Background: Psidium guajava (guava) leaf extracts have been extensively studied for their anti-microbial effect. Yet, very few studies investigated the antimicrobial effect of the ripe guava fruit. Aim: This study aims at examining aqueous extracts of ripe Psidium guajava fruit, bulb, seeds and peels (harvested in autumn at Jordan River valley). Materials and methods: Decreasing concentrations of water extracts of three parts of the fruit are tested against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria as well as the fungus Saccharomyces cerevesea using the agar diffusion method. Clinical isolates of MRSA are also included. Results: Water extracts of Guava peels at concentrations ≥ 10% are inhibitory to coagulase positive S. aureus and MRSAs, and at ≥ 1% are inhibitory to coagulase negative Staphylococci. Water extracts of peels acted synergistically with cell wall synthesis inhibitor antibiotics towards S. aureus and MRSA strains used. HPLC-MS-MS analysis through ion trap and subsequent fragmentation of the isolated ions from peels water extracts allowed the clear identification of two well-known phenolic compounds that are known for their antimicrobial activity: Gallic acid (957.6 μg/mL) and Ferulic acid(13 μg/mL). Conclusion: The ripe fruit of Guava is a nutritionally rich fruit with an outer covering that possess antimicrobial properties
{"title":"Peels of Psidium guajava fruit possess antimicrobial properties","authors":"S. Abdelmalek, E. Mohsen, A. Awad, R. Issa","doi":"10.3823/791","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3823/791","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Psidium guajava (guava) leaf extracts have been extensively studied for their anti-microbial effect. Yet, very few studies investigated the antimicrobial effect of the ripe guava fruit. Aim: This study aims at examining aqueous extracts of ripe Psidium guajava fruit, bulb, seeds and peels (harvested in autumn at Jordan River valley). Materials and methods: Decreasing concentrations of water extracts of three parts of the fruit are tested against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria as well as the fungus Saccharomyces cerevesea using the agar diffusion method. Clinical isolates of MRSA are also included. Results: Water extracts of Guava peels at concentrations ≥ 10% are inhibitory to coagulase positive S. aureus and MRSAs, and at ≥ 1% are inhibitory to coagulase negative Staphylococci. Water extracts of peels acted synergistically with cell wall synthesis inhibitor antibiotics towards S. aureus and MRSA strains used. HPLC-MS-MS analysis through ion trap and subsequent fragmentation of the isolated ions from peels water extracts allowed the clear identification of two well-known phenolic compounds that are known for their antimicrobial activity: Gallic acid (957.6 μg/mL) and Ferulic acid(13 μg/mL). Conclusion: The ripe fruit of Guava is a nutritionally rich fruit with an outer covering that possess antimicrobial properties","PeriodicalId":22518,"journal":{"name":"The International Arabic Journal of Antimicrobial Agents","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76785275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aim: Inhibitors of mammalian efflux pumps are known to potentiate antibiotic susceptibility in bacteria by inhibiting bacterial efflux pumps as well. In this study the effect of 2nd generation mammalian efflux pump inhibitor PSC 833 on inhibition of efflux pumps in bacteria is tested. Methods : Disc diffusion assay for several antimicrobial agents such as cefoxitine, oxacillin, gentamicin, ticarcillin-clavulanate norfloxacin and ofloxacin was performed in the presence and absence of PSC 833 in culture media of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria and zones of inhibition were compared. Accumulation of the universal efflux pump substrate ethidium bromide in test organisms was measured in the presence and absence of PSC 833. Results : PSC833 at concentrations starting from 62.5 µg/ml downwards till 3.12 µg/ml have significantly improved and restored the sensitivity of S.aureus and MRSA towards all tested antibiotics and resulted in highest accumulation of ethidium bromide within the cells, when compared to the other mammalian efflux inhibitors, verapamil and reserpine. However no effect was observed on the Gram negative P. aeruginosa and vancomycin resistant Enterococci (VRE). Conclusions : The results of this study indicate that PSC 833 represents a good candidate for use in combination with examined antibiotics to restore their clinical efficacy.
{"title":"The mammalian efflux pump inhibitor Valspodar (PSC833) improves susceptibility of MRSA to antibiotics.","authors":"Hanaa Hazim Dheyab, Z. Muhi-eldeen, S. Abdelmalek","doi":"10.3823/788","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3823/788","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: Inhibitors of mammalian efflux pumps are known to potentiate antibiotic susceptibility in bacteria by inhibiting bacterial efflux pumps as well. In this study the effect of 2nd generation mammalian efflux pump inhibitor PSC 833 on inhibition of efflux pumps in bacteria is tested. Methods : Disc diffusion assay for several antimicrobial agents such as cefoxitine, oxacillin, gentamicin, ticarcillin-clavulanate norfloxacin and ofloxacin was performed in the presence and absence of PSC 833 in culture media of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria and zones of inhibition were compared. Accumulation of the universal efflux pump substrate ethidium bromide in test organisms was measured in the presence and absence of PSC 833. Results : PSC833 at concentrations starting from 62.5 µg/ml downwards till 3.12 µg/ml have significantly improved and restored the sensitivity of S.aureus and MRSA towards all tested antibiotics and resulted in highest accumulation of ethidium bromide within the cells, when compared to the other mammalian efflux inhibitors, verapamil and reserpine. However no effect was observed on the Gram negative P. aeruginosa and vancomycin resistant Enterococci (VRE). Conclusions : The results of this study indicate that PSC 833 represents a good candidate for use in combination with examined antibiotics to restore their clinical efficacy.","PeriodicalId":22518,"journal":{"name":"The International Arabic Journal of Antimicrobial Agents","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90702909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Antimicrobial resistance is a growing problem in Helicobacter pylori treatment. This study was intended to evaluate the prevalence of clarithromycin resistance, using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique on gastric specimens, from adult Jordanian patients with Helicobacter pylori infection. Materials and Methods: Gastric biopsy specimens were taken from gastric antrum and body during routine upper gastrointestinal endoscopies, and were tested with Rapid Urea test for H. pylori. Only specimens that were positive for H. pylori by the rapid Urea test were included in the study. A total of 50 specimens tested positive for H. pylori, and were further tested using the Seeplex® ClaR-H. pylori ACE detection kit, a dual priming oligonucleotide (DPO) methodology from Seegene Inc., Seoul, Korea, to determine the frequency of point mutations in 23s rRNA gene, known to confer resistance to clarithromycin (A2142G and A2143G point mutations). Results: Out of a total of 50 gastric specimens that tested positive for H. pylori by rapid urease test, 49 were confirmed positive for H. pylori by PCR technique. Point mutations were found in 11 specimens (8 had A2143G point mutation, and 3 had A2142G point mutation). Conclusion: Prevalence of clarithromycin resistant strains of H. pylori in Jordan was 22.4%. A2143G was the most prevalent point mutation. This high rate of clarithromycin resistant strains should be taken into consideration when prescribing eradication regimens. This is the first study to investigate H. pylori resistance to clarithromycin in Jordan.
{"title":"Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori resistance to clarithromycin determined by 23S ribosomal RNA analysis in Jordan. Diab AF1, Diab FH2, Nassar SS3. Faculty of Medicine, University of Jordan1; Departments of Medicine2 and Laboratory Medicine3, Khaldi Medica","authors":"Diab Af, Diab F Hasan, Nassar Ss","doi":"10.3823/789","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3823/789","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Antimicrobial resistance is a growing problem in Helicobacter pylori treatment. This study was intended to evaluate the prevalence of clarithromycin resistance, using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique on gastric specimens, from adult Jordanian patients with Helicobacter pylori infection. \u0000 \u0000Materials and Methods: Gastric biopsy specimens were taken from gastric antrum and body during routine upper gastrointestinal endoscopies, and were tested with Rapid Urea test for H. pylori. Only specimens that were positive for H. pylori by the rapid Urea test were included in the study. A total of 50 specimens tested positive for H. pylori, and were further tested using the Seeplex® ClaR-H. pylori ACE detection kit, a dual priming oligonucleotide (DPO) methodology from Seegene Inc., Seoul, Korea, to determine the frequency of point mutations in 23s rRNA gene, known to confer resistance to clarithromycin (A2142G and A2143G point mutations). \u0000 \u0000Results: Out of a total of 50 gastric specimens that tested positive for H. pylori by rapid urease test, 49 were confirmed positive for H. pylori by PCR technique. Point mutations were found in 11 specimens (8 had A2143G point mutation, and 3 had A2142G point mutation). \u0000 \u0000Conclusion: Prevalence of clarithromycin resistant strains of H. pylori in Jordan was 22.4%. A2143G was the most prevalent point mutation. This high rate of clarithromycin resistant strains should be taken into consideration when prescribing eradication regimens. This is the first study to investigate H. pylori resistance to clarithromycin in Jordan.","PeriodicalId":22518,"journal":{"name":"The International Arabic Journal of Antimicrobial Agents","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86505172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background. – Enteric infections are a leading cause of diarrheal disease and death in infants and young children, particularly in the developing regions. The aim of this study is to determine the antibiotic susceptibility of three Enterobacteriaceae enteropathogens (Salmonella spp., Shigella spp. and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC)) isolated from hospitalized diarrheic children in North Lebanon during the period of 7 years.Methods and Findings. – 172 Enterobacteriaceae enteropathogens strains were isolated from fecal or blood specimens of 158 hospitalized diarrheic children collected at Nini hospital in Tripoli, North Lebanon. Culture, identification and antibiotic susceptibility of strains were carried out through conventional tools according to standard protocols proposed by the REMIC group and the recommendations of the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Out of 172, 158 (91.9%) Enterobacteriaceae enteropathogens strains were isolated from stool samples and only 14 (8.1%) were isolated from blood cultures. EPEC were predominant (78/172; 45.3%), followed by Salmonella spp. (64/172; 37.2%) and Shigella spp. (30/172; 17.5%). According to API identification and immunological serotyping reports of Salmonella isolates, Salmonella Typhi was the predominant serotype (32/64; 50%). During the study period, antibiotics susceptibility testing showed that around 50% and 25% of the isolates were resistant to ampicillin and extended-spectrum cephalosporins, respectively. Overall, Salmonella Typhi strains were the most susceptible to antibiotics.Conclusion. – Our study revealed a relatively high antibiotic resistance rate of EPEC, Shigella spp. and non-Typhi Salmonella strains among studied population. The findings of this study provide useful information to survey, prevent and control diarrheal disease and antimicrobial resistance in Lebanon.
{"title":"Antibiotic Susceptibility of Salmonella spp., Shigella spp. and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli strains isolated from diarrheic children in Tripoli, North Lebanon","authors":"M. Hamzé, Marwan Osman, H. Mallat, M. Achkar","doi":"10.3823/787","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3823/787","url":null,"abstract":"Background. – Enteric infections are a leading cause of diarrheal disease and death in infants and young children, particularly in the developing regions. The aim of this study is to determine the antibiotic susceptibility of three Enterobacteriaceae enteropathogens (Salmonella spp., Shigella spp. and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC)) isolated from hospitalized diarrheic children in North Lebanon during the period of 7 years.Methods and Findings. – 172 Enterobacteriaceae enteropathogens strains were isolated from fecal or blood specimens of 158 hospitalized diarrheic children collected at Nini hospital in Tripoli, North Lebanon. Culture, identification and antibiotic susceptibility of strains were carried out through conventional tools according to standard protocols proposed by the REMIC group and the recommendations of the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Out of 172, 158 (91.9%) Enterobacteriaceae enteropathogens strains were isolated from stool samples and only 14 (8.1%) were isolated from blood cultures. EPEC were predominant (78/172; 45.3%), followed by Salmonella spp. (64/172; 37.2%) and Shigella spp. (30/172; 17.5%). According to API identification and immunological serotyping reports of Salmonella isolates, Salmonella Typhi was the predominant serotype (32/64; 50%). During the study period, antibiotics susceptibility testing showed that around 50% and 25% of the isolates were resistant to ampicillin and extended-spectrum cephalosporins, respectively. Overall, Salmonella Typhi strains were the most susceptible to antibiotics.Conclusion. – Our study revealed a relatively high antibiotic resistance rate of EPEC, Shigella spp. and non-Typhi Salmonella strains among studied population. The findings of this study provide useful information to survey, prevent and control diarrheal disease and antimicrobial resistance in Lebanon.","PeriodicalId":22518,"journal":{"name":"The International Arabic Journal of Antimicrobial Agents","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84123368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Abo-AllelaDoaa, A. AmerFatma, M. NafeaRamadan, A HafezRaghda
Abstract Objectives: to diagnose Legionella infection in community- acquired pneumonia (CAP) cases admitted to chest department of Zagazig University Hospital and in hospital- acquired pneumonia (HAP) patients hospitalized in the emergency and surgery ICU, to determine incidence of these disease condition and to identify risk factors. Another objective was to determine the occurrence of Legionella genus in the water of these departments. Subjects and methods: one hundred pneumonic patients; 50 patients with CAP and 50 with HAP were the subject of this laboratory-based, comparative cross sectional study. Full clinical history and lower respiratory tract specimens were collected from each patient. Water samples were taken from 25 water outlets. DNA was extracted by QIAamp DNA Mini Kit, and real time PCR amplification of 16s r-RNA gene was used for diagnosis of Legionella genus. Risk factors were analyzed by logistic regression analysis. Results: Legionella genus was identified in eight out of 50 patients of CAP (16%), and ten out of 50 patients with HAP (20%). As regards CAP, Legionella was prevalent in old- age, smoker males, with diabetes mellitus (DM) and/or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and neurological manifestations were the main presentations. Seventy-five percent needed ICU admission. Concerning HAP, hospitalization for more than ten days and having a stroke or head trauma were significant risk factors. Ten out of the 25 water samples tested were positive for Legionella genus; seven samples were from the chest department and three were from emergency ICU. No water-contamination with Legionella was found in the surgery ICU. Discussion: diagnosis of Legionella should be considered for both CAP and HAP in our locality. Periodic surveillance for detection of that genu s with subsequent disinfection of water sources when indicated should be carried out.
摘要目的:对扎加齐格大学附属医院胸科收治的社区获得性肺炎(CAP)患者和急诊及外科ICU收治的医院获得性肺炎(HAP)患者进行军团菌感染诊断，确定其发病情况并识别危险因素。另一个目的是确定军团菌属的发生在这些部门的水。研究对象和方法:100例肺炎患者;本研究以实验室为基础，对50例CAP患者和50例HAP患者进行了比较横断面研究。收集所有患者的完整临床病史和下呼吸道标本。从25个出水口抽取水样。采用QIAamp DNA Mini Kit提取DNA，实时PCR扩增16s r-RNA基因用于军团菌属诊断。采用logistic回归分析危险因素。结果:50例CAP患者中检出军团菌8例(16%)，50例HAP患者中检出军团菌10例(20%)。在CAP方面，军团菌在老年、吸烟、患有糖尿病和/或慢性阻塞性肺病的男性中普遍存在。胃肠道(GIT)和神经系统表现为主要表现。75%的患者需要进入ICU。住院10天以上、卒中或头部外伤是HAP的显著危险因素。25个水样中有10个对军团菌属呈阳性反应;7例来自胸科，3例来自急诊ICU。外科ICU未发现军团菌水污染。讨论:本区军团菌的诊断应同时考虑CAP和HAP。应进行定期监测以发现该病毒，并在需要时对水源进行消毒。
{"title":"Prevalence of Legionella among pneumonia patients and environmental water samples in an Egyptian University Hospital","authors":"A. Abo-AllelaDoaa, A. AmerFatma, M. NafeaRamadan, A HafezRaghda","doi":"10.3823/786","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3823/786","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Objectives: to diagnose Legionella infection in community- acquired pneumonia (CAP) cases admitted to chest department of Zagazig University Hospital and in hospital- acquired pneumonia (HAP) patients hospitalized in the emergency and surgery ICU, to determine incidence of these disease condition and to identify risk factors. Another objective was to determine the occurrence of Legionella genus in the water of these departments. Subjects and methods: one hundred pneumonic patients; 50 patients with CAP and 50 with HAP were the subject of this laboratory-based, comparative cross sectional study. Full clinical history and lower respiratory tract specimens were collected from each patient. Water samples were taken from 25 water outlets. DNA was extracted by QIAamp DNA Mini Kit, and real time PCR amplification of 16s r-RNA gene was used for diagnosis of Legionella genus. Risk factors were analyzed by logistic regression analysis. Results: Legionella genus was identified in eight out of 50 patients of CAP (16%), and ten out of 50 patients with HAP (20%). As regards CAP, Legionella was prevalent in old- age, smoker males, with diabetes mellitus (DM) and/or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and neurological manifestations were the main presentations. Seventy-five percent needed ICU admission. Concerning HAP, hospitalization for more than ten days and having a stroke or head trauma were significant risk factors. Ten out of the 25 water samples tested were positive for Legionella genus; seven samples were from the chest department and three were from emergency ICU. No water-contamination with Legionella was found in the surgery ICU. Discussion: diagnosis of Legionella should be considered for both CAP and HAP in our locality. Periodic surveillance for detection of that genu s with subsequent disinfection of water sources when indicated should be carried out.","PeriodicalId":22518,"journal":{"name":"The International Arabic Journal of Antimicrobial Agents","volume":"194 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79743976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: The aim of this study was to correlate genes involved in carbapenem resistance to MIC levels among clinical ESBL and non-ESBL producing carbapenem resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) isolates of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Materials and Methods: E. coli (n= 76) and K. pneumoniae (n=54), collected between July 2008 and July 2014, were analyzed. The MICs were determined against ertapenem (ERT), imipenem (IMP) and meropenem (MER). PCR was performed on all 130 isolates to amplify the resistance and outer membrane proteins (OMPs) encoding genes: bla OXA-48, blaNDM-1,blaTEM-1,blaCTX-M-15, ompCand ompF.Sequencing was performed on selected isolates. Results: The prevalence of bla OXA-48, blaNDM-1, blaTEM-1 and/or blaCTX-M-15 among E. coli isolates were 36%, 12%, 20% and 80%, respectively, while among K. pneumoniae they were 37%, 28%, 28% and 72%, respectively. K. pneumoniae isolates positive for any of these genes had an MIC90> 32µg/ml against ERT, IMP and MER, while in E. coli isolates there was a variation in the MIC90 values. Porin impermeabilitieswere due to mutations in ompCand ompF genes in E. coli, and loss of ompCand ompF genes in K. pneumoniae,andincreased MIC90 values. The presence of more than one carbapenem resistance encoding gene and/ or ESBL encoding genedid not have an effect on the MIC90 value in K. pneumoniae isolates, while in E. coliit showed higher MIC90 values. Conclusion: Levels of MIC in CRE may largely depend on the type of resistance encoding genes, and porin impermeabilities. These resultsmay provide information for antibiotic regimen selection and epidemiological monitoring of resistance.
{"title":"Prevalence of carbapenem resistance encoding genes and corresponding MIC90 in enterobacteriaceae at a tertiary medical care center in Lebanon","authors":"K. A. Kissoyan, G. Araj, G. Matar","doi":"10.3823/785","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3823/785","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The aim of this study was to correlate genes involved in carbapenem resistance to MIC levels among clinical ESBL and non-ESBL producing carbapenem resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) isolates of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Materials and Methods: E. coli (n= 76) and K. pneumoniae (n=54), collected between July 2008 and July 2014, were analyzed. The MICs were determined against ertapenem (ERT), imipenem (IMP) and meropenem (MER). PCR was performed on all 130 isolates to amplify the resistance and outer membrane proteins (OMPs) encoding genes: bla OXA-48, blaNDM-1,blaTEM-1,blaCTX-M-15, ompCand ompF.Sequencing was performed on selected isolates. Results: The prevalence of bla OXA-48, blaNDM-1, blaTEM-1 and/or blaCTX-M-15 among E. coli isolates were 36%, 12%, 20% and 80%, respectively, while among K. pneumoniae they were 37%, 28%, 28% and 72%, respectively. K. pneumoniae isolates positive for any of these genes had an MIC90> 32µg/ml against ERT, IMP and MER, while in E. coli isolates there was a variation in the MIC90 values. Porin impermeabilitieswere due to mutations in ompCand ompF genes in E. coli, and loss of ompCand ompF genes in K. pneumoniae,andincreased MIC90 values. The presence of more than one carbapenem resistance encoding gene and/ or ESBL encoding genedid not have an effect on the MIC90 value in K. pneumoniae isolates, while in E. coliit showed higher MIC90 values. Conclusion: Levels of MIC in CRE may largely depend on the type of resistance encoding genes, and porin impermeabilities. These resultsmay provide information for antibiotic regimen selection and epidemiological monitoring of resistance.","PeriodicalId":22518,"journal":{"name":"The International Arabic Journal of Antimicrobial Agents","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85565420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hamdia Askar1, Wafaa Badawy2 and Enas Hammad11Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt2MD.MansouraUniversity Students'Hospital,Egypt. Background: Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen resistant to many antimicrobial agents especially the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). In surgical site infections, MRSA is known to be an important etiologic factor. Infections range from skin and soft-tissue infections to deep tissue infections such as osteomyelitis, bacteremia, and endocarditis that are much more common in hospital environment. In staphylococci the main mechanism of aminoglycoside resistance is the drug inactivation by aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes (AMEs) and reduced biocide susceptibility is associated with the acquisition of quaternary ammonium compound (qac) gene-encoding for Qac efflux proteins.Aim of the work: To investigate the prevalence of the aminoglycosides resistance genes aac(6′)aph(2″), aph(3′)-IIIa, Ant(4′)-Ia) and the biocide resistance genes (qacA/qacB, qacC) in S. aureus isolated from surgical site infections.Methods: Swabs from 280 infected surgical sites were sent to our laboratory from different surgical words at Mansoura University Hospitals between January 2014 and December 2014. Sixty- six staphylococcal strains were isolated and included in this study. Verification of the presence of methicillin resistance gene (mecA), chlorhexidine MIC and qac resistance genes (qacA/qacB, qacC) were detected by PCR. The presence of aminoglycoside resistance genes [(aac(6′)/aph (2″), ant (4′)-1a and aph(3′)-IIIa)] in S. aureus was also tested by PCR.Results: Seventeen of the 66 S. aureus isolates (25.75 %) were phenotypically MRSA and mecA gene was detected in 19 S. aureus isolates (28.7 %) by PCR. Aminoglycoside resistant S. aureus were 21/66 (31.8%). AME genes were detected in all aminoglycoside-resistant S. aureus; aac(6′)/aph (2″) was the most frequently detected 11/21(52.4%) followed by aph(3′)-IIIa 6/21 (28.6%) and the least frequent was ant (4′)-1a 4/21(19%). Aminoglycoside resistance in 9 out of the 21 (42.9%) aminoglycoside resistance S. aureus isolates was solely plasmid mediated being lost after plasmid curing. A total of 14 out of the 21 aminoglycoside-resistant S. aureus isolates (66.7 %) carried the mecA gene. Among the 45 aminoglycoside-sensitive S. aureus isolates 5 (11.1%) were mecA positive. Nine of the 21 aminoglycoside-resistant S. aureus isolates (42.9%) were positive for qacA/qacB genes and in all of them mecA gene co-existed. Five aminoglycoside resistant S. aureus isolates were qacC positive (23.8%). Conclusion: In the Staphylococcus aureus isolated from infected surgical wounds, quaternary ammonium compounds resistance genes were positive at a considerable ratio and co-existed with aminoglycosides and methicillin-resistance genes in S. aureus isolates.
{"title":"Aminoglycoside and chlorhexidine resistance genes in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from surgical wound infections","authors":"Hamdia Askar, Wafaa Badaway, E. Hammad","doi":"10.3823/784","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3823/784","url":null,"abstract":"Hamdia Askar1, Wafaa Badawy2 and Enas Hammad11Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt2MD.MansouraUniversity Students'Hospital,Egypt. Background: Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen resistant to many antimicrobial agents especially the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). In surgical site infections, MRSA is known to be an important etiologic factor. Infections range from skin and soft-tissue infections to deep tissue infections such as osteomyelitis, bacteremia, and endocarditis that are much more common in hospital environment. In staphylococci the main mechanism of aminoglycoside resistance is the drug inactivation by aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes (AMEs) and reduced biocide susceptibility is associated with the acquisition of quaternary ammonium compound (qac) gene-encoding for Qac efflux proteins.Aim of the work: To investigate the prevalence of the aminoglycosides resistance genes aac(6′)aph(2″), aph(3′)-IIIa, Ant(4′)-Ia) and the biocide resistance genes (qacA/qacB, qacC) in S. aureus isolated from surgical site infections.Methods: Swabs from 280 infected surgical sites were sent to our laboratory from different surgical words at Mansoura University Hospitals between January 2014 and December 2014. Sixty- six staphylococcal strains were isolated and included in this study. Verification of the presence of methicillin resistance gene (mecA), chlorhexidine MIC and qac resistance genes (qacA/qacB, qacC) were detected by PCR. The presence of aminoglycoside resistance genes [(aac(6′)/aph (2″), ant (4′)-1a and aph(3′)-IIIa)] in S. aureus was also tested by PCR.Results: Seventeen of the 66 S. aureus isolates (25.75 %) were phenotypically MRSA and mecA gene was detected in 19 S. aureus isolates (28.7 %) by PCR. Aminoglycoside resistant S. aureus were 21/66 (31.8%). AME genes were detected in all aminoglycoside-resistant S. aureus; aac(6′)/aph (2″) was the most frequently detected 11/21(52.4%) followed by aph(3′)-IIIa 6/21 (28.6%) and the least frequent was ant (4′)-1a 4/21(19%). Aminoglycoside resistance in 9 out of the 21 (42.9%) aminoglycoside resistance S. aureus isolates was solely plasmid mediated being lost after plasmid curing. A total of 14 out of the 21 aminoglycoside-resistant S. aureus isolates (66.7 %) carried the mecA gene. Among the 45 aminoglycoside-sensitive S. aureus isolates 5 (11.1%) were mecA positive. Nine of the 21 aminoglycoside-resistant S. aureus isolates (42.9%) were positive for qacA/qacB genes and in all of them mecA gene co-existed. Five aminoglycoside resistant S. aureus isolates were qacC positive (23.8%). Conclusion: In the Staphylococcus aureus isolated from infected surgical wounds, quaternary ammonium compounds resistance genes were positive at a considerable ratio and co-existed with aminoglycosides and methicillin-resistance genes in S. aureus isolates.","PeriodicalId":22518,"journal":{"name":"The International Arabic Journal of Antimicrobial Agents","volume":"82 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89277370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nazha Ala’a Alnasra, E. Badran, Naheel Dajan, A. Shehabi
Aim: This study investigated distribution of enterococci colonizing intestinal tract of infants and has determined their putative virulence factors and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. Methods: A total of 82/186 (44.1%) fecal enterococcal isolates were recovered from infants. All enterococci isolates were identified either E. faecalis or E. faecium using culture and PCR. Results: A significant higher intestinal colonization of enterococci was detected among non-hospitalized compared to hospitalized patients with a percentage of (72 % vs. 28%), respectively . E.faecalis was the predominant species in both groups (75.6%). It had also significantly higher virulence factors genes than E. faecium ,while E. faecium had higher rates of antimicrobial resistance than E.faecalis. Conclusion: This study shows significantly higher rate of intestinal colonization of E.faecalis than E. faecium of hospitalized and non-hospitalized infants, and E.faecalis carried significantly higher potential virulence genes than E. faecium. Key word: Fecal enterococci, Infants, Antimicrobial resistance, Virulence factorsShort title: Fecal ente
{"title":"Antimicrobial susceptibility and virulence factors of enterococci colonizing intestinal tract of Jordanian infants","authors":"Nazha Ala’a Alnasra, E. Badran, Naheel Dajan, A. Shehabi","doi":"10.3823/783","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3823/783","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: This study investigated distribution of enterococci colonizing intestinal tract of infants and has determined their putative virulence factors and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. Methods: A total of 82/186 (44.1%) fecal enterococcal isolates were recovered from infants. All enterococci isolates were identified either E. faecalis or E. faecium using culture and PCR. Results: A significant higher intestinal colonization of enterococci was detected among non-hospitalized compared to hospitalized patients with a percentage of (72 % vs. 28%), respectively . E.faecalis was the predominant species in both groups (75.6%). It had also significantly higher virulence factors genes than E. faecium ,while E. faecium had higher rates of antimicrobial resistance than E.faecalis. Conclusion: This study shows significantly higher rate of intestinal colonization of E.faecalis than E. faecium of hospitalized and non-hospitalized infants, and E.faecalis carried significantly higher potential virulence genes than E. faecium. Key word: Fecal enterococci, Infants, Antimicrobial resistance, Virulence factorsShort title: Fecal ente","PeriodicalId":22518,"journal":{"name":"The International Arabic Journal of Antimicrobial Agents","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77389371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Noninvasive fungal rhinosinustis is problematic being resistant to traditional medical treatment. Mycology laboratory work helps solving this issue. This case control study was designed to supplement the lacking information about the frequency of noninvasive fungal rhinosinusitis in our locality and identify fungal species responsible for this condition in Zagazig University Hospitals. In addition, to evaluate the role of microscopic examination, antigen detection and PCR in comparison to culture technique in diagnosis. Sinus material was collected from seventy eight cases represented clinically and radiologically with noninvasive fungal rhinosinusitis from June 2013 to September 2015. A control group 78 subjects with healthy sinuses from whom nasal smears were obtained. Samples were processed in Mycology Unit and examined microscopically in 10% KOH preparations. Lactophenol cotton blue slide preparations were examined for microscopic structures as hyphae and conidia. PCR amplification of the extracted DNA was performed using fungal universal primers for amplification of 28 S rDNA genes. Results: Microscopic examination revealed hyphae and fruiting bodies in 37 (47.4% of the cases). Culture diagnosed 36 FRS patients. Aspergillus fumigatus was the most frequently isolated from fungal rhino sinusitis (52.7 %) of cases, followed by Penicillium spp. in 22.2%. PCR amplification exhibits the same sensitivity and specificity as those demonstrated by microscopic examination (100% and 97.3% respectively). ELISA of Aspergillus galactomannan (GM) antigen lacked sensitivity (58.3%), with a higher specificity (100%). Conclusion: It is concluded that an experienced mycological confirmation especially, direct microscopic examination of clinically suspected noninvasive FRS cases is necessary for a final diagnosis. Key words: Rhinosinusitis; fungus; KOH; galactomannan; PCRRunning Title: Fungal rhinosinusitis mycology lab
{"title":"Laboratory approach for detection of non-invasive fungal rhinosinusitis: A case-control study","authors":"Nissreen E. Elbadawy, T. Meawed, M. El-Anwar","doi":"10.3823/782","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3823/782","url":null,"abstract":"Noninvasive fungal rhinosinustis is problematic being resistant to traditional medical treatment. Mycology laboratory work helps solving this issue. This case control study was designed to supplement the lacking information about the frequency of noninvasive fungal rhinosinusitis in our locality and identify fungal species responsible for this condition in Zagazig University Hospitals. In addition, to evaluate the role of microscopic examination, antigen detection and PCR in comparison to culture technique in diagnosis. Sinus material was collected from seventy eight cases represented clinically and radiologically with noninvasive fungal rhinosinusitis from June 2013 to September 2015. A control group 78 subjects with healthy sinuses from whom nasal smears were obtained. Samples were processed in Mycology Unit and examined microscopically in 10% KOH preparations. Lactophenol cotton blue slide preparations were examined for microscopic structures as hyphae and conidia. PCR amplification of the extracted DNA was performed using fungal universal primers for amplification of 28 S rDNA genes. Results: Microscopic examination revealed hyphae and fruiting bodies in 37 (47.4% of the cases). Culture diagnosed 36 FRS patients. Aspergillus fumigatus was the most frequently isolated from fungal rhino sinusitis (52.7 %) of cases, followed by Penicillium spp. in 22.2%. PCR amplification exhibits the same sensitivity and specificity as those demonstrated by microscopic examination (100% and 97.3% respectively). ELISA of Aspergillus galactomannan (GM) antigen lacked sensitivity (58.3%), with a higher specificity (100%). Conclusion: It is concluded that an experienced mycological confirmation especially, direct microscopic examination of clinically suspected noninvasive FRS cases is necessary for a final diagnosis. Key words: Rhinosinusitis; fungus; KOH; galactomannan; PCRRunning Title: Fungal rhinosinusitis mycology lab","PeriodicalId":22518,"journal":{"name":"The International Arabic Journal of Antimicrobial Agents","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85148382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. A. Salman, R. Agha, E. Fareed, L. Ali, K. Nasser, Zainab Al Sikri, Rehab Al Noaimi
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus which that may progress to immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and predispose for opportunistic infections and malignancies. According to recent reports, 1.5 million people died of AIDS in 2013 worldwide which is a 35% decrease since 2005. The number of deaths has decreased in part due to antiretroviral treatment (ART) wide spread use. In Bahrain, in 2011, a multidisciplinary team was established for HIV management involving major stakeholders: public health, infectious diseases, pharmacists, nursing and virologists. A retrospective descriptive study is done about HIV positive patient in Bahrain, their current treatment regimens and other blood parameters were collected, aiming to have a general idea about their health status in a way to help in their medical care. The data was collected retrospectively from the 2014 registry about all patients who are diagnosed to have HIV. Their ART regimen, CD 4 count and viral load were gathered and entered in Excel sheet.. A total of 208 patients were diagnosed to have HIV up to 2014. However, only 108 of them have their full data. In addition, a review of the frequency of admission of these patients over a 10 year period was done too. On reviewing the medical records of the patients admitted over the last ten years from 2004 till 2014, it was found that the total admission of HIV positive patients were 107. Hepatitis C was the most common co infection among those patients with a percentage of 24%. It was found that with better ART treatment and better structure of HIV team and program, we are getting more patients to be controlled. There is a clear increase in the number of patients with improving CD4 count. Based on the results of our study, the HIV multi-disciplinary management team is an essential part for the best management of these patients.
{"title":"Human immunodeficiency virus infection and chemotherapy treatment in the Kingdom of Bahrain","authors":"J. A. Salman, R. Agha, E. Fareed, L. Ali, K. Nasser, Zainab Al Sikri, Rehab Al Noaimi","doi":"10.3823/781","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3823/781","url":null,"abstract":"Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus which that may progress to immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and predispose for opportunistic infections and malignancies. According to recent reports, 1.5 million people died of AIDS in 2013 worldwide which is a 35% decrease since 2005. The number of deaths has decreased in part due to antiretroviral treatment (ART) wide spread use. In Bahrain, in 2011, a multidisciplinary team was established for HIV management involving major stakeholders: public health, infectious diseases, pharmacists, nursing and virologists. A retrospective descriptive study is done about HIV positive patient in Bahrain, their current treatment regimens and other blood parameters were collected, aiming to have a general idea about their health status in a way to help in their medical care. The data was collected retrospectively from the 2014 registry about all patients who are diagnosed to have HIV. Their ART regimen, CD 4 count and viral load were gathered and entered in Excel sheet.. A total of 208 patients were diagnosed to have HIV up to 2014. However, only 108 of them have their full data. In addition, a review of the frequency of admission of these patients over a 10 year period was done too. On reviewing the medical records of the patients admitted over the last ten years from 2004 till 2014, it was found that the total admission of HIV positive patients were 107. Hepatitis C was the most common co infection among those patients with a percentage of 24%. It was found that with better ART treatment and better structure of HIV team and program, we are getting more patients to be controlled. There is a clear increase in the number of patients with improving CD4 count. Based on the results of our study, the HIV multi-disciplinary management team is an essential part for the best management of these patients.","PeriodicalId":22518,"journal":{"name":"The International Arabic Journal of Antimicrobial Agents","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81361999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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