Oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation reactions are some of the mechanisms through which many diseases produce their effects. Allium sativa (garlic) is widely used as spice or eaten raw in many cultures, and has it been reported to exert several health benefits. This study was designed to evaluate the antioxidant and anti-lipid peroxidative effects of fresh extract of Ugandan cultivars of garlic in acetaminophen induced toxicity in mice. The local Ugandan varieties of the garlic were obtained from a local market in Ishaka Town in Western Uganda, ground to paste and extracted at room temperature with 80 % ethyl alcohol. Graded doses of the extract were administered intraperitonially (i.p.) to Swiss mice for 5 days before a single i.p. dose of 250 mg/kg acetaminophen. Levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and glutathione (GSH) concentrations, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities in liver homogenates were determined and compared to controls. Results showed that fresh extract of the local garlic prevented lipid peroxidation, preserved liver GSH stores, and up regulated SOD and CAT activities in the liver in a dose dependent manner. These results suggest that regular consumption of local Ugandan garlic could protect the body from oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation reactions induced by several diseases.
{"title":"Effects Of Fresh Allium Sativa Extract On Lipid Peroxidation, Glutathione Depletion, And Oxidative Stress Induced By Acetaminophen In Mice","authors":"C. Ezeala, I. Nweke, P. Unekwe","doi":"10.5580/1b52","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/1b52","url":null,"abstract":"Oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation reactions are some of the mechanisms through which many diseases produce their effects. Allium sativa (garlic) is widely used as spice or eaten raw in many cultures, and has it been reported to exert several health benefits. This study was designed to evaluate the antioxidant and anti-lipid peroxidative effects of fresh extract of Ugandan cultivars of garlic in acetaminophen induced toxicity in mice. The local Ugandan varieties of the garlic were obtained from a local market in Ishaka Town in Western Uganda, ground to paste and extracted at room temperature with 80 % ethyl alcohol. Graded doses of the extract were administered intraperitonially (i.p.) to Swiss mice for 5 days before a single i.p. dose of 250 mg/kg acetaminophen. Levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and glutathione (GSH) concentrations, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities in liver homogenates were determined and compared to controls. Results showed that fresh extract of the local garlic prevented lipid peroxidation, preserved liver GSH stores, and up regulated SOD and CAT activities in the liver in a dose dependent manner. These results suggest that regular consumption of local Ugandan garlic could protect the body from oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation reactions induced by several diseases.","PeriodicalId":22523,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Pharmacology","volume":"72 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86291239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dihydropyridine Calcium Channel Blockers (DHP-CCB) have been reported to exert conflicting effects in various experimental models of depression. We observed the effect of centrally acting DHP-CCB, nimodipine at various doses in behaviour despair model using Porsolt’s Forced Swim Test in mice. Nimodipine showed significant antidepressant activity only at 2.5 mg/kg given intraperitoneally. A possible therapeutic window phenomenon is thought to come to play at lower doses of the drug. Thus nimodipine can be developed as a strong weapon and added to the armamentarium used especially against cerebrovascular diseases where the possibility of depression setting in can not be ruled out.
{"title":"Antidepressant effect of low dose nimodipine in the mouse behaviour despair model","authors":"P. Rataboli, A. Garg, K. Muchandi","doi":"10.5580/1e24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/1e24","url":null,"abstract":"Dihydropyridine Calcium Channel Blockers (DHP-CCB) have been reported to exert conflicting effects in various experimental models of depression. We observed the effect of centrally acting DHP-CCB, nimodipine at various doses in behaviour despair model using Porsolt’s Forced Swim Test in mice. Nimodipine showed significant antidepressant activity only at 2.5 mg/kg given intraperitoneally. A possible therapeutic window phenomenon is thought to come to play at lower doses of the drug. Thus nimodipine can be developed as a strong weapon and added to the armamentarium used especially against cerebrovascular diseases where the possibility of depression setting in can not be ruled out.","PeriodicalId":22523,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Pharmacology","volume":"60 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87492812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rat ECG is commonly used parameter for various cardiovascular studies. The rat ECG resembles essentially human ECG with minor differences. Stress is common in day to day life. Stress affect hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis resulting alteration in various physiological functions of body esp cardiovascular system. Studies regarding effect of acute stress on rat ECG are lacking, hence it was planned to study the effect of acute stress on rat ECG. Albino rats (n=15) of either sex weighing 200 to 300 gm were used. Acute stress in the form of 5 hr. immobilization was given to the experimental animals. Pentobarbital in subanesthetic dose (25 mg/kg I.P.) was administered to immobilize the rats in supine posture. Within 45 mts of pentobarbital administration animal regained consciousness and control ECG was recorded. Five hr. after immobilization ECG was again recorded, changes in ECG were noted in respect of HR, PR interval, QRS complex, QT interval and changes in amplitude of waves. Acute stress of 5 hr. immobilization produced changes in atrial and ventricular depolarization and repolarization. CONCLUSION: Acute stress affect atrial and ventricular depolarization – repolarization significantly in albino rats. INTRODUCTION Stress is common in day to day life, and affect HPA axis resulting alteration in various physiological functions of the body. Cardiovascular system is more prone to be affected by stress, directly or indirectly. ECG is commonly used parameter for various cardiovascular studies in human and in animal. Rat ECG resemble essentially to human ECG with minor differences. Studies regarding effect of acute stress on rat ECG are lacking. Hence with the prior approval from Institutional Ethical Committee, the present study was planned to evaluate the effect acute stress on rat ECG.
{"title":"Effect Of Acute Stress On Rat ECG","authors":"R. Kumar, A. Kela, G. Tayal","doi":"10.5580/299b","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/299b","url":null,"abstract":"Rat ECG is commonly used parameter for various cardiovascular studies. The rat ECG resembles essentially human ECG with minor differences. Stress is common in day to day life. Stress affect hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis resulting alteration in various physiological functions of body esp cardiovascular system. Studies regarding effect of acute stress on rat ECG are lacking, hence it was planned to study the effect of acute stress on rat ECG. Albino rats (n=15) of either sex weighing 200 to 300 gm were used. Acute stress in the form of 5 hr. immobilization was given to the experimental animals. Pentobarbital in subanesthetic dose (25 mg/kg I.P.) was administered to immobilize the rats in supine posture. Within 45 mts of pentobarbital administration animal regained consciousness and control ECG was recorded. Five hr. after immobilization ECG was again recorded, changes in ECG were noted in respect of HR, PR interval, QRS complex, QT interval and changes in amplitude of waves. Acute stress of 5 hr. immobilization produced changes in atrial and ventricular depolarization and repolarization. CONCLUSION: Acute stress affect atrial and ventricular depolarization – repolarization significantly in albino rats. INTRODUCTION Stress is common in day to day life, and affect HPA axis resulting alteration in various physiological functions of the body. Cardiovascular system is more prone to be affected by stress, directly or indirectly. ECG is commonly used parameter for various cardiovascular studies in human and in animal. Rat ECG resemble essentially to human ECG with minor differences. Studies regarding effect of acute stress on rat ECG are lacking. Hence with the prior approval from Institutional Ethical Committee, the present study was planned to evaluate the effect acute stress on rat ECG.","PeriodicalId":22523,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Pharmacology","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91289056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A survey of community pharmacists in Riyadh was conducted to determine the competence of community pharmacists in monitoring drug-drug interactions, the degree of adherence to pharmacy regulations and the extent to which community pharmacists engage in patients counseling. A random sample of 100 pharmacies was selected and a questionnaire was designed and distributed to each pharmacy to obtain information to meet the study objectives. A pharmacist, who assumed a patient role, then visited each pharmacy to further examine objectively the pharmacist’s response to the questionnaire. Only five of the total sample notified the possible drug interaction, even though most of the practitioners stated that their education prepared them to monitor drug-drug interaction and they feel confident in this role. Furthermore, 95% of pharmacists did not adhere to the profession legislation Act regarding antibiotic dispensing. A substantial percentage of practitioners had not involved in any continuing education course during the previous 24 months. Although a significant proportion of pharmacists reported actual performance of such services and is willing to do so, the involvement of community pharmacists in providing patient counseling is minimal. The report concludes with a strategy necessary for expanding and improving the quality of pharmaceutical services in community practice.
{"title":"Community Pharmacy Practice In Saudi Arabia: An Overview","authors":"M. Al-Hassan","doi":"10.5580/8e2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/8e2","url":null,"abstract":"A survey of community pharmacists in Riyadh was conducted to determine the competence of community pharmacists in monitoring drug-drug interactions, the degree of adherence to pharmacy regulations and the extent to which community pharmacists engage in patients counseling. A random sample of 100 pharmacies was selected and a questionnaire was designed and distributed to each pharmacy to obtain information to meet the study objectives. A pharmacist, who assumed a patient role, then visited each pharmacy to further examine objectively the pharmacist’s response to the questionnaire. Only five of the total sample notified the possible drug interaction, even though most of the practitioners stated that their education prepared them to monitor drug-drug interaction and they feel confident in this role. Furthermore, 95% of pharmacists did not adhere to the profession legislation Act regarding antibiotic dispensing. A substantial percentage of practitioners had not involved in any continuing education course during the previous 24 months. Although a significant proportion of pharmacists reported actual performance of such services and is willing to do so, the involvement of community pharmacists in providing patient counseling is minimal. The report concludes with a strategy necessary for expanding and improving the quality of pharmaceutical services in community practice.","PeriodicalId":22523,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Pharmacology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88992511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Waseem Rizvi, M. Rizvi, Rakesh Kumar, Anil Kumar, I. Shukla, M. Parveen
Objective : To evaluate the antibacterial potential of extract and compounds isolated from Ficus lyrata. Materials and Methods: The aqueous and ethanol extracts of F. lyrata and two pure compounds i.e. Ursolic acid (FL-1) and Acacetin-7-Oneohesperidoside (FL-2) isolated from F. lyrata were tested against several standard bacterial strains by the Kirby Bauer method on Mueller Hinton agar and two fold serial dilution method with saline for determining the MIC. Key Findings : F. lyrata showed potent antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella dysenteriae Shigella boydii, Citrobacter freundii, Proteus vulgaris, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella. The aqueous extract was more potent than alcoholic extract. The isolated compounds were more potent and showed an improved spectrum of activity as compared to the crude extract. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of aqueous extract of F.lyrata and the isolated compounds were found to be significantly low for all the tested bacterial strains. Conclusion : The study suggests that the extracts obtained from the leaves of F. lyrata possess excellent antibacterial activity which could possibly be attributed to the two compounds i.e. FL-1 and FL-2.
{"title":"Antibacterial Activity of Ficus lyrata -An In vitro Study","authors":"Waseem Rizvi, M. Rizvi, Rakesh Kumar, Anil Kumar, I. Shukla, M. Parveen","doi":"10.5580/b61","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/b61","url":null,"abstract":"Objective : To evaluate the antibacterial potential of extract and compounds isolated from Ficus lyrata. Materials and Methods: The aqueous and ethanol extracts of F. lyrata and two pure compounds i.e. Ursolic acid (FL-1) and Acacetin-7-Oneohesperidoside (FL-2) isolated from F. lyrata were tested against several standard bacterial strains by the Kirby Bauer method on Mueller Hinton agar and two fold serial dilution method with saline for determining the MIC. Key Findings : F. lyrata showed potent antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella dysenteriae Shigella boydii, Citrobacter freundii, Proteus vulgaris, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella. The aqueous extract was more potent than alcoholic extract. The isolated compounds were more potent and showed an improved spectrum of activity as compared to the crude extract. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of aqueous extract of F.lyrata and the isolated compounds were found to be significantly low for all the tested bacterial strains. Conclusion : The study suggests that the extracts obtained from the leaves of F. lyrata possess excellent antibacterial activity which could possibly be attributed to the two compounds i.e. FL-1 and FL-2.","PeriodicalId":22523,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Pharmacology","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72798961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Oral absorption of metformin is confined to the upper part of intestine posing problems in the formulation of extended release tablets. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to develop controlled-release mucoadhesive core tablets and confine the tablets to the specific site in the gastrointestinal tract. A projective coat protects the core tablets from mucoadhesion till the targeted site is reached. Once the tablet reaches the specific site, the coat dissolves exposing the core tablet for mucoadhesion. In vitro coat intactness test and ex vivo tablet bioadhesion test confirmed that the tablets were targeted and contained in the upper intestine. Further, the pharmacokinetic parameters obtained for metformin from the site-specific coated formulation were better (P<0.05) than that of the non-site-specific uncoated formulation in the in vivo studies. Standardized formulation was stable during the stability studies conducted as per ICH Q1C guidelines.
{"title":"Site-specific oral controlled release metformin tablets - development, in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo evaluation","authors":"V. Prakya, Kusumdevi Vemula, K. Devi, S. Sonti","doi":"10.5580/1571","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/1571","url":null,"abstract":"Oral absorption of metformin is confined to the upper part of intestine posing problems in the formulation of extended release tablets. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to develop controlled-release mucoadhesive core tablets and confine the tablets to the specific site in the gastrointestinal tract. A projective coat protects the core tablets from mucoadhesion till the targeted site is reached. Once the tablet reaches the specific site, the coat dissolves exposing the core tablet for mucoadhesion. In vitro coat intactness test and ex vivo tablet bioadhesion test confirmed that the tablets were targeted and contained in the upper intestine. Further, the pharmacokinetic parameters obtained for metformin from the site-specific coated formulation were better (P<0.05) than that of the non-site-specific uncoated formulation in the in vivo studies. Standardized formulation was stable during the stability studies conducted as per ICH Q1C guidelines.","PeriodicalId":22523,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Pharmacology","volume":"313 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77401751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. Rajesh, P. Perumal, Vinaykumar Chinthakindhi, S. Prabhakaran, G. Hymavathi, Tejasree Guntupalli
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the in-vitro anthelmintic property of various solvent extracts of Smilax zeylanica leaves against Pheritima posthuma. Various concentrations of Petroleum ether, Benzene, Chloroform and Methanol extract (20mg/ml and 40mg/ml) were used in evaluation. The activity was assessed by the determination of time of paralysis and time of death of worms. Albendazole (20mg/ml) was included as a reference standard. All the extracts were found to paralyze and kill the worms. The Petroleum ether extract and Chloroform extract showed a potent anthelmintic activity compared to standard drug albendazole. Benzene extract was less potent to cause paralysis and death at 20mg/ml and 40mg/ml, which took more time to paralyze and death. Methanol extract was less potent to cause paralysis at 20mg/ml and 40mg/ml, but caused death of worms earlier than albendazole. It is concluded that the anthelmintic efficacy of solvents extracts of Smilax zeylanica might be attributed to the presence of phytochemicals.
{"title":"In-Vitro Evaluation Of Smilax Zeylanica Linn. Leaves For Anthelmintic Activity","authors":"V. Rajesh, P. Perumal, Vinaykumar Chinthakindhi, S. Prabhakaran, G. Hymavathi, Tejasree Guntupalli","doi":"10.5580/797","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/797","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of the present study was to evaluate the in-vitro anthelmintic property of various solvent extracts of Smilax zeylanica leaves against Pheritima posthuma. Various concentrations of Petroleum ether, Benzene, Chloroform and Methanol extract (20mg/ml and 40mg/ml) were used in evaluation. The activity was assessed by the determination of time of paralysis and time of death of worms. Albendazole (20mg/ml) was included as a reference standard. All the extracts were found to paralyze and kill the worms. The Petroleum ether extract and Chloroform extract showed a potent anthelmintic activity compared to standard drug albendazole. Benzene extract was less potent to cause paralysis and death at 20mg/ml and 40mg/ml, which took more time to paralyze and death. Methanol extract was less potent to cause paralysis at 20mg/ml and 40mg/ml, but caused death of worms earlier than albendazole. It is concluded that the anthelmintic efficacy of solvents extracts of Smilax zeylanica might be attributed to the presence of phytochemicals.","PeriodicalId":22523,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Pharmacology","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89981832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The prevalence of obesity continues to increase throughout the world and the burden of obesity and related co morbidities is large. However existing drug therapies for obesity are limited and agents with high efficacy, safety and tolerability are expected to meet patient needs and lead to more substantial commercial success. Contemporary consideration has focused on physiology of neuropeptides Y (NPY) and its role in the regulation of energy homeostasis. NPY stimulates food intake, inhibits energy expenditure, and increases body weight and increases anabolic hormone level by activating the NPY Y1 and Y5 receptors in the hypothalamus. Based on these findings, several NPY Y1 and Y5 receptor antagonists have been developed in last two decade as potential anti-obesity agents and transgenic mice model lacking NPY, the NPY Y1 receptor or the NPY Y5 receptor have been generated. The data obtained to date with these newly developed tools suggests that NPY receptor antagonists, particularly NPY Y1 and Y5 receptor antagonist, have potentiality to bless the obesity patients worldwide. However, the redundancy of the neurochemical systems regulating energy homeostasis may limit the effect of ablating a single pathway. In addition, patients in whom the starvation response is activated, such as formerly obese patients who have lost weight or patients with complete or partial leptin deficiency, may be the best candidates for treatment with a NPY receptor antagonist. New leads are under research by major pharmaceutical companies to limit the side effects and explore the area to meet clinical requirement.
{"title":"Review Of NPY And NPY Receptor For Obesity","authors":"Daxesh P. Patel, N. Patel","doi":"10.5580/2531","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/2531","url":null,"abstract":"The prevalence of obesity continues to increase throughout the world and the burden of obesity and related co morbidities is large. However existing drug therapies for obesity are limited and agents with high efficacy, safety and tolerability are expected to meet patient needs and lead to more substantial commercial success. Contemporary consideration has focused on physiology of neuropeptides Y (NPY) and its role in the regulation of energy homeostasis. NPY stimulates food intake, inhibits energy expenditure, and increases body weight and increases anabolic hormone level by activating the NPY Y1 and Y5 receptors in the hypothalamus. Based on these findings, several NPY Y1 and Y5 receptor antagonists have been developed in last two decade as potential anti-obesity agents and transgenic mice model lacking NPY, the NPY Y1 receptor or the NPY Y5 receptor have been generated. The data obtained to date with these newly developed tools suggests that NPY receptor antagonists, particularly NPY Y1 and Y5 receptor antagonist, have potentiality to bless the obesity patients worldwide. However, the redundancy of the neurochemical systems regulating energy homeostasis may limit the effect of ablating a single pathway. In addition, patients in whom the starvation response is activated, such as formerly obese patients who have lost weight or patients with complete or partial leptin deficiency, may be the best candidates for treatment with a NPY receptor antagonist. New leads are under research by major pharmaceutical companies to limit the side effects and explore the area to meet clinical requirement.","PeriodicalId":22523,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Pharmacology","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86633363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hyperglycemia, obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and hypertension are interrelated cardiometabolic risk factors for the development of type-2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Prevalence of type-2 diabetes is growing at an alarming rate. Treatment target for type-2 diabetes is to keep daily glucose profile as close as possible to that of a non-diabetic person. Sulfonylureas, thiazolidinediones, meglitinides, biguanides and acarbose inhibitors are already being used in controlling glucose levels in type-2 diabetes. This review discusses the new drugs with novel mechanism of actions; which are in pipeline and were marketed recently or will be in market in near future.
{"title":"Drugs In Pipeline For Type-2 Diabetes","authors":"R. Mahajan, K. Gupta","doi":"10.5580/2417","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/2417","url":null,"abstract":"Hyperglycemia, obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and hypertension are interrelated cardiometabolic risk factors for the development of type-2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Prevalence of type-2 diabetes is growing at an alarming rate. Treatment target for type-2 diabetes is to keep daily glucose profile as close as possible to that of a non-diabetic person. Sulfonylureas, thiazolidinediones, meglitinides, biguanides and acarbose inhibitors are already being used in controlling glucose levels in type-2 diabetes. This review discusses the new drugs with novel mechanism of actions; which are in pipeline and were marketed recently or will be in market in near future.","PeriodicalId":22523,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Pharmacology","volume":"71 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80892359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The main objective of the present study was to analyze the antimicrobial potential of various concentrations (2mg, 4mg, 6mg and 8mg/well) of leaf extracts of Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum. and its close relative Nerium indicum Linn. (Apocynaceae). The dried leaves of these plants were extracted with 95% alcohol using soxhlet apparatus. The obtained extracts were concentrated to dryness in a flash evaporator (Buchi type) under reduced pressure and controlled temperature, (40 - 50∞C) and note down the yield of the crude extracts, then subjected to antimicrobial activity for the assessment of inhibitory effects of these plants against ten medically important antibiotic resistant pathogenic microbes by in vitro agar well diffusion method. The results of the present study clearly demonstrated that, the extracts of both the plants significantly inhibited the growth of all the pathogens used in this study in a dose dependent manner. The extract of Thevetia peruviana proved to be effective against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, where as, Proteus vulgaris showed susceptibility only at higher doses. Thevetia extract also showed moderate antibiotic activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, Mucor, Rhizopus and Penicillium species. The alcoholic extract of Nerium indicum was effectively inhibited the growth rate of Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, Mucor, Rhizopus and Penicillium species even at lower concentrations. The same extract was also effective to other tested pathogens only at higher concentrations. In conclusion, the different concentrations of Thevetia peruviana and Nerium indicum have to possess non-specific broad spectrum antimicrobial activity.
{"title":"Antimicrobial Activity Of Thevetia Peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum. And Nerium Indicum Linn.","authors":"B. Reddy","doi":"10.5580/d37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/d37","url":null,"abstract":"The main objective of the present study was to analyze the antimicrobial potential of various concentrations (2mg, 4mg, 6mg and 8mg/well) of leaf extracts of Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum. and its close relative Nerium indicum Linn. (Apocynaceae). The dried leaves of these plants were extracted with 95% alcohol using soxhlet apparatus. The obtained extracts were concentrated to dryness in a flash evaporator (Buchi type) under reduced pressure and controlled temperature, (40 - 50∞C) and note down the yield of the crude extracts, then subjected to antimicrobial activity for the assessment of inhibitory effects of these plants against ten medically important antibiotic resistant pathogenic microbes by in vitro agar well diffusion method. The results of the present study clearly demonstrated that, the extracts of both the plants significantly inhibited the growth of all the pathogens used in this study in a dose dependent manner. The extract of Thevetia peruviana proved to be effective against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, where as, Proteus vulgaris showed susceptibility only at higher doses. Thevetia extract also showed moderate antibiotic activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, Mucor, Rhizopus and Penicillium species. The alcoholic extract of Nerium indicum was effectively inhibited the growth rate of Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, Mucor, Rhizopus and Penicillium species even at lower concentrations. The same extract was also effective to other tested pathogens only at higher concentrations. In conclusion, the different concentrations of Thevetia peruviana and Nerium indicum have to possess non-specific broad spectrum antimicrobial activity.","PeriodicalId":22523,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Pharmacology","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87998795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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