kitova, A. Reshetilov, O. Ponamoreva, T. Leathers","doi":"10.5580/5c8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/5c8","url":null,"abstract":"Seven microbial strains were screened for their ability to detect disaccharides as components of Clark-type oxygen biosensors. Sensors responded to varying degrees to maltose, cellobiose, sucrose, and melibiose, but none responded strongly to lactose. Although microbial sensors are relatively nonspecific, it is possible to obtain differential measurements of specific substrates using multiple sensors with different relative specificities. For example, Escherichia coli strain K-802 oxidized maltose but had low activity against sucrose, while Bacillus subtilis strain VKM B-434 responded more strongly to sucrose than maltose. Furthermore, signals from these two sensors were additive for selected samples. Results suggest that a two-component biosensor utilizing these strains could be used for differential detection of sucrose and maltose.","PeriodicalId":22514,"journal":{"name":"The Internet journal of microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82877227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A mannanase yielding indigenous fungal culture Aspergillus niger USM F4 which was isolated from decayed palm kernel cake (PKC) collected from a local oil palm processed plant was used in this study. The fungal culture produced high yields of extracellular mannanase under solid-substrate fermentation (SSF) using PKC as a substrate. The results obtained from this study revealed that after five days of cultivation period, a maximum extracellular mannanase activity was 433.84 U/ g substrate and 0.96 mg glucosamine/g substrate of fungal growth. The optimized cultural conditions and medium compositions were 10 g PKC with particle size of 0.5 mm, moisture content of 80% (v/w), inoculums size of 1x107 spores/ml, incubation temperature of 30oC, static (without mixing), 2% (w/w) of molasses and 4% (w/w) of ammonium nitrate. There was 53.68% increment of mannanase production after optimization compared to before optimization of cultural conditions and medium compositions.
{"title":"Utilization Of Palm Kernel Cake For The Production Of Mannanase By An Indigenous Filamentous Fungus, Aspergillus Niger USM F4 Under Solid Substrate Fermentation","authors":"Syarifah Ab, I. Darah, I. Omar","doi":"10.5580/2779","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/2779","url":null,"abstract":"A mannanase yielding indigenous fungal culture Aspergillus niger USM F4 which was isolated from decayed palm kernel cake (PKC) collected from a local oil palm processed plant was used in this study. The fungal culture produced high yields of extracellular mannanase under solid-substrate fermentation (SSF) using PKC as a substrate. The results obtained from this study revealed that after five days of cultivation period, a maximum extracellular mannanase activity was 433.84 U/ g substrate and 0.96 mg glucosamine/g substrate of fungal growth. The optimized cultural conditions and medium compositions were 10 g PKC with particle size of 0.5 mm, moisture content of 80% (v/w), inoculums size of 1x107 spores/ml, incubation temperature of 30oC, static (without mixing), 2% (w/w) of molasses and 4% (w/w) of ammonium nitrate. There was 53.68% increment of mannanase production after optimization compared to before optimization of cultural conditions and medium compositions.","PeriodicalId":22514,"journal":{"name":"The Internet journal of microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83893390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The global necessity to increase agricultural production from a steadily decreasing and degrading land resource base has placed considerable strain on agro ecosystems (Tilak, 2005). Current strategy is to maintain and improve agricultural productivity exclusively via the use of chemical fertilizers. Although the use of chemical fertilizers is credited with nearly fifty percent increase in agricultural production but they are closely associated with environmental pollution and health hazards (Gaur and Gaind, 1999). Many synthetic fertilizers contain acids, such as sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid, which tend to increase the acidity of the soil, reduce the soil's beneficial organism population and interfere with plant growth. Generally, healthy soil contains enough nitrogen-fixing bacteria to fix sufficient atmospheric nitrogen to supply the needs of growing plants. However, continued use of chemical fertilizers may destroy these nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Furthermore, chemical fertilizers may affect plant health. For example, citrus trees tend to yield fruits that are lower in vitamin C when treated with synthetic fertilizer. Lack of trace elements in soil regularly dosed with chemical fertilizers is not uncommon. This lack of vital micronutrients can generally be attributed to the use of chemical fertilizers. On the other hand Biofertilizer adds nutrients to soil.Environmentally friendly biotechnological approaches offer alternatives to chemical fertilizers (Dobbelaere et al., 2003). Given the negative environmental impacts of chemical fertilizers and their increasing costs, the use of PGPB is thus being considered as an alternative or a supplemental way of reducing the use of chemicals in agriculture (De Weger et al., 1995; Gerhardson, 2002, Postma, et al., 2003; Welbaum, 2004)
{"title":"Phosphate Solubilization: Their Mechanism Genetics And Application","authors":"N. Ahmed, Sadaf Shahab","doi":"10.5580/2327","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/2327","url":null,"abstract":"The global necessity to increase agricultural production from a steadily decreasing and degrading land resource base has placed considerable strain on agro ecosystems (Tilak, 2005). Current strategy is to maintain and improve agricultural productivity exclusively via the use of chemical fertilizers. Although the use of chemical fertilizers is credited with nearly fifty percent increase in agricultural production but they are closely associated with environmental pollution and health hazards (Gaur and Gaind, 1999). Many synthetic fertilizers contain acids, such as sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid, which tend to increase the acidity of the soil, reduce the soil's beneficial organism population and interfere with plant growth. Generally, healthy soil contains enough nitrogen-fixing bacteria to fix sufficient atmospheric nitrogen to supply the needs of growing plants. However, continued use of chemical fertilizers may destroy these nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Furthermore, chemical fertilizers may affect plant health. For example, citrus trees tend to yield fruits that are lower in vitamin C when treated with synthetic fertilizer. Lack of trace elements in soil regularly dosed with chemical fertilizers is not uncommon. This lack of vital micronutrients can generally be attributed to the use of chemical fertilizers. On the other hand Biofertilizer adds nutrients to soil.Environmentally friendly biotechnological approaches offer alternatives to chemical fertilizers (Dobbelaere et al., 2003). Given the negative environmental impacts of chemical fertilizers and their increasing costs, the use of PGPB is thus being considered as an alternative or a supplemental way of reducing the use of chemicals in agriculture (De Weger et al., 1995; Gerhardson, 2002, Postma, et al., 2003; Welbaum, 2004)","PeriodicalId":22514,"journal":{"name":"The Internet journal of microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78155294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Access to clean drinking water is taken for granted in most developed nations where many think water quality is a third-world issue. However, for residents of rural Australia water quality is an emerging issue. Our research of drinking water quality, harvesting and management practices of rural NSW residents found that a substantial number of these consumers may be risking their health whenever they turn on their tap. More than half of the tank water sampled failed to meet the Australian Drinking Water Guidelines for safe drinking water. Levels of E. coli were up to 230x more than the acceptable levels proposed by the Australian Drinking Water Guidelines. Qualitative research found most consumers were unaware of the risks associated with drinking raw rainwater. Further, few took steps to minimise their risk through accepted water management practices.
{"title":"The E. Coli Load In Self-Managed Rural Water In Australia","authors":"A. Crampton, Angela T. Ragusa","doi":"10.5580/1674","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/1674","url":null,"abstract":"Access to clean drinking water is taken for granted in most developed nations where many think water quality is a third-world issue. However, for residents of rural Australia water quality is an emerging issue. Our research of drinking water quality, harvesting and management practices of rural NSW residents found that a substantial number of these consumers may be risking their health whenever they turn on their tap. More than half of the tank water sampled failed to meet the Australian Drinking Water Guidelines for safe drinking water. Levels of E. coli were up to 230x more than the acceptable levels proposed by the Australian Drinking Water Guidelines. Qualitative research found most consumers were unaware of the risks associated with drinking raw rainwater. Further, few took steps to minimise their risk through accepted water management practices.","PeriodicalId":22514,"journal":{"name":"The Internet journal of microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75257664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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