Now we know that the constant Moon removal of 3.82+-0.07 “(Nasa information)” cm, per year, from the Earth has a measurement error due to the variation of time to the expansion of the Universe. We already know that time varies in the inverse proportion of the square root of Universal Density of Potential Energy in time “Ref. [1]”, and we also know that the gravitational radius increases because G increases and this increases in the reverse proportion of density of potential energy in time. With this information we will be able to calculate the true value of the removal of the Moon from Earth and thus calculate how many years it took for the Moon to be at a distance that is now.
{"title":"The Real Removal of the Moon from the Earth. The Age of the Universe","authors":"J. L. Fernandes","doi":"10.12691/IJP-8-3-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/IJP-8-3-5","url":null,"abstract":"Now we know that the constant Moon removal of 3.82+-0.07 “(Nasa information)” cm, per year, from the Earth has a measurement error due to the variation of time to the expansion of the Universe. We already know that time varies in the inverse proportion of the square root of Universal Density of Potential Energy in time “Ref. [1]”, and we also know that the gravitational radius increases because G increases and this increases in the reverse proportion of density of potential energy in time. With this information we will be able to calculate the true value of the removal of the Moon from Earth and thus calculate how many years it took for the Moon to be at a distance that is now.","PeriodicalId":22540,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84980500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Amperes circuital law is a very important formula in classical electromagnetics. However, the corresponding detailed theoretical derivation is rarely seen in relevant textbooks. In this paper, based on the magnetic field produced by a moving charge, we taken the divergence theorem and rotation of the magnetic field, respectively, and given a series of mathematical transformations. At last, we derived Ampere's circuital law of the magnetic field, which is very helpful to understand the physical source of the law.
{"title":"Theoretical Derivation of Ampere's Circuital Law","authors":"Yiran Luo, Shimeng Feng","doi":"10.12691/ijp-8-3-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/ijp-8-3-3","url":null,"abstract":"Amperes circuital law is a very important formula in classical electromagnetics. However, the corresponding detailed theoretical derivation is rarely seen in relevant textbooks. In this paper, based on the magnetic field produced by a moving charge, we taken the divergence theorem and rotation of the magnetic field, respectively, and given a series of mathematical transformations. At last, we derived Ampere's circuital law of the magnetic field, which is very helpful to understand the physical source of the law.","PeriodicalId":22540,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82740337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A gauge theory of gravity with an internal symmetry U(1), denoted as Gravito-dynamics, is established, which is dual to the Electrodynamics and complies with Special Relativity. The Gravito-dynamics is quantized and renormalized, denoted as QGD. The Gravito-dynamics is unified with Electrodynamics at classical level, and QGD is unified with QED at quantum level, denoted as Electro-gravity interaction. Following the line of generalizing the U(1) Electrodynamics to Yang-Mills theory, we generalize the U(1) gravity to SU(2) gravity that indicates short-range gravity. Two thought-experiments are proposed to test the underlying physics of the U(1) gravity and to detect the particle nature of gravitational wave that leads to wave-particle duality of gravitational radiation.
{"title":"Gravity: WEP, Gauge Theory, Quantization, Unification","authors":"Hui Peng","doi":"10.12691/ijp-8-3-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/ijp-8-3-2","url":null,"abstract":"A gauge theory of gravity with an internal symmetry U(1), denoted as Gravito-dynamics, is established, which is dual to the Electrodynamics and complies with Special Relativity. The Gravito-dynamics is quantized and renormalized, denoted as QGD. The Gravito-dynamics is unified with Electrodynamics at classical level, and QGD is unified with QED at quantum level, denoted as Electro-gravity interaction. Following the line of generalizing the U(1) Electrodynamics to Yang-Mills theory, we generalize the U(1) gravity to SU(2) gravity that indicates short-range gravity. Two thought-experiments are proposed to test the underlying physics of the U(1) gravity and to detect the particle nature of gravitational wave that leads to wave-particle duality of gravitational radiation.","PeriodicalId":22540,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76897511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
How can it be that uranium, thorium etc. are key in star dynamism with nuclear fission, when these atoms are barely visible in spectrometry data ? The answer of wavelength deformations of the uranium, thorium… gamma rays in the plasma, making data undecipherable directly, is drawn from previous works of the author. The paper also explains why, however, 235U appears in “excess” in meteors by developing simple comments on the fission cross-sections and building as well on earlier works of the author and on super-symmetry theory. In both cases, the concept of squeezed states and the associated anti-squeezed states, in application of Heisenberg’s uncertainty relation, happen to be extremely helpful to the demonstration. This eventually helps explaining the dynamism of the collapse before explosion in standard supernovas. More elements on super-symmetry are discussed in conclusion together with a return on the Chapter 1 of From an Einstein Syndrome to the People, where the use of the fine structure constant is justified, self-repressed behaviour (with as key the fear of anal penetration, in men) is anti-squeezed.
{"title":"Fissile vs. Fertile Atoms Renamed Squeezed State vs. Anti-squeezed States, Why Uranium, Thorium Etc are Invisible in Star Spectrometry Data, and a Return on Human Behaviour, Cultural Insecurity Defined as Anti-squeezed Behaviour, Linked to Brain Trauma","authors":"F. Pirot","doi":"10.12691/ijp-8-3-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/ijp-8-3-4","url":null,"abstract":"How can it be that uranium, thorium etc. are key in star dynamism with nuclear fission, when these atoms are barely visible in spectrometry data ? The answer of wavelength deformations of the uranium, thorium… gamma rays in the plasma, making data undecipherable directly, is drawn from previous works of the author. The paper also explains why, however, 235U appears in “excess” in meteors by developing simple comments on the fission cross-sections and building as well on earlier works of the author and on super-symmetry theory. In both cases, the concept of squeezed states and the associated anti-squeezed states, in application of Heisenberg’s uncertainty relation, happen to be extremely helpful to the demonstration. This eventually helps explaining the dynamism of the collapse before explosion in standard supernovas. More elements on super-symmetry are discussed in conclusion together with a return on the Chapter 1 of From an Einstein Syndrome to the People, where the use of the fine structure constant is justified, self-repressed behaviour (with as key the fear of anal penetration, in men) is anti-squeezed.","PeriodicalId":22540,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82463022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We have computed interchange energy by estimating the best fit experimental and theoretical values at 800K using Flory’s model. Taking these values at 800K, interchange energy at different temperatures are calculated using optimization method and with the help of which free energy of mixing, heat of mixing and entropy of mixing are obtained. The partial excess free energy is calculated with the help of values of free energy of mixing which is used to find surface tension. Butler’s equation and Layered structure approach have been used to calculate surface tension of Zn-Cd alloy. Viscosity is obtained from Singh and Sommer’s formulation, Moelwyn-Hughes equation, and Kaptay equation.
{"title":"Temperature Dependence of Viscosity and Surface Tension in Zn-Cd Liquid Alloy Using Optimization Method","authors":"H. K. Limbu, G. Adhikari","doi":"10.12691/ijp-8-3-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/ijp-8-3-1","url":null,"abstract":"We have computed interchange energy by estimating the best fit experimental and theoretical values at 800K using Flory’s model. Taking these values at 800K, interchange energy at different temperatures are calculated using optimization method and with the help of which free energy of mixing, heat of mixing and entropy of mixing are obtained. The partial excess free energy is calculated with the help of values of free energy of mixing which is used to find surface tension. Butler’s equation and Layered structure approach have been used to calculate surface tension of Zn-Cd alloy. Viscosity is obtained from Singh and Sommer’s formulation, Moelwyn-Hughes equation, and Kaptay equation.","PeriodicalId":22540,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73697295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Applied magnetism has a wide range of applications in technology and industry. A significant magnetic force can be applied between two parts without any contact using coils and creating a magnetic field in the environment. It is also possible to strengthen the created magnetic force by placing different cores in the coil. The purpose of this research was to calculate the force between the coil and the coaxial magnet. In this system, a core with high permeability was considered for the coil. On the other hand, the distance between the coil and the magnet is such that when the coil is off, the effect between the coil and the magnet can be considered zero. The magnetic field produced by the magnet was also determined. Lorentz’s force and potential theory was used to calculate the magnetic field and force. Note that the magnetic force between the coil and the magnet was only in the direction of the coil axis.
{"title":"Magnetic Force Calculation between Magnets and Coils","authors":"A. Jebelli, A. Mahabadi, M. Yagoub, H. Chaoui","doi":"10.12691/ijp-8-2-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/ijp-8-2-5","url":null,"abstract":"Applied magnetism has a wide range of applications in technology and industry. A significant magnetic force can be applied between two parts without any contact using coils and creating a magnetic field in the environment. It is also possible to strengthen the created magnetic force by placing different cores in the coil. The purpose of this research was to calculate the force between the coil and the coaxial magnet. In this system, a core with high permeability was considered for the coil. On the other hand, the distance between the coil and the magnet is such that when the coil is off, the effect between the coil and the magnet can be considered zero. The magnetic field produced by the magnet was also determined. Lorentz’s force and potential theory was used to calculate the magnetic field and force. Note that the magnetic force between the coil and the magnet was only in the direction of the coil axis.","PeriodicalId":22540,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75106788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Big Bang, dark energy and dark matter are the main ingredients of the governing paradigm of astrophysics today. The scenario, however, faces several substantial question marks, such as the cause of the Big Bang singularity, the sudden inflationary expansion and the consistence of dark matter. There are also divergent theories about the origin of dark energy. A new theory, CBU standing for the Continuously Breeding Universe, has been developed in order to find solutions based on known principles of physics. The theory incorporates important ideas from the past. The universe is considered as a complex emerging system, which starts from the single fluctuation of a positron-electron pair. Expansion is driven by the appearance of new pairs, which “stay alive” due to a Planck time far larger than the period between fluctuations. It is shown that the gravitational potential energy is the negative counterpart that balances the increase of energy due to new matter. The gravitational parameter G (Newton’s gravitational constant) is inversely proportional to the Einsteinian curvature radius r. As a result the Planck length and Planck time tP are dependent of the curvature and hence by the size of the universe. Here we show that the solution to the Schrodinger equation of an initial positron-electron fluctuation includes an exponential function parameter equal to the Planck length as determined by definition. This gives a strong argument in favour of the CBU theory. Further, the existence of a wave function of the initial event provides a link between quantum mechanics and the theory of general relativity. The universe is a macroscopic manifestation of the quantum world.
{"title":"The Universe as a Quantum Leap, the Schrödinger Equation Links Quantum Mechanics to General Relativity","authors":"J. Eriksson","doi":"10.12691/IJP-8-2-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/IJP-8-2-4","url":null,"abstract":"Big Bang, dark energy and dark matter are the main ingredients of the governing paradigm of astrophysics today. The scenario, however, faces several substantial question marks, such as the cause of the Big Bang singularity, the sudden inflationary expansion and the consistence of dark matter. There are also divergent theories about the origin of dark energy. A new theory, CBU standing for the Continuously Breeding Universe, has been developed in order to find solutions based on known principles of physics. The theory incorporates important ideas from the past. The universe is considered as a complex emerging system, which starts from the single fluctuation of a positron-electron pair. Expansion is driven by the appearance of new pairs, which “stay alive” due to a Planck time far larger than the period between fluctuations. It is shown that the gravitational potential energy is the negative counterpart that balances the increase of energy due to new matter. The gravitational parameter G (Newton’s gravitational constant) is inversely proportional to the Einsteinian curvature radius r. As a result the Planck length and Planck time tP are dependent of the curvature and hence by the size of the universe. Here we show that the solution to the Schrodinger equation of an initial positron-electron fluctuation includes an exponential function parameter equal to the Planck length as determined by definition. This gives a strong argument in favour of the CBU theory. Further, the existence of a wave function of the initial event provides a link between quantum mechanics and the theory of general relativity. The universe is a macroscopic manifestation of the quantum world.","PeriodicalId":22540,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79661964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The basic mathematical cliffs (scalar, vector, spinor) and the basic physical measures (mass-energy, wave-momentum, spin-information) are applied as logic foundations and linked as basic equations. While the local scalar-vector-spinor relations among mathematical cliffs and physical measures described electroweak and strong interactions, the global mathematical-physical equations interpreted gravity and repulsion, where a quantum scalar-vector-spinor (SVS) model approaches physical unification without dark sectors. Locally, Maxwell equations and Yang-Mills Fields are naturally included. Globally, Einstein-Friedmann equations characterize the total distribution of energy-momentum in space-time. A modified gravity explains ‘dark matter’ and a scalar energy with phase transitions produces ‘dark energy’. It is suggested to maintain three core principles as fundamental principles in physics, i.e. the action principle (Hamilton principle) which determines the dynamic mechanism of physical processes, the duality principle (Heisenberg principle) which produces quantum effects, and the equivalence principle (Einstein principle) which explains universal equilibrium. The verifications and developments are discussed, where three kinds of Higgs are expected, with predicting heavier Higgs around 17.58TeV and lighter Higgs around 233.7MeV, and the cosmological constant problem is naturally solved. While Newton and Einstein theories are included, the vortex-field theory balances mathematical structure and physical essence with combining micro-world and macro-universe as well.
{"title":"A Quantum Scalar-Vector-Spinor Model as Vortex-Field Theory for Approaching Physical Unification without Dark Sectors","authors":"F. Y. Ye","doi":"10.12691/IJP-8-2-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/IJP-8-2-3","url":null,"abstract":"The basic mathematical cliffs (scalar, vector, spinor) and the basic physical measures (mass-energy, wave-momentum, spin-information) are applied as logic foundations and linked as basic equations. While the local scalar-vector-spinor relations among mathematical cliffs and physical measures described electroweak and strong interactions, the global mathematical-physical equations interpreted gravity and repulsion, where a quantum scalar-vector-spinor (SVS) model approaches physical unification without dark sectors. Locally, Maxwell equations and Yang-Mills Fields are naturally included. Globally, Einstein-Friedmann equations characterize the total distribution of energy-momentum in space-time. A modified gravity explains ‘dark matter’ and a scalar energy with phase transitions produces ‘dark energy’. It is suggested to maintain three core principles as fundamental principles in physics, i.e. the action principle (Hamilton principle) which determines the dynamic mechanism of physical processes, the duality principle (Heisenberg principle) which produces quantum effects, and the equivalence principle (Einstein principle) which explains universal equilibrium. The verifications and developments are discussed, where three kinds of Higgs are expected, with predicting heavier Higgs around 17.58TeV and lighter Higgs around 233.7MeV, and the cosmological constant problem is naturally solved. While Newton and Einstein theories are included, the vortex-field theory balances mathematical structure and physical essence with combining micro-world and macro-universe as well.","PeriodicalId":22540,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74184730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this work, structural and electronic properties of zigzag single-walled boron nitride nanotube (BNNT) are considered through density functional theory. In order to reduce the large band gap of BNNT, the effects of 2-5 Au atoms are reported as impurities in two different patterns. We selected two dispersions for Au atoms: one for the random dispersion and the other for the chain dispersion. Our results show that the chain modes have lower formation energy and their band gap is smaller, as well. We could tune the large band gap of BNNT from 5.96 eV to 0.41 eV in chain mode. In the random mode, the band gap could reach a minimum level of 1.01 eV.
{"title":"Interaction of Au and Boron Nitride Nanotube: A DFT Study","authors":"Ahad Khan Pyawarai","doi":"10.12691/IJP-8-2-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/IJP-8-2-2","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, structural and electronic properties of zigzag single-walled boron nitride nanotube (BNNT) are considered through density functional theory. In order to reduce the large band gap of BNNT, the effects of 2-5 Au atoms are reported as impurities in two different patterns. We selected two dispersions for Au atoms: one for the random dispersion and the other for the chain dispersion. Our results show that the chain modes have lower formation energy and their band gap is smaller, as well. We could tune the large band gap of BNNT from 5.96 eV to 0.41 eV in chain mode. In the random mode, the band gap could reach a minimum level of 1.01 eV.","PeriodicalId":22540,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76024903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Young’s double-slit experiment had been performed over 200 years ago. Two- dimension cross-double-slit has been proposed recently. We report observations of two-dimension-cross-interference patterns created by two-dimension cross-double-slit apparatuses.
{"title":"Observations of Cross-Double-Slit Experiments","authors":"Hui Peng","doi":"10.12691/IJP-8-2-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/IJP-8-2-1","url":null,"abstract":"Young’s double-slit experiment had been performed over 200 years ago. Two- dimension cross-double-slit has been proposed recently. We report observations of two-dimension-cross-interference patterns created by two-dimension cross-double-slit apparatuses.","PeriodicalId":22540,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78736224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：