Laser ablation of the saphenous vein uses laser-tipped probes to produce photothermal effects in the vein. In this study we construct a mathematical model of the effects of laser-induced thermal heating and conduction along the vein wall. We formulate and solve the relevant two-dimensional heat conduction problem. Simulations of the solution to the problem resolve an aspect of a debated question of the procedure. INTRODUCTION Since its inception, controversy has surrounded the exact etiology of thermal damage to the saphenous vein [1-5]. There are proponents of both conduction energy (laser tip contact) and convective energy (steam bubbles) as being the etiology of resultant tissue damage. This controversy has been debated not only from the scientific aspect, but in the legal arena as well. As reported in previous publications [1, 5], the hallmark of acute damage at the time of thermal ablation is complete loss of endothelium. This finding is present when laser firing at 12-15 watts is done at intervals of 3-4 mm apart. If it is assumed that the laser point contacts the surface of the vein, which occurs when a conventional bare tip fiber is used, then the question arises of whether the contact and the resultant conduction by tissue is responsible for the histologic findings. The absence of endothelium immediately following laser thermal ablation is a constant finding regardless of wavelength and pulse duration. Based on our histologic observations it is our hypothesis that heat conduction would not be the primary etiology of these observed luminal changes. The purpose of this article is to present the results of testing our hypothesis by simulations based on the construction of a relevant mathematical model which will accurately calculate both temperature and distance traveled of energy from the laser application site. CONSTRUCTION OF THE MODEL The key parameter of the model is the initial temperature to which the laser probe elevates the affected region of the vein wall. In the model we will keep this temperature as a free parameter, but when we present results of simulations based on the model, we will assume that at the time of laser firing the initial temperature at the laser tip is 100 C. This assumption is reasonable since (1) steam bubbles occur at this point, and (2) we have measured the temperature of these bubbles impinging on the vein wall. We have run simulations at other initial temperatures, such as 700 C and the associated results do not significantly change our final conclusions. The first step in building a valid mathematical model is the enunciation of the assumptions on which the model rests. We base our model on five postulates derived from both experience and theory. Postulate 1: We assume that the probe tip contacts the partially collapsed vein wall in a rectangular region. In this region the transfer of a short burst of energy raises the temperature to an initial value T0. Discussion: The rectangular shape is chosen so as t
隐静脉的激光消融使用激光探针在静脉中产生光热效应。在本研究中，我们建立了激光诱导的沿静脉壁加热和传导效应的数学模型。我们提出并求解了相关的二维热传导问题。问题解决方案的模拟解决了程序中有争议问题的一个方面。从一开始，热损伤隐静脉的确切病因就存在争议[1-5]。有支持者认为传导能(激光尖端接触)和对流能(蒸汽气泡)是导致组织损伤的病因。这一争议不仅从科学方面进行了辩论，而且在法律领域也是如此。正如以前的出版物所报道的[1,5]，热消融时急性损伤的标志是内皮细胞的完全丧失。当以3-4毫米的间隔进行12-15瓦的激光发射时，存在这一发现。如果假设激光点与静脉表面接触，当使用传统的裸端光纤时就会发生这种情况，那么问题就出现了，这种接触和由此产生的组织传导是否对组织学结果负责。无论波长和脉冲持续时间如何，激光热消融后内皮细胞立即消失是一个恒定的发现。根据我们的组织学观察，我们的假设是热传导不会是这些观察到的腔内变化的主要病因。本文的目的是在建立相关数学模型的基础上，通过模拟来验证我们的假设，该模型可以准确地计算激光应用点的温度和能量传播距离。模型的关键参数是激光探头将静脉壁受影响区域升高到的初始温度。在模型中，我们将这个温度作为一个自由参数，但是当我们给出基于模型的模拟结果时，我们将假设激光发射时激光尖端的初始温度为100℃。这个假设是合理的，因为(1)此时出现了蒸汽气泡，(2)我们已经测量了这些气泡撞击脉壁的温度。我们在其他初始温度下进行了模拟，比如700摄氏度，相关结果并没有显著改变我们的最终结论。建立一个有效的数学模型的第一步是阐明模型所依据的假设。我们的模型建立在从经验和理论中得出的五个假设的基础上。假设1:我们假设探头尖端在一个矩形区域内接触部分塌陷的静脉壁。在这一区域，能量的短暂爆发使温度升高到初始值T0。讨论:选择矩形是为了模拟探针尖端接触部分塌陷静脉壁的区域。我们的分析将表明，热传导的时间演化使初始区域的边界变得平滑，因此矩形的假设在确定细胞死亡区域时并不特别重要。如上所述，我们将给出T值为100℃时的模拟结果。假设2:我们假设在此过程中没有沿着静脉壁发生质量传输，因此，在静脉内激光治疗中，唯一的沿静脉壁热传导模型2所涉及的8种传输是热量形式的能量传输。假设3:我们假设静脉壁是一个无限长的右圆柱体。讨论:隐静脉是一个均匀的右圆柱体，这是一个简化的假设，它模拟了实际的静脉，因为它在超声检查和临床经验中出现。静脉外的肿胀溶液当然不会对静脉壁施加张力，它可能提供的任何压缩对表面面积的影响都很小。无限长假设仅仅表明激光作用的区域离叶脉的末端足够远，纵向边界在局部热传导过程中不起作用。假设4:我们假设在初始热接触后，静脉壁仍然是一个封闭的系统。讨论:这个假设与假设2一起，将手边的现象限制为沿静脉壁热传导的现象。因此，热传导是导致内皮细胞坏死的主要机制的假设需要假设2和假设4作为其基本支持。从这个角度来看，能量通过血液转移到静脉壁的效果是一个单独的问题。确实，能量会耗散到周围的麻醉剂和组织中。 实验结果[6]表明，这种热损失是最小的。在任何情况下，假设4确保我们在这个模型中得到的细胞死亡区域将是实际区域的上界。任何包含其他能量损失模式的模型肯定会产生较小的细胞死亡区域。假设5:我们假设傅里叶热传导定律:热量沿着热梯度-T从温度较高的区域流向温度较低的区域，其中T = T(x, y, z, T)是坐标x = (x, y, z)在时间T点的温度。讨论:假设4和5暗示热量沿脉壁流动，能量守恒。标准的能量守恒论证表明，热流的局部行为可以用热传导方程来描述[7]。图1其中ΔT为T的拉普拉斯式，常数k为静脉壁的热扩散系数。我们取人体心肌组织的热扩散系数k = 1.289 × 10-7 m2/sec。考虑一个右手坐标系，z轴沿着静脉的中心纵轴，x轴穿过矩形的中心，最初在静脉壁上升高到温度T。在柱坐标下，方程(1)变为
{"title":"Modelling Of Heat Conduction Along Vein Walls In Endovenous Laser Treatment","authors":"W. R. Fuller, Maria Raiti, R. Bush","doi":"10.5580/1e73","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/1e73","url":null,"abstract":"Laser ablation of the saphenous vein uses laser-tipped probes to produce photothermal effects in the vein. In this study we construct a mathematical model of the effects of laser-induced thermal heating and conduction along the vein wall. We formulate and solve the relevant two-dimensional heat conduction problem. Simulations of the solution to the problem resolve an aspect of a debated question of the procedure. INTRODUCTION Since its inception, controversy has surrounded the exact etiology of thermal damage to the saphenous vein [1-5]. There are proponents of both conduction energy (laser tip contact) and convective energy (steam bubbles) as being the etiology of resultant tissue damage. This controversy has been debated not only from the scientific aspect, but in the legal arena as well. As reported in previous publications [1, 5], the hallmark of acute damage at the time of thermal ablation is complete loss of endothelium. This finding is present when laser firing at 12-15 watts is done at intervals of 3-4 mm apart. If it is assumed that the laser point contacts the surface of the vein, which occurs when a conventional bare tip fiber is used, then the question arises of whether the contact and the resultant conduction by tissue is responsible for the histologic findings. The absence of endothelium immediately following laser thermal ablation is a constant finding regardless of wavelength and pulse duration. Based on our histologic observations it is our hypothesis that heat conduction would not be the primary etiology of these observed luminal changes. The purpose of this article is to present the results of testing our hypothesis by simulations based on the construction of a relevant mathematical model which will accurately calculate both temperature and distance traveled of energy from the laser application site. CONSTRUCTION OF THE MODEL The key parameter of the model is the initial temperature to which the laser probe elevates the affected region of the vein wall. In the model we will keep this temperature as a free parameter, but when we present results of simulations based on the model, we will assume that at the time of laser firing the initial temperature at the laser tip is 100 C. This assumption is reasonable since (1) steam bubbles occur at this point, and (2) we have measured the temperature of these bubbles impinging on the vein wall. We have run simulations at other initial temperatures, such as 700 C and the associated results do not significantly change our final conclusions. The first step in building a valid mathematical model is the enunciation of the assumptions on which the model rests. We base our model on five postulates derived from both experience and theory. Postulate 1: We assume that the probe tip contacts the partially collapsed vein wall in a rectangular region. In this region the transfer of a short burst of energy raises the temperature to an initial value T0. Discussion: The rectangular shape is chosen so as t","PeriodicalId":22514,"journal":{"name":"The Internet journal of microbiology","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74274723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Correction of class III facial asymmetries is still a major problem in need of an adequate solution. Prominent abnormalities of the facial structures play an important role in a growing individual’s developing identity. Class III skeletal asymmetries are treated with a combination of orthodontic and orthopedic mechanics in growing individuals. In adulthood, correction of the asymmetries usually requires complex surgical procedures. In this case report treatment strategies of class III facial asymmetries are described.
{"title":"Surgical Orthodontic Treatment Of Skeletal Class Iii Facial Asymmetry","authors":"S. Yadav, V. Dhupar, F. Akkara","doi":"10.5580/14f9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/14f9","url":null,"abstract":"Correction of class III facial asymmetries is still a major problem in need of an adequate solution. Prominent abnormalities of the facial structures play an important role in a growing individual’s developing identity. Class III skeletal asymmetries are treated with a combination of orthodontic and orthopedic mechanics in growing individuals. In adulthood, correction of the asymmetries usually requires complex surgical procedures. In this case report treatment strategies of class III facial asymmetries are described.","PeriodicalId":22514,"journal":{"name":"The Internet journal of microbiology","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77996420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Multiple exostosis have long being described in the literature yet there is a continuing paucity in its documentation regarding the incidence and prevalence rates. An unusual case of multiple mandibular buccal exostosis reported to our periodontal office with a chief complaint of unaesthetic appearance. The novelty lay in the situation of the multiple lesions on the buccal mandibular alveolus, both the sites of least predilection (5.1:1); in a female patient whilst the text indicates a 1.66:1 incidence. The average dimension of the lesion was found to be 8X6X4mm. Under the clinical diagnosis of multiple exostoses surgical excision was performed under local anesthesia. Histopathological evaluation revealed a mass of dense cortical bone with interspersed areas of trabecular bone suggestive of exostosis. Deep bite resulting in continual occlusal trauma with consequential reactive proliferation of the bone can be hypothesized to be the concerned etiology in the present case. Uneventful healing with no recurrence was reported.
{"title":"Surgical Management Of An Atypical Case Of Multiple Mandibular Exostoses: A Case Report.","authors":"A. Blaggana, V. Blaggana","doi":"10.5580/5b8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/5b8","url":null,"abstract":"Multiple exostosis have long being described in the literature yet there is a continuing paucity in its documentation regarding the incidence and prevalence rates. An unusual case of multiple mandibular buccal exostosis reported to our periodontal office with a chief complaint of unaesthetic appearance. The novelty lay in the situation of the multiple lesions on the buccal mandibular alveolus, both the sites of least predilection (5.1:1); in a female patient whilst the text indicates a 1.66:1 incidence. The average dimension of the lesion was found to be 8X6X4mm. Under the clinical diagnosis of multiple exostoses surgical excision was performed under local anesthesia. Histopathological evaluation revealed a mass of dense cortical bone with interspersed areas of trabecular bone suggestive of exostosis. Deep bite resulting in continual occlusal trauma with consequential reactive proliferation of the bone can be hypothesized to be the concerned etiology in the present case. Uneventful healing with no recurrence was reported.","PeriodicalId":22514,"journal":{"name":"The Internet journal of microbiology","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82442318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Murad, N. Karim, N. Hashim, A. M. Adnan, Z. Zainal, A. Hamid, F. Bakar
Oleaginous fungi serve as good alternatives for the production of essential, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) such as glinolenic acid (GLA; 18:3). In this study, a locally isolated fungus, isolate 2A1, was evaluated for its lipid and GLA production, and its identity was determined. The fungus was grown in nitrogen-limited media and the amount of lipid and GLA produced were determined every 12 hours. The highest percentage of lipid produced per cell dry weight was 38.64% (w/w) while the highest amount of GLA produced was 0.65 g/L. These observations indicate that isolate 2A1 is a good lipid producer and capable of accumulating high amounts of GLA. To identify isolate 2A1 to the species level, its morphology was observed under the light and electron microscope. Subsequently, its 18S rDNA and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences were cloned, sequenced and analysed phylogenetically to 18S rDNA and ITS1 sequences of related fungi. Microscopic observation showed that isolate 2A1 produced coenocytic hyphae and self-bearing globose sporangioles, with a diameter between 6-8 μm. Neighbour-joining tree built based on the 1.6 kb 18S rDNA region clustered isolate 2A1 with fungi of the genus Cunninghamella. Maximum parsimony tree analysis based on a 154 bp ITS1 sequence grouped isolate 2A1 together with Cunninghamella bainieri strain NRRL 1375 with 100% bootstrap value. Thus, based on morphological and molecular phylogenetic data, isolate 2A1 is designated as C. baineri strain 2A1.
{"title":"Identification and Characterisation of an Oleaginous Fungus Producing High g-Linoleneic Acid","authors":"A. Murad, N. Karim, N. Hashim, A. M. Adnan, Z. Zainal, A. Hamid, F. Bakar","doi":"10.5580/12f","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/12f","url":null,"abstract":"Oleaginous fungi serve as good alternatives for the production of essential, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) such as glinolenic acid (GLA; 18:3). In this study, a locally isolated fungus, isolate 2A1, was evaluated for its lipid and GLA production, and its identity was determined. The fungus was grown in nitrogen-limited media and the amount of lipid and GLA produced were determined every 12 hours. The highest percentage of lipid produced per cell dry weight was 38.64% (w/w) while the highest amount of GLA produced was 0.65 g/L. These observations indicate that isolate 2A1 is a good lipid producer and capable of accumulating high amounts of GLA. To identify isolate 2A1 to the species level, its morphology was observed under the light and electron microscope. Subsequently, its 18S rDNA and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences were cloned, sequenced and analysed phylogenetically to 18S rDNA and ITS1 sequences of related fungi. Microscopic observation showed that isolate 2A1 produced coenocytic hyphae and self-bearing globose sporangioles, with a diameter between 6-8 μm. Neighbour-joining tree built based on the 1.6 kb 18S rDNA region clustered isolate 2A1 with fungi of the genus Cunninghamella. Maximum parsimony tree analysis based on a 154 bp ITS1 sequence grouped isolate 2A1 together with Cunninghamella bainieri strain NRRL 1375 with 100% bootstrap value. Thus, based on morphological and molecular phylogenetic data, isolate 2A1 is designated as C. baineri strain 2A1.","PeriodicalId":22514,"journal":{"name":"The Internet journal of microbiology","volume":"109 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90433644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In recent years, it became clear that the mutagenic effect of base alterations in a DNA template is dependent on bypass synthesis, carried out by one or more translesion polymerases. A critical role for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and its ubiquitination following DNA damage has been established. Among Saccharomyces cerevisiae deletion mutants in which UV mutagenesis is compromised, we identified and characterized a mutant of the ubiquitin recycling protein Doa4. Similar cases may be represented by Doa1, previously described by others, as well as Bro1 and Ubi4. We discuss overall altered ubiquitin levels or failure to deubiquitinate specific target proteins as likely explanations. This study is of relevance for understanding and possibly modifying the mutagenic effect of DNA-damaging agents in environmental toxicology, cancer treatment and cancer prevention.
{"title":"Influence Of Deubiquitinating Enzymes On Mutagenesis In Saccharomyces Cerevisiae","authors":"J. Gong, W. Siede","doi":"10.5580/d27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/d27","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, it became clear that the mutagenic effect of base alterations in a DNA template is dependent on bypass synthesis, carried out by one or more translesion polymerases. A critical role for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and its ubiquitination following DNA damage has been established. Among Saccharomyces cerevisiae deletion mutants in which UV mutagenesis is compromised, we identified and characterized a mutant of the ubiquitin recycling protein Doa4. Similar cases may be represented by Doa1, previously described by others, as well as Bro1 and Ubi4. We discuss overall altered ubiquitin levels or failure to deubiquitinate specific target proteins as likely explanations. This study is of relevance for understanding and possibly modifying the mutagenic effect of DNA-damaging agents in environmental toxicology, cancer treatment and cancer prevention.","PeriodicalId":22514,"journal":{"name":"The Internet journal of microbiology","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89526499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Over the years, various modalities have been used to treat furcation involvement in periodontal disease. These have traditionally included scaling and root planing, furcationplasty, root resection, hemisection, tunneling, bone grafting, guided tissue regeneration and apically repositioned flaps. The following article reviews the literature regarding the use of glass ionomer cements in the management of furcation defects.
{"title":"Obliteration Of Furcation Defects With Glass Ionomer Cements- A Literature Review","authors":"M. Mittal, Rahul K. Mishra","doi":"10.5580/2142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/2142","url":null,"abstract":"Over the years, various modalities have been used to treat furcation involvement in periodontal disease. These have traditionally included scaling and root planing, furcationplasty, root resection, hemisection, tunneling, bone grafting, guided tissue regeneration and apically repositioned flaps. The following article reviews the literature regarding the use of glass ionomer cements in the management of furcation defects.","PeriodicalId":22514,"journal":{"name":"The Internet journal of microbiology","volume":"66 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74606512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
LAB (Lactic Acid Bacteria)-Lactobacillus acidophilus, a major inhabitant of gastrointestinal tract of human beings is used as a probiotic. Antibiotics taken during illness not only kill the disease causing microorganisms but also disrupt the normal microbial balance of the gut leading to a number of side effects and encouraging the patients to restore their natural gut microflora with the intake of probiotics. A well known probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus NCDC 291 was used in the present study and its resistance towards antibiotics was determined at optimum pH and also by growing it under acid stressed conditions. Studies revealed that culture adapted to acid stressed conditions had increased resistance towards antibiotics than that grown at optimum pH.
{"title":"Antibiotic Sensitivity Of Acid Stressed Probiotic Lactobacillus Acidophilus Ncdc 291","authors":"K. NattN, S. Garcha","doi":"10.5580/1004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/1004","url":null,"abstract":"LAB (Lactic Acid Bacteria)-Lactobacillus acidophilus, a major inhabitant of gastrointestinal tract of human beings is used as a probiotic. Antibiotics taken during illness not only kill the disease causing microorganisms but also disrupt the normal microbial balance of the gut leading to a number of side effects and encouraging the patients to restore their natural gut microflora with the intake of probiotics. A well known probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus NCDC 291 was used in the present study and its resistance towards antibiotics was determined at optimum pH and also by growing it under acid stressed conditions. Studies revealed that culture adapted to acid stressed conditions had increased resistance towards antibiotics than that grown at optimum pH.","PeriodicalId":22514,"journal":{"name":"The Internet journal of microbiology","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78509539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Areca quid chewing related oral mucosal lesions are potential hazard to a large population worldwide. Commercially freeze dried products such as pan masala, Guthka and mawa have high concentration of areca nut per chew and appear to cause OSMF more rapidly than by self prepared conventional betel quid that contain smaller amounts of areca nut. These chemical appear to interfere with the molecular processes of deposition and or degradation of extracellular matrix molecules such as collagen, causing imbalance in the normal process. There may be reduced phagocytosis of collagen by fibroblasts, up or down regulation of copper dependent enzyme lysyl oxidase, matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases, increased levels of cytokines in the lamina propria. Current evidence implicates collagen related genes in suspectibility and pathogenesis of OSMF.
{"title":"Etiopathogenesis And Management Of Oral Submucous Fibrosis","authors":"S. Yadav, A. Verma, A. Sachdeva, M. Virdi","doi":"10.5580/217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/217","url":null,"abstract":"Areca quid chewing related oral mucosal lesions are potential hazard to a large population worldwide. Commercially freeze dried products such as pan masala, Guthka and mawa have high concentration of areca nut per chew and appear to cause OSMF more rapidly than by self prepared conventional betel quid that contain smaller amounts of areca nut. These chemical appear to interfere with the molecular processes of deposition and or degradation of extracellular matrix molecules such as collagen, causing imbalance in the normal process. There may be reduced phagocytosis of collagen by fibroblasts, up or down regulation of copper dependent enzyme lysyl oxidase, matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases, increased levels of cytokines in the lamina propria. Current evidence implicates collagen related genes in suspectibility and pathogenesis of OSMF.","PeriodicalId":22514,"journal":{"name":"The Internet journal of microbiology","volume":"195 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91421765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. H. Jazani, H. Babazadeh, M. Sohrabpour, M. Zartoshti, M. Ghasemi-rad
Acinetobacter baumannii is a Gram-negative bacillus found in many hospital environments and its very high resistance to antimicrobial renders it as a successful nosocomial pathogen. There are many reports of Multi Drug Resistant A. baumannii from hospitals all over the world. ESBLs are beta-lactamases that hydrolyze extended-spectrum cephalosporins with an oxyimino side chain; These cephalosporins include cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, and ceftazidime. The ESBLs are frequently plasmid encoded. Plasmids responsible for ESBL production frequently carry genes encoding resistance to other drug classes (for example, aminoglycosides). Therefore, antibiotic options in the treatment of ESBL-producing organisms are extremely limited. This study aimed to assess the incidence of ESBLs in 48 burn isolates of A. baumannii. The susceptibilities of isolates to different antibiotics were tested by the Kirby-Bauer method. The Minimum inhibitory concentration of cefotaxime for each isolate was determined by Hicomb strips in the range of 0.001-240 μg of antibiotic. For phenotypic detection of the ESBLs double disc diffusion method. Cefazolin (100%), ciprofloxacin (100%) ofloxacin (95.8%) and kanamycin (95.8%) showed the highest rate of resistance and amikacin (52%) and imipenem (14.6%) demonstrated the lowest. 45.8% of isolates showed resistance to the 11 tested antimicrobials. 46 isolates (95.8%) were resistant to all tested concentrations of Cefotaxime (The Minimum inhibitory concentrations were above 240 μg). only one isolate (2%) has been considered as ESBL producing isolate. The high resistance of isolates to cefotaxime, ceftazidime and cefepime in companion with the low number of ESBL producing isolates, proposed another resistance mechanisms for these isolates to extended-spectrum cephalosporins.
{"title":"The prevalence of extended spectrum beta-lactamases in acinetobacter baumannii isolates from burn wounds in Iran","authors":"N. H. Jazani, H. Babazadeh, M. Sohrabpour, M. Zartoshti, M. Ghasemi-rad","doi":"10.5580/1f87","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/1f87","url":null,"abstract":"Acinetobacter baumannii is a Gram-negative bacillus found in many hospital environments and its very high resistance to \u0000antimicrobial renders it as a successful nosocomial pathogen. There are many reports of Multi Drug Resistant A. baumannii \u0000from hospitals all over the world. ESBLs are beta-lactamases that hydrolyze extended-spectrum cephalosporins with an \u0000oxyimino side chain; These cephalosporins include cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, and ceftazidime. The ESBLs are frequently plasmid \u0000encoded. Plasmids responsible for ESBL production frequently carry genes encoding resistance to other drug classes (for \u0000example, aminoglycosides). Therefore, antibiotic options in the treatment of ESBL-producing organisms are extremely limited. \u0000This study aimed to assess the incidence of ESBLs in 48 burn isolates of A. baumannii. The susceptibilities of isolates to \u0000different antibiotics were tested by the Kirby-Bauer method. The Minimum inhibitory concentration of cefotaxime for each isolate \u0000was determined by Hicomb strips in the range of 0.001-240 μg of antibiotic. For phenotypic detection of the ESBLs double disc \u0000diffusion method. Cefazolin (100%), ciprofloxacin (100%) ofloxacin (95.8%) and kanamycin (95.8%) showed the highest rate of \u0000resistance and amikacin (52%) and imipenem (14.6%) demonstrated the lowest. 45.8% of isolates showed resistance to the 11 \u0000tested antimicrobials. 46 isolates (95.8%) were resistant to all tested concentrations of Cefotaxime (The Minimum inhibitory \u0000concentrations were above 240 μg). only one isolate (2%) has been considered as ESBL producing isolate. The high resistance \u0000of isolates to cefotaxime, ceftazidime and cefepime in companion with the low number of ESBL producing isolates, proposed \u0000another resistance mechanisms for these isolates to extended-spectrum cephalosporins.","PeriodicalId":22514,"journal":{"name":"The Internet journal of microbiology","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72781706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Sowmiya, J. Malathi, H. Madhavan, P. Priya, K. Therese
Purpose: To identify the antibiotic pattern of commonly used P. acnes isolates and to analyse the epidemiological patterns using Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique. Methods: One hundred P. acnes isolates (90 % extraocular and 10% intraocular) recovered from ocular clinical specimens identified by conventional method were studied. MIC of ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, nalidixic acid, clindamycin, penicillin G, vancomycin and metronidazole, cefotaxime and imepenum were carried out for 100 P. acnes ophthalmic isolates by spot inoculation technique. Results: Six distinct RAPD patterns were observed among these isolates of which the 4 pattern was the most predominant one (41%), which was isolated mostly from conjunctival swabs. Of the 100 clinical anaerobic P. acnes isolates, highest resistant antibiotic pattern was seen among conjunctival swabs isolates for metronidazole (100%). Following it was the clindamycin (79%) and penicillin G (64%). Conclusion: This study has proven that RAPD is a reproducible, powerful technique for P. acnes genomic typing and may definitely play a vital role in identifying epidemiology of P. acnes. There was no correlation between the antibiotic pattern and the corresponding RAPD fingerprinting results in our study. Resistance to Vancomycin, the most commonly used intravitreal antibiotic is emerging among P. acnes is being reported for the first time. Studies at molecular level with vancomycin resistant isolates will help to understand the mechanism of resistance.
{"title":"Ocular Propionibacterium Acnes: A Study On Antibiotic Susceptibility Profiling And Their Epidemiological Pattern","authors":"M. Sowmiya, J. Malathi, H. Madhavan, P. Priya, K. Therese","doi":"10.5580/fd5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/fd5","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: To identify the antibiotic pattern of commonly used P. acnes isolates and to analyse the epidemiological patterns using Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique. Methods: One hundred P. acnes isolates (90 % extraocular and 10% intraocular) recovered from ocular clinical specimens identified by conventional method were studied. MIC of ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, nalidixic acid, clindamycin, penicillin G, vancomycin and metronidazole, cefotaxime and imepenum were carried out for 100 P. acnes ophthalmic isolates by spot inoculation technique. Results: Six distinct RAPD patterns were observed among these isolates of which the 4 pattern was the most predominant one (41%), which was isolated mostly from conjunctival swabs. Of the 100 clinical anaerobic P. acnes isolates, highest resistant antibiotic pattern was seen among conjunctival swabs isolates for metronidazole (100%). Following it was the clindamycin (79%) and penicillin G (64%). Conclusion: This study has proven that RAPD is a reproducible, powerful technique for P. acnes genomic typing and may definitely play a vital role in identifying epidemiology of P. acnes. There was no correlation between the antibiotic pattern and the corresponding RAPD fingerprinting results in our study. Resistance to Vancomycin, the most commonly used intravitreal antibiotic is emerging among P. acnes is being reported for the first time. Studies at molecular level with vancomycin resistant isolates will help to understand the mechanism of resistance.","PeriodicalId":22514,"journal":{"name":"The Internet journal of microbiology","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82072962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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