Snake venom is a combination of many different proteins and enzymes. Many of these proteins are harmless to humans, but some are toxins. Snake venoms effects include pro- and anti-blood coagulation, neurotoxicity, mycotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, cardiotoxicity and necrotoxicity. This article has focused only on the principle components of viperidae venoms and their corresponding pharmacological actions on cells. Is was also discussed the advantages of enzymes like phospholipase A 2 , L-amino acid oxidase, and metalloprotease while non-enzymatic proteins include warprin family proteins, platelet aggregation factors and C-type lectin-like protein. Most recently, few public-domain snake venoms database are released which contains natural history notes, pictures of venomous snakes, distribution maps and information about each individual snake and its venom. Thus, we conclude that the given information in this review will be more useful for researchers to investigate novel human therapeutics from snake venoms.
{"title":"Pharmacological perspectives of snake venoms from Viperidae family","authors":"Chellapandi Paulchamy","doi":"10.5580/e36","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/e36","url":null,"abstract":"Snake venom is a combination of many different proteins and enzymes. Many of these proteins are harmless to humans, but some are toxins. Snake venoms effects include pro- and anti-blood coagulation, neurotoxicity, mycotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, cardiotoxicity and necrotoxicity. This article has focused only on the principle components of viperidae venoms and their corresponding pharmacological actions on cells. Is was also discussed the advantages of enzymes like phospholipase A 2 , L-amino acid oxidase, and metalloprotease while non-enzymatic proteins include warprin family proteins, platelet aggregation factors and C-type lectin-like protein. Most recently, few public-domain snake venoms database are released which contains natural history notes, pictures of venomous snakes, distribution maps and information about each individual snake and its venom. Thus, we conclude that the given information in this review will be more useful for researchers to investigate novel human therapeutics from snake venoms.","PeriodicalId":22523,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Pharmacology","volume":"373 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76444613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
KIST Medical College is a new medical school in Nepal. The department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics has the vision to create healthcare professionals who can use essential medicines rationally. Pharmacology is an important discipline for a medical student. At the Manipal College of Medical Sciences, Pokhara the department emphasizes teaching students to use essential medicines rationally. The management of KIST Medical College was interested in promoting the rational use of medicines in the teaching hospital. A Medicine and Therapeutics Committee was formed and pharmaceutical care activities and the hospital pharmacy are run under the committee’s supervision. Weekly departmental presentations are held and the department conducts fortnightly academic detailing sessions for the clinicians. Microteaching sessions both for didactic lectures and for problem-stimulated learning sessions have been conducted. The faculty members have published articles related to rational use of medicines, medicine care services and innovative learning methods in various journals.
{"title":"ncouraging academics and research in the department of Pharmacology in a new medical school in the Kathmandu valley","authors":"P. Shankar","doi":"10.5580/2036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/2036","url":null,"abstract":"KIST Medical College is a new medical school in Nepal. The department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics has the vision to create healthcare professionals who can use essential medicines rationally. Pharmacology is an important discipline for a medical student. At the Manipal College of Medical Sciences, Pokhara the department emphasizes teaching students to use essential medicines rationally. The management of KIST Medical College was interested in promoting the rational use of medicines in the teaching hospital. A Medicine and Therapeutics Committee was formed and pharmaceutical care activities and the hospital pharmacy are run under the committee’s supervision. Weekly departmental presentations are held and the department conducts fortnightly academic detailing sessions for the clinicians. Microteaching sessions both for didactic lectures and for problem-stimulated learning sessions have been conducted. The faculty members have published articles related to rational use of medicines, medicine care services and innovative learning methods in various journals.","PeriodicalId":22523,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Pharmacology","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72895914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Kumar, Mrinalini Sharma, Puri Jn, I. P. Jain, Sheela P. Singh, K. Kapoor, N. Ansari, S. Singh
OBJECTIVE : To evaluate the effect of hypolipidemic drugs gemfibrozil and bezafibrate on stress induced alteration on lipid profile in rats. METHODS : The study was carried on albino rats (150-200g) of either sex, divided into three groups of 6 each. Group I served as control. Groups II and III were treated with gemfibrozil 1000 mg/kg and bezafibrate 500 mg/kg respectively, p.o. in a single daily dose from day 1 to day 22. Physical stress of 5 hours swimming was given to all the groups on day 22. Blood samples were withdrawn in group I on day O (blank control) and on day 22 after stress (positive control). Blood samples were withdrawn in group II and III on days 3,7,14 and 21 and on day 22 after stress. All the blood samples were analysed for total cholesterol (TC) HDL, cholesterol (HDLC) triglyceride (TG) by enzymatic method and LDL & VLDL cholesterol was calculated by on the basis of Friedwalds equation. RESULTS : TC and TG reduced significantly after 21 days of treatment with gemfibrozil (group II) and bezafibrate (group III) while HDLC increased, significantly in comparison to blank control. TC and TG in all the groups increased significantly, after stress on day 22, when compared to same group before stress while HDLC. showed significant fall. Levels of TC and TG after stress were significantly less in gemfibrozil and bezafibrate treated rats in comparison to untreated rats while HDL.C. levels were significantly more in drug treated rats in comparison to drug untreated rats. CONCLUSION : The study showed that gemfibrozil (1000 mg/kg p.o.) and bezafibrate (500 mg/kg p.o.) were not only hypolipidemic but also effective in attenuating stress induced dyslipidemia in rats.
{"title":"Effect of Hypolipidemic drugs on stress induced alteration on Lipid profile in rats","authors":"R. Kumar, Mrinalini Sharma, Puri Jn, I. P. Jain, Sheela P. Singh, K. Kapoor, N. Ansari, S. Singh","doi":"10.5580/1c72","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/1c72","url":null,"abstract":"OBJECTIVE : To evaluate the effect of hypolipidemic drugs gemfibrozil and bezafibrate on stress induced alteration on lipid profile in rats. METHODS : The study was carried on albino rats (150-200g) of either sex, divided into three groups of 6 each. Group I served as control. Groups II and III were treated with gemfibrozil 1000 mg/kg and bezafibrate 500 mg/kg respectively, p.o. in a single daily dose from day 1 to day 22. Physical stress of 5 hours swimming was given to all the groups on day 22. Blood samples were withdrawn in group I on day O (blank control) and on day 22 after stress (positive control). Blood samples were withdrawn in group II and III on days 3,7,14 and 21 and on day 22 after stress. All the blood samples were analysed for total cholesterol (TC) HDL, cholesterol (HDLC) triglyceride (TG) by enzymatic method and LDL & VLDL cholesterol was calculated by on the basis of Friedwalds equation. RESULTS : TC and TG reduced significantly after 21 days of treatment with gemfibrozil (group II) and bezafibrate (group III) while HDLC increased, significantly in comparison to blank control. TC and TG in all the groups increased significantly, after stress on day 22, when compared to same group before stress while HDLC. showed significant fall. Levels of TC and TG after stress were significantly less in gemfibrozil and bezafibrate treated rats in comparison to untreated rats while HDL.C. levels were significantly more in drug treated rats in comparison to drug untreated rats. CONCLUSION : The study showed that gemfibrozil (1000 mg/kg p.o.) and bezafibrate (500 mg/kg p.o.) were not only hypolipidemic but also effective in attenuating stress induced dyslipidemia in rats.","PeriodicalId":22523,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Pharmacology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79698979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The methanolic extract of the frontal leaves of Tectona grandis was evaluated for its analgesic activity by the Eddy’s hot plate method and the anti inflammatory activity were evaluated using the carrageenan induced paw edema. The results revealed that the analgesic activity was dose dependent. Low dose (250mg/kg body weight) of the frontal leaves extract at 15, 30, 60 and 120 mts.The anti inflammatory activity of the methanolic extract of the frontal leaves of Tectona grandis were evaluated using the carrageenan induced paw edema. The results have shown that the frontal leaf extract when administered at a dose of 250 mg/kg body weight had significant activity after 15 mts which was slightly better than the standard. The findings of this study indicate that the methanolic extract of the leaves of Tectona grandis have significant analgesic and anti inflammatory activity which was attributed to the presence of the phytoconstituents of the plant.
{"title":"Analgesic and anti inflammatory activity of the methanolic extract of the frontal leaves of Tectona grandis.","authors":"N. Nayeem, Karvekar","doi":"10.5580/941","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/941","url":null,"abstract":"The methanolic extract of the frontal leaves of Tectona grandis was evaluated for its analgesic activity by the Eddy’s hot plate method and the anti inflammatory activity were evaluated using the carrageenan induced paw edema. The results revealed that the analgesic activity was dose dependent. Low dose (250mg/kg body weight) of the frontal leaves extract at 15, 30, 60 and 120 mts.The anti inflammatory activity of the methanolic extract of the frontal leaves of Tectona grandis were evaluated using the carrageenan induced paw edema. The results have shown that the frontal leaf extract when administered at a dose of 250 mg/kg body weight had significant activity after 15 mts which was slightly better than the standard. The findings of this study indicate that the methanolic extract of the leaves of Tectona grandis have significant analgesic and anti inflammatory activity which was attributed to the presence of the phytoconstituents of the plant.","PeriodicalId":22523,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Pharmacology","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85011424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Harminder Singh, N. Dulhani, B. N. Kumar, P. Tiwari
Objective: It was a comparative study to asses the efficacy of Artesunate-lumefantrine and Chloroquine-PyrimethamineSulfadoxine in the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum in tribal population in Bastar (Chhattisgarh). Patient and method: The study was carried out in Department of Medicine, Government Medical College, Jagdalpur. 91 patients who full filed the inclusion criteria were enrolled after taking written consent to participate in study. All the baseline parameters follow up progress and adverse drug reactions were recorded on the personal record of every individual patient. Results were analyzed with paired t test and chi square test. Results: Among the 91 patients, 55 were treated with Artemether-lumefantrine (AL) and 36 with Chloroquine+ Pyrimethamine-Sulfadoxine (CPS) combination. We noted that fever clearance time and parasite clearance time were longer in CPS treated group as compared to AL treated groups (1.1 days vs 1 day, P = 0.03; and 1.7 days vs. 2.1 days, P < 0.003, respectively) and the parasitaemia clearance time in Artemether +lumefantrine group was statistically very significant. Patient’s cured (%) were 100% and 90% in AL and CPS treated groups respectively. The most common adverse effects noted in AL and CPS treated groups were abdominal pain (8.2%) and nausea/vomiting (14.7%) respectively. Hematological, biochemical and other parameters remained normal before and after treatment in all subjects. Conclusion: Both Combinations, AL and CPS were well tolerated for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in tribal population in Bastar (Chhattisgarh). However, AL showed significantly higher efficacy than CPS combination, this may be due to the high prevalence of resistance against Chloroquine combination and better patient compliance in AL treatment.
{"title":"A comparative study of Artesunate-Lumefantrine vs. Chloroquine-Pyrimethamine-Sulfadoxine efficacy for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum in tribal population in Bastar (Chhattisgarh).","authors":"Harminder Singh, N. Dulhani, B. N. Kumar, P. Tiwari","doi":"10.5580/6e4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/6e4","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: It was a comparative study to asses the efficacy of Artesunate-lumefantrine and Chloroquine-PyrimethamineSulfadoxine in the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum in tribal population in Bastar (Chhattisgarh). Patient and method: The study was carried out in Department of Medicine, Government Medical College, Jagdalpur. 91 patients who full filed the inclusion criteria were enrolled after taking written consent to participate in study. All the baseline parameters follow up progress and adverse drug reactions were recorded on the personal record of every individual patient. Results were analyzed with paired t test and chi square test. Results: Among the 91 patients, 55 were treated with Artemether-lumefantrine (AL) and 36 with Chloroquine+ Pyrimethamine-Sulfadoxine (CPS) combination. We noted that fever clearance time and parasite clearance time were longer in CPS treated group as compared to AL treated groups (1.1 days vs 1 day, P = 0.03; and 1.7 days vs. 2.1 days, P < 0.003, respectively) and the parasitaemia clearance time in Artemether +lumefantrine group was statistically very significant. Patient’s cured (%) were 100% and 90% in AL and CPS treated groups respectively. The most common adverse effects noted in AL and CPS treated groups were abdominal pain (8.2%) and nausea/vomiting (14.7%) respectively. Hematological, biochemical and other parameters remained normal before and after treatment in all subjects. Conclusion: Both Combinations, AL and CPS were well tolerated for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in tribal population in Bastar (Chhattisgarh). However, AL showed significantly higher efficacy than CPS combination, this may be due to the high prevalence of resistance against Chloroquine combination and better patient compliance in AL treatment.","PeriodicalId":22523,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Pharmacology","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87701709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Nosiri, I. Hussaini, I. Abdu-Aguye, E. Abdurahaman
The effect of ethanol extract of the leaves of Irvingia gabonensis was investigated on blood pressure of normotensive adult cats. They were anaesthesized with pentobarbitone 40mg/kg intraperitoneally (i.p). The carotid artery was cannulated for blood pressure measurement. All drugs were dissolved in normal saline. Administration of these drugs was through the cannula in the femoral vein. On the anaesthetized cat, the ethanol extract (2.5 -5.0 mg/kg, iv) lowered the Mean Arterial Blood Pressure (MABP). This effect of ethanol extract was compared with Propanalol a nonselective β blocker antagonist, Adrenaline and Acetylcholine (Ach). The depressor effects of ethanol extract and Ach on cat blood pressure were dose dependent. These were blocked by pre-treatment of the animal with atropine (2.5 and 5µg/kg, iv). Propanalol did not reduce the depressor effect of extract. These results indicate that the ethanol extract of Irvingia gabonensis stimulated a dose-dependent fall in cat blood pressure possibly via the muscarinic receptors.
{"title":"Pharmacological Effect of Irvingia gabonensis Leaf Extracts on Cat Blood Pressure","authors":"C. Nosiri, I. Hussaini, I. Abdu-Aguye, E. Abdurahaman","doi":"10.5580/e17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/e17","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of ethanol extract of the leaves of Irvingia gabonensis was investigated on blood pressure of normotensive adult cats. They were anaesthesized with pentobarbitone 40mg/kg intraperitoneally (i.p). The carotid artery was cannulated for blood pressure measurement. All drugs were dissolved in normal saline. Administration of these drugs was through the cannula in the femoral vein. On the anaesthetized cat, the ethanol extract (2.5 -5.0 mg/kg, iv) lowered the Mean Arterial Blood Pressure (MABP). This effect of ethanol extract was compared with Propanalol a nonselective β blocker antagonist, Adrenaline and Acetylcholine (Ach). The depressor effects of ethanol extract and Ach on cat blood pressure were dose dependent. These were blocked by pre-treatment of the animal with atropine (2.5 and 5µg/kg, iv). Propanalol did not reduce the depressor effect of extract. These results indicate that the ethanol extract of Irvingia gabonensis stimulated a dose-dependent fall in cat blood pressure possibly via the muscarinic receptors.","PeriodicalId":22523,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Pharmacology","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76766801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Carica papaya Linn (Family Caricaceae) has been used for summer heat syndrome as home remedy in Japan and China, and it has recently been used to treat Paracetamol and Thioacetamide Induced Hepatic Damage in Rats in India. So we investigate the pharmacological effect of Carica papaya extracts (CPE).We examined the effect of CPE on rat models of paracetamol (PCM) and thioacetamide (TAA) induced hepatic damage. Wistar strain albino rats were prophylactically treated with three dose of CPE (100, 250 and 500mg/kg, p.o) for 10 days and subsequently liver damage was induced. Hepatoprotective potential was evaluated by measuring biomarkers and this is mainly due to the presence of vitamin C.
{"title":"Influence of Carica Papaya Linn Extracts on Paracetamol and Thioacetamide Induced Hepatic Damage in Rats","authors":"Srinivas Kantham","doi":"10.5580/2158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/2158","url":null,"abstract":"The Carica papaya Linn (Family Caricaceae) has been used for summer heat syndrome as home remedy in Japan and China, and it has recently been used to treat Paracetamol and Thioacetamide Induced Hepatic Damage in Rats in India. So we investigate the pharmacological effect of Carica papaya extracts (CPE).We examined the effect of CPE on rat models of paracetamol (PCM) and thioacetamide (TAA) induced hepatic damage. Wistar strain albino rats were prophylactically treated with three dose of CPE (100, 250 and 500mg/kg, p.o) for 10 days and subsequently liver damage was induced. Hepatoprotective potential was evaluated by measuring biomarkers and this is mainly due to the presence of vitamin C.","PeriodicalId":22523,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Pharmacology","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76045576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Gupta, S. Pramanik, O. P. Tiwari, N. Thacker, M. Pande, N. Upmanyu
To study the immunomodulatory property of the leaves of Gymnema sylvestre R.Br. (Asclepiadaceae). In our present study, the aqueous extract of Gymnema sylvestre leaves was investigated for immunomodulatory activity by assessing Neutrophil locomotion and chemotaxis test, phagocytosis of killed Candida albicans and Nitroblue terazolium tests. The extract was given at does of 10 μg/ml, 25μg/ml, 50μg/ml, 100μg/ml and 1000μg/ml. Results of in-vitro immunomodulatory activity lead to the conclusion that the aqueous extract of Gymnema sylvestre showed predominantly significant activity on in-vitro human neutrophils in all parameters, which is compared to the standard.
{"title":"Immunomodulatory Activity of Gymnema sylvestre Leaves","authors":"S. Gupta, S. Pramanik, O. P. Tiwari, N. Thacker, M. Pande, N. Upmanyu","doi":"10.5580/14ed","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/14ed","url":null,"abstract":"To study the immunomodulatory property of the leaves of Gymnema sylvestre R.Br. (Asclepiadaceae). In our present study, the aqueous extract of Gymnema sylvestre leaves was investigated for immunomodulatory activity by assessing Neutrophil locomotion and chemotaxis test, phagocytosis of killed Candida albicans and Nitroblue terazolium tests. The extract was given at does of 10 μg/ml, 25μg/ml, 50μg/ml, 100μg/ml and 1000μg/ml. Results of in-vitro immunomodulatory activity lead to the conclusion that the aqueous extract of Gymnema sylvestre showed predominantly significant activity on in-vitro human neutrophils in all parameters, which is compared to the standard.","PeriodicalId":22523,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Pharmacology","volume":"84 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76855850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sharminder Kaur, V. Kapoor, R. Mahajan, M. Lal, Seema A. Gupta
Objective: There is paucity of data regarding adverse drug reaction (ADR) monitoring in India as whole; particularly so in cardiology department. Most of the patients in cardiology department have co-morbidity and are on polypharmacy. So ADRs are very common. Present study was commenced to monitor the pattern of ADRs and the risk factors involved in cardiac patients.Materials and Methods: A prospective, observational study was conducted over one year. ADR profile was noted by spontaneous reporting and intensive monitoring.Results: A total of 208 ADRs were reported from 188 patients (19.5%). Overall ADRs were more common in females than in males (27.9% vs 15.8%). Incidence also increases with age. Nitrates were the most common offender drug group (17.8%).Conclusion: Development of ADR in one out of every five cardiac patients points toward the gravity of the situation. Female gender and age above 65 years are independent risk factors for development of ADRs.
{"title":"Patterns of ADRs and Risk Factors Involved: Study In Cardiology Unit Of An Indian Tertiary Care Center","authors":"Sharminder Kaur, V. Kapoor, R. Mahajan, M. Lal, Seema A. Gupta","doi":"10.5580/2196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/2196","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: There is paucity of data regarding adverse drug reaction (ADR) monitoring in India as whole; particularly so in cardiology department. Most of the patients in cardiology department have co-morbidity and are on polypharmacy. So ADRs are very common. Present study was commenced to monitor the pattern of ADRs and the risk factors involved in cardiac patients.Materials and Methods: A prospective, observational study was conducted over one year. ADR profile was noted by spontaneous reporting and intensive monitoring.Results: A total of 208 ADRs were reported from 188 patients (19.5%). Overall ADRs were more common in females than in males (27.9% vs 15.8%). Incidence also increases with age. Nitrates were the most common offender drug group (17.8%).Conclusion: Development of ADR in one out of every five cardiac patients points toward the gravity of the situation. Female gender and age above 65 years are independent risk factors for development of ADRs.","PeriodicalId":22523,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Pharmacology","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81187068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Perumal, Rajesh, Sekar, S. Gandhimathi, R. Sampathkumar, S. Jayaseelan, P. Pal, P. Sandeep
{"title":"Antitumor And Antioxidant Activity Of Artemisia Nilagirica (Clarke) Against Ehrlich’s Ascites Carcinoma In Swiss Albino Mice.","authors":"P. Perumal, Rajesh, Sekar, S. Gandhimathi, R. Sampathkumar, S. Jayaseelan, P. Pal, P. Sandeep","doi":"10.5580/24a7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5580/24a7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":22523,"journal":{"name":"The Internet Journal of Pharmacology","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79347340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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