A serological study to determine the transfer of Cytomegalovirus (CMV) IgG antibody between 94 mothers and their newborns attending the State Specialist Hospital, Maiduguri was carried out using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) technique. The ELISA technique used was a commercial kit BIOTEC which detects IgG specific to CMV.Of the 94 mothers tested, 93 (98.9%) have CMV IgG antibody while their corresponding newborns had 86.2% (81 out of 93) seroprevalence rate. The percentage prevalence according to sex of the newborns was 86.3% (44 out of 93) and 69.8% (37 out of 93) males and females respectively. About 87.1% of the newborns were immune to CMV infection compared with 12.9% susceptible.There was a positive correlation between maternal CMV IgG antibody with maternal age (r = 0.57), gestational age (r = 0.03) and the number of pregnancies (r = 0.03).Most (87.1%) mothers in the study are immune to CMV infection and were able to pass adequate protection (CMV IgG) to their newborns leaving a small (12.9%) proportion of susceptible newborns to CMV.
{"title":"Maternofoetal transfer of Cytomegalovirus IgG antibodies in Maiduguri, North Eastern Nigeria","authors":"T. M. Adisa, D. Bukbuk, T. Harry","doi":"10.5580/c53","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/c53","url":null,"abstract":"A serological study to determine the transfer of Cytomegalovirus (CMV) IgG antibody between 94 mothers and their newborns attending the State Specialist Hospital, Maiduguri was carried out using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) technique. The ELISA technique used was a commercial kit BIOTEC which detects IgG specific to CMV.Of the 94 mothers tested, 93 (98.9%) have CMV IgG antibody while their corresponding newborns had 86.2% (81 out of 93) seroprevalence rate. The percentage prevalence according to sex of the newborns was 86.3% (44 out of 93) and 69.8% (37 out of 93) males and females respectively. About 87.1% of the newborns were immune to CMV infection compared with 12.9% susceptible.There was a positive correlation between maternal CMV IgG antibody with maternal age (r = 0.57), gestational age (r = 0.03) and the number of pregnancies (r = 0.03).Most (87.1%) mothers in the study are immune to CMV infection and were able to pass adequate protection (CMV IgG) to their newborns leaving a small (12.9%) proportion of susceptible newborns to CMV.","PeriodicalId":22514,"journal":{"name":"The Internet journal of microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75537097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study aimed at determining the presence, type and nature of bacterial contamination of Ghanaian currency notes in circulation. One hundred currency notes of different denominations were randomly collected from sellers on the major streets and markets of the Cape Coast Metropolis into sterile paper bags, shaken in universal bottles with 10ml sterile buffered peptone water, removed and the resulting peptone water incubated overnight and later sub-cultured onto Blood agar, MacConkey, Cysteine Lactose Electrolyte Deficient (CLED) and incubated at 37 0 C for 24hours. Colonial Morphology, Gram Reactions and Biochemical tests were used for identification of isolates. All 100 samples collected were contaminated with one or more bacteria representing 100% contamination. A total of 107 bacteria isolates were obtained from the 100 samples made up of 13 different bacteria species. Bacteria isolated from the notes include Coagulase negative Staphylococci (23.4%), Staphylococci aureus (8.4%), Escherichia coli(5.6%), Bacillus species (23.4%), Klebsiella species (5.6%), Enterobacter species (2.8%), Enterococci species (10.3%), and Proteus species (8.4%) among others. The One Ghana Cedi and Twenty Ghana Cedi notes had more bacteria isolated than their number sampled (43 out of 40) and (25 out of 20) respectively. Although the number of species isolated increased with sample numbers, all the denominations were contaminated with Coagulase Negative Staphylococci and Bacillus species. Four non-circulated notes of each denomination used as controls had no bacteria growth. This work seeks to confirm bacterial contamination of everyday currency and also introduces the nature and levels of contamination of the Ghanaian currency. Introduction The possibility that currency notes might act as environmental vehicles or formites for the transmission of potential microorganism was suggested in the 1970s (Abrams & Waterman, 1972). The use of paper currency for every type of commerce is hard on the currency, with the lower-denomination notes receiving the most handling because they are exchanged frequently (Gadsby, 1998; Ogbu and Uneke, 2007). These means money which may get contaminated during production, storage, after production, and during use are always in circulation (Hugo et al., 1983). Confirmation of contamination of money by drugs has been detected in the United States and United Kingdom (Ritter, 1997; Jenkins, 2001, Thompson, 2002). Contamination from the skin, anal region, wounds, nasal secretions and aerosols generated by sneezing and coughing are potential sources of transfer of microorganisms to currency notes during handling (Mackintosh and Hoffman, 1984). Numerous research on currency in several countries indicated bacterial contamination. A study by Hosen et al., (2002) in Bangladesh revealed coliform contamination of 80% of thirty old two-taka notes, Pope et al., 2002, isolated pathogenic or potentially pathogenic organisms from 94% of one-dollar bills, Ba
{"title":"A study of Bacterial Contamination of Ghanaian Currency Notes in Circulation","authors":"D. N. Tagoe, S. E. Baidoo, I. Dadzie, D. Ahator","doi":"10.5580/c78","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/c78","url":null,"abstract":"The study aimed at determining the presence, type and nature of bacterial contamination of Ghanaian currency notes in circulation. One hundred currency notes of different denominations were randomly collected from sellers on the major streets and markets of the Cape Coast Metropolis into sterile paper bags, shaken in universal bottles with 10ml sterile buffered peptone water, removed and the resulting peptone water incubated overnight and later sub-cultured onto Blood agar, MacConkey, Cysteine Lactose Electrolyte Deficient (CLED) and incubated at 37 0 C for 24hours. Colonial Morphology, Gram Reactions and Biochemical tests were used for identification of isolates. All 100 samples collected were contaminated with one or more bacteria representing 100% contamination. A total of 107 bacteria isolates were obtained from the 100 samples made up of 13 different bacteria species. Bacteria isolated from the notes include Coagulase negative Staphylococci (23.4%), Staphylococci aureus (8.4%), Escherichia coli(5.6%), Bacillus species (23.4%), Klebsiella species (5.6%), Enterobacter species (2.8%), Enterococci species (10.3%), and Proteus species (8.4%) among others. The One Ghana Cedi and Twenty Ghana Cedi notes had more bacteria isolated than their number sampled (43 out of 40) and (25 out of 20) respectively. Although the number of species isolated increased with sample numbers, all the denominations were contaminated with Coagulase Negative Staphylococci and Bacillus species. Four non-circulated notes of each denomination used as controls had no bacteria growth. This work seeks to confirm bacterial contamination of everyday currency and also introduces the nature and levels of contamination of the Ghanaian currency. Introduction The possibility that currency notes might act as environmental vehicles or formites for the transmission of potential microorganism was suggested in the 1970s (Abrams & Waterman, 1972). The use of paper currency for every type of commerce is hard on the currency, with the lower-denomination notes receiving the most handling because they are exchanged frequently (Gadsby, 1998; Ogbu and Uneke, 2007). These means money which may get contaminated during production, storage, after production, and during use are always in circulation (Hugo et al., 1983). Confirmation of contamination of money by drugs has been detected in the United States and United Kingdom (Ritter, 1997; Jenkins, 2001, Thompson, 2002). Contamination from the skin, anal region, wounds, nasal secretions and aerosols generated by sneezing and coughing are potential sources of transfer of microorganisms to currency notes during handling (Mackintosh and Hoffman, 1984). Numerous research on currency in several countries indicated bacterial contamination. A study by Hosen et al., (2002) in Bangladesh revealed coliform contamination of 80% of thirty old two-taka notes, Pope et al., 2002, isolated pathogenic or potentially pathogenic organisms from 94% of one-dollar bills, Ba","PeriodicalId":22514,"journal":{"name":"The Internet journal of microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76864649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objective: In this study 20 Lactobacillus strains isolated from different sources were selected for an account of their high bile-salt hydrolase (BSH) activity, bile-salt resistance, and tolerance to the toxicity of bile salts. Method: Bile salt hydrolase and resistance to toxic effects of bile salts were checked by assay for Deconjugation of bile salts and by toxicity of conjugated bile salt assay Results: A total of 20 isolates were tested for hydrolase activity of conjugated bile salts sodium salt taurocholic acid and glycocholic acid while toxicity of bile salts was in MRS broth supplemented various concentrations of bile salts. Out of 20 strains 2 strains displayed the largest precipitation zones were selected for toxicity assay. . Conclusion: The present study suggested that the finally two indigenous isolated of Lactobacillus from Pakistan has an excellent hypocholesterolemic effects. They will be used as a Probiotics to prevent hypercholesterolemia from human health while the mechanisms of regulating serum cholesterol and the effect on serum cholesterol level in vivo needs further extensive investigations.
{"title":"Bile Salt Hydrolase Activity Screening and Resistance to the Toxicity of Bile Salt by Indigenous Lactobacillus Isolates of Pakistan; A Research Article","authors":"N. Ahmed, Sadaf Ajmal, S. Pervez","doi":"10.5580/10b2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/10b2","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: In this study 20 Lactobacillus strains isolated from different sources were selected for an account of their high bile-salt hydrolase (BSH) activity, bile-salt resistance, and tolerance to the toxicity of bile salts. Method: Bile salt hydrolase and resistance to toxic effects of bile salts were checked by assay for Deconjugation of bile salts and by toxicity of conjugated bile salt assay Results: A total of 20 isolates were tested for hydrolase activity of conjugated bile salts sodium salt taurocholic acid and glycocholic acid while toxicity of bile salts was in MRS broth supplemented various concentrations of bile salts. Out of 20 strains 2 strains displayed the largest precipitation zones were selected for toxicity assay. . Conclusion: The present study suggested that the finally two indigenous isolated of Lactobacillus from Pakistan has an excellent hypocholesterolemic effects. They will be used as a Probiotics to prevent hypercholesterolemia from human health while the mechanisms of regulating serum cholesterol and the effect on serum cholesterol level in vivo needs further extensive investigations.","PeriodicalId":22514,"journal":{"name":"The Internet journal of microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74791799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An indigenously isolated strain of Aspergillus tubingensis NIICC-08155 from soil of teak dominated vegetation of kusmi forest at Gorakhpur was subjected to neutral protease production and its partial characterization. The maximum production of neutral protease i.e. 68.50 U/ml was attained after 96h of incubation. The crude preparation of protease showed reasonable activity at temperature range of 40 to 60 °C with maximum activity at 40 oC and had a maximum enzyme activity at pH 6.4. The Km value of the enzyme was found to be 45.0 mg/ml and the molecular weight as determined by SDS-PAGE was approximately 45 kDa. The enzyme was completely inhibited by DTT and EDTA.
{"title":"Production and partial characterization of neutral protease by an indigenously isolated strain of Aspergillus tubingensis NIICC-08155","authors":"V. Morya, D. Yadav","doi":"10.5580/1b13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/1b13","url":null,"abstract":"An indigenously isolated strain of Aspergillus tubingensis NIICC-08155 from soil of teak dominated vegetation of kusmi forest at Gorakhpur was subjected to neutral protease production and its partial characterization. The maximum production of neutral protease i.e. 68.50 U/ml was attained after 96h of incubation. The crude preparation of protease showed reasonable activity at temperature range of 40 to 60 °C with maximum activity at 40 oC and had a maximum enzyme activity at pH 6.4. The Km value of the enzyme was found to be 45.0 mg/ml and the molecular weight as determined by SDS-PAGE was approximately 45 kDa. The enzyme was completely inhibited by DTT and EDTA.","PeriodicalId":22514,"journal":{"name":"The Internet journal of microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75813210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A soil isolate of Lactic acid bacteria (LAB), strain LR/6 was identified as Enterococcus faecium on the basis of its morphological, biochemical, and 16S rDNA analysis. Strain LR/6 is a potential producer of an antimicrobial compound that followed the kinetic pattern typical of a primary metabolite synthesis and is released extracellularly. The antimicrobial action remained unaffected when treated with β-glycerophosphate and catalase suggesting that the activity is neither based on acid nor H2O2 production. This antimicrobial compound was highly stable over a wide range of pH (2.0 to 8.0), high temperature (boiling and autoclaving) and could be stored stably at a range of temperature (-20oC to 37oC) at least upto one year. The proteinaceous nature of the antimicrobial compound was ascertained by its sensitivity to many proteolytic enzymes confirming it to be a bacteriocin. Strain LR/6 bacteriocin was also insensitive to the presence of α-amylase, lipase, surfactants, organic solvents, and showed a bactericidal mode of action. Crude bacteriocin exhibited broad inhibition spectrum both against related as well as some foodborne pathogenic bacteria including Listeria monocytogenes. Tricine SDS-PAGE analysis and bacteriocin activity assay corresponded to a protein of an apparent molecular mass of ~6.0 kDa.
{"title":"Production and characterization of a bacteriocin produced by Enterococcus faecium LR/6","authors":"Manoj Kumar, N. Ghosh, S. Srivastava","doi":"10.5580/1530","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/1530","url":null,"abstract":"A soil isolate of Lactic acid bacteria (LAB), strain LR/6 was identified as Enterococcus faecium on the basis of its morphological, biochemical, and 16S rDNA analysis. Strain LR/6 is a potential producer of an antimicrobial compound that followed the kinetic pattern typical of a primary metabolite synthesis and is released extracellularly. The antimicrobial action remained unaffected when treated with β-glycerophosphate and catalase suggesting that the activity is neither based on acid nor H2O2 production. This antimicrobial compound was highly stable over a wide range of pH (2.0 to 8.0), high temperature (boiling and autoclaving) and could be stored stably at a range of temperature (-20oC to 37oC) at least upto one year. The proteinaceous nature of the antimicrobial compound was ascertained by its sensitivity to many proteolytic enzymes confirming it to be a bacteriocin. Strain LR/6 bacteriocin was also insensitive to the presence of α-amylase, lipase, surfactants, organic solvents, and showed a bactericidal mode of action. Crude bacteriocin exhibited broad inhibition spectrum both against related as well as some foodborne pathogenic bacteria including Listeria monocytogenes. Tricine SDS-PAGE analysis and bacteriocin activity assay corresponded to a protein of an apparent molecular mass of ~6.0 kDa.","PeriodicalId":22514,"journal":{"name":"The Internet journal of microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76439488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cold-active enzymes have recently received great attention due to their potential applications in a broad range of industrial, agricultural and medical processes. One of the enzymes is lipase (triacyglycerol acylhydrolases E.C 3.1.1.3) which is unique in catalyzing the hydrolysis of triacylglycerols into free fatty acids and glycerol. In this particular research, an obligate psychrophilic microorganism was isolated from Casey Station, Antarctica. The growth of this microorganism has been tested at different temperatures, 4C, 27C and 37C. At 4C, the microorganism was able to grow whereas at 27C and 37C, there was no growth at all. The presence of lipase enzyme in this microorganism was detected by halo zone on palm oil (substrate) agar plates. Identification of this microorganism was done based on its morphological, biochemical and molecular characteristics. For the morphology analysis, two types of microscopy observation were carried out: phase contrast microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Both observations showed budding structures. This suggested that this particular microorganism is psychrophilic yeast. Biochemical tests were done based on its capability to ferment and assimilate sugar. In addition, assimilation of nitrate was also tested. In molecular approach, the genomic DNA (gDNA) of this microorganism was successfully extracted and the extracted gDNA was used for amplification via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique using Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) primers. The PCR product obtained was sequenced and submitted for Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) at National Center for Biotechnological Information (NCBI). The analysis showed that this microorganism contained ITS sequences (highest identity with Leocosporidium sp.).
{"title":"Identification Of Lipase – Producing Psychrophilic Yeast, Leucosporidium Sp.","authors":"F. Rashid, R. Rahim, D. Ibrahim","doi":"10.5580/1215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/1215","url":null,"abstract":"Cold-active enzymes have recently received great attention due to their potential applications in a broad range of industrial, agricultural and medical processes. One of the enzymes is lipase (triacyglycerol acylhydrolases E.C 3.1.1.3) which is unique in catalyzing the hydrolysis of triacylglycerols into free fatty acids and glycerol. In this particular research, an obligate psychrophilic microorganism was isolated from Casey Station, Antarctica. The growth of this microorganism has been tested at different temperatures, 4C, 27C and 37C. At 4C, the microorganism was able to grow whereas at 27C and 37C, there was no growth at all. The presence of lipase enzyme in this microorganism was detected by halo zone on palm oil (substrate) agar plates. Identification of this microorganism was done based on its morphological, biochemical and molecular characteristics. For the morphology analysis, two types of microscopy observation were carried out: phase contrast microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Both observations showed budding structures. This suggested that this particular microorganism is psychrophilic yeast. Biochemical tests were done based on its capability to ferment and assimilate sugar. In addition, assimilation of nitrate was also tested. In molecular approach, the genomic DNA (gDNA) of this microorganism was successfully extracted and the extracted gDNA was used for amplification via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique using Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) primers. The PCR product obtained was sequenced and submitted for Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) at National Center for Biotechnological Information (NCBI). The analysis showed that this microorganism contained ITS sequences (highest identity with Leocosporidium sp.).","PeriodicalId":22514,"journal":{"name":"The Internet journal of microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89007337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Spores of a Streptomyces lividans strain (donor) bearing the recombinant conjugative plasmid pIJ303, which codes for thiostrepton resistance, and spores of a plasmid-free Streptomyces parvulus strain (recipient) were added together to finelysieved, sterile silt loam soil. This bulk soil was adjusted to either 20%, 35% or 45% of the soil’s water holding capacity. To this inoculated bulk soil were added sterile, nutrientamended, artificial soil aggregates. After incubation to allow streptomycete growth and aggregate colonization, both the sieved bulk soil and the aggregates were assayed for numbers of transconjugants by spreadplanting on a thiostrepton – agar selective medium. This allowed estimation of parental ability to colonize nutrient – rich soil sites at different soil moisture levels, and comparison of plasmid exchange frequency in the nonamended bulk soil versus the nutrient – rich soil aggregates. Plasmid exchange was detected only on aggregates of about 20% water holding capacity or less (4.2% wt/wt H20). The soil moisture threshold for heterotrophic streptomycete activity appeared to lie between 2.87% and 4.2% wt/wt H20 for the nutrientamended soil aggregates.
{"title":"Exchange of a Conjugative Plasmid At Different Soil Moisture Levels Between Streptomyces Species Colonizing Artificial Soil Aggregates","authors":"B. Bleakley, D. Crawford","doi":"10.5580/215a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/215a","url":null,"abstract":"Spores of a Streptomyces lividans strain (donor) bearing the recombinant conjugative plasmid pIJ303, which codes for thiostrepton resistance, and spores of a plasmid-free Streptomyces parvulus strain (recipient) were added together to finelysieved, sterile silt loam soil. This bulk soil was adjusted to either 20%, 35% or 45% of the soil’s water holding capacity. To this inoculated bulk soil were added sterile, nutrientamended, artificial soil aggregates. After incubation to allow streptomycete growth and aggregate colonization, both the sieved bulk soil and the aggregates were assayed for numbers of transconjugants by spreadplanting on a thiostrepton – agar selective medium. This allowed estimation of parental ability to colonize nutrient – rich soil sites at different soil moisture levels, and comparison of plasmid exchange frequency in the nonamended bulk soil versus the nutrient – rich soil aggregates. Plasmid exchange was detected only on aggregates of about 20% water holding capacity or less (4.2% wt/wt H20). The soil moisture threshold for heterotrophic streptomycete activity appeared to lie between 2.87% and 4.2% wt/wt H20 for the nutrientamended soil aggregates.","PeriodicalId":22514,"journal":{"name":"The Internet journal of microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86563211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Production of protease via submerged fermentation using Rhizopus microsporus var oligospous was studied using shake flask cultures. After 96 h of growth on a BOD shaker revolving at 150 rpm, protease was partially purified using the isopropanol. Factors affecting the enzyme production viz incubation temperature, initial pH of the shake flask medium. and inoculum size were optimized. Protease having the maximum enzyme activity of 521.739 IU was obtained at an incubation temperature of 30oC, an initial pH of the basal medium as 5.5 and an inoculum size of to 1x10 spores ml of Tween-80. Protease deactivated at 80 oC.
{"title":"Production Of Protease By Submerged Fermentation Using Rhizopus Microsporus Var Oligospous","authors":"L. Sarao, M. Arora, V. Sehgal, S. Bhatia","doi":"10.5580/2582","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/2582","url":null,"abstract":"Production of protease via submerged fermentation using Rhizopus microsporus var oligospous was studied using shake flask cultures. After 96 h of growth on a BOD shaker revolving at 150 rpm, protease was partially purified using the isopropanol. Factors affecting the enzyme production viz incubation temperature, initial pH of the shake flask medium. and inoculum size were optimized. Protease having the maximum enzyme activity of 521.739 IU was obtained at an incubation temperature of 30oC, an initial pH of the basal medium as 5.5 and an inoculum size of to 1x10 spores ml of Tween-80. Protease deactivated at 80 oC.","PeriodicalId":22514,"journal":{"name":"The Internet journal of microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74329274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bacterial exopolysaccharides have wide applications in various industries. In this perspective, it is essential to explore the natural biodiversity for novel strains of exopolysaccharide synthesizing lactic acid bacteria (LAB). Two novel isolates of lactic acid bacteria with higher enzyme activity were screened and characterized based on a battery of microscopic, staining, metabolic, physiological and antibiotic sensitivity tests. The two isolates of LAB named SPO and SPA were cocci shaped, Gram Positive, catalase negative, heterofermentative, vancomycin resistant, broad spectrum carbohydrate fermentating with exopolysaccharide synthesizing activity. EPS synthesizing activity was confirmed by activity staining of EPS using sucrose as substrate. This confirmed that the EPS produced was dextran and the enzyme responsible for its synthesis is dextransucrase. The enzyme activity of SPO was 3.8 U/ml and that of SPA was 3.4 U/ml. For strain improvement, the isolates were subjected to UV radiation. The isolate SPO did not give promising results. However, SPA after UV-mutagenesis, generated two novel mutants, SPAm1 and SPAm2. The enzyme activity of SPAm1 was 4.9 U/ml and that of SPAm2 was 4.7 U/ml. The mutants possessed about 40% enhanced enzyme activity over the wild type strain.
{"title":"Isolation, characterization and mutagenesis of exopolysaccharide synthesizing new strains of lactic acid bacteria","authors":"Seema Patel, A. Goyal","doi":"10.5580/1bbb","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/1bbb","url":null,"abstract":"Bacterial exopolysaccharides have wide applications in various industries. In this perspective, it is essential to explore the natural biodiversity for novel strains of exopolysaccharide synthesizing lactic acid bacteria (LAB). Two novel isolates of lactic acid bacteria with higher enzyme activity were screened and characterized based on a battery of microscopic, staining, metabolic, physiological and antibiotic sensitivity tests. The two isolates of LAB named SPO and SPA were cocci shaped, Gram Positive, catalase negative, heterofermentative, vancomycin resistant, broad spectrum carbohydrate fermentating with exopolysaccharide synthesizing activity. EPS synthesizing activity was confirmed by activity staining of EPS using sucrose as substrate. This confirmed that the EPS produced was dextran and the enzyme responsible for its synthesis is dextransucrase. The enzyme activity of SPO was 3.8 U/ml and that of SPA was 3.4 U/ml. For strain improvement, the isolates were subjected to UV radiation. The isolate SPO did not give promising results. However, SPA after UV-mutagenesis, generated two novel mutants, SPAm1 and SPAm2. The enzyme activity of SPAm1 was 4.9 U/ml and that of SPAm2 was 4.7 U/ml. The mutants possessed about 40% enhanced enzyme activity over the wild type strain.","PeriodicalId":22514,"journal":{"name":"The Internet journal of microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81364158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A screen of the commercially available collection of haploid deletion mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for spontaneous mutator mutants newly identified a deletion of SRL3. This gene had been previously isolated as a suppressor of lethality of checkpoint kinase deletions if overexpressed. We found DNA damage sensitivity and extended checkpoint arrests to be associated with this strain. However, when crossed to wild-type, a mutant gene conferring these phenotypes was found to segregate from the SRL3 deletion. The mutation was identified as a C-terminal truncation of Mms2, an E2 ubiquitin conjugating enzyme involved in error-free replicative bypass of lesions. This confirmed an earlier report that Mms2 may be required to restrain error-prone polymerase ζ activity and underscored that residues of the C-terminus are necessary for Mms2 function. Srl3, on the other hand, does not appear to influence DNA damage sensitivity or spontaneous mutability if deleted. However, the absence of these phenotypes does not contradict its likely role as a positive regulator of dNTP levels.
{"title":"The available <i>SRL3</i> deletion strain of <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> contains a truncation of DNA damage tolerance protein Mms2: Implications for Srl3 and Mms2 functions.","authors":"Eunmi Kim, Wolfram Siede","doi":"10.5580/42c","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/42c","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A screen of the commercially available collection of haploid deletion mutants of <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> for spontaneous mutator mutants newly identified a deletion of <i>SRL3</i>. This gene had been previously isolated as a suppressor of lethality of checkpoint kinase deletions if overexpressed. We found DNA damage sensitivity and extended checkpoint arrests to be associated with this strain. However, when crossed to wild-type, a mutant gene conferring these phenotypes was found to segregate from the <i>SRL3</i> deletion. The mutation was identified as a C-terminal truncation of Mms2, an E2 ubiquitin conjugating enzyme involved in error-free replicative bypass of lesions. This confirmed an earlier report that Mms2 may be required to restrain error-prone polymerase ζ activity and underscored that residues of the C-terminus are necessary for Mms2 function. Srl3, on the other hand, does not appear to influence DNA damage sensitivity or spontaneous mutability if deleted. However, the absence of these phenotypes does not contradict its likely role as a positive regulator of dNTP levels.</p>","PeriodicalId":22514,"journal":{"name":"The Internet journal of microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4008323/pdf/nihms238834.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32315447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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