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Spray behaviour of hydro-treated ester fatty acids fuel made from used cooking oil at low injection pressures 用废食用油加氢处理酯脂肪酸燃料在低喷射压力下的喷射行为
Pub Date : 2023-09-05 DOI: 10.1017/aer.2023.80
Q. Azam, S.Z. Sulaiman, N. Abd Razak, N.M. Mazlan
The spray characteristics significantly affected the combustion performance. The injection pressure and fuel properties are factors that affect the spray cone angle, penetration, and droplet distribution. Although substantial research has been conducted on spray attributes, understanding the complex biofuel spray dynamics in real nozzles and injectors is crucial. This study examines hydro-processed esters and fatty acid (HEFA) spray characteristics of used cooking oil and palm oil biodiesel in a constant-volume chamber. The study was performed by varying the injection pressures ranging from 30 to 120psi for pure fuels and Jet A-1 blends. Experiments were conducted at standard sea-level atmospheric pressure and an ambient temperature of ±297K using an airblast fuel injector. The initial fuel temperature was set at ±302K. Jet A-1 was used as the baseline fuel for the comparative analysis. Particle image velocimetry (PIV) was employed to visualise the microscopic and macroscopic characteristics of the fuel spray. The results revealed a progressive increase in the penetration length corresponding to an increase in the injection pressure. Lower pressures yielded non-uniform particle distributions across the spray area, whereas cone angle augmentation stabilised at elevated pressures. A blend of 60% Jet A-1 and 40% HEFA closely matched Jet A-1 characteristics, indicating alternative aviation fuel potential. These real-time insights into spray behaviour are critical for enhancing the fuel efficiency and mitigating the generation of particulate emissions resulting from spray combustion.
喷淋特性对燃烧性能有显著影响。喷射压力和燃油性能是影响喷射锥角、穿透和液滴分布的主要因素。尽管已经对喷雾特性进行了大量研究,但了解实际喷嘴和喷射器中复杂的生物燃料喷雾动力学至关重要。本研究在定容室中检测了用过的食用油和棕榈油生物柴油的氢加工酯和脂肪酸(HEFA)喷雾特性。该研究通过改变纯燃料和Jet A-1混合物的喷射压力,从30到120psi进行。实验在标准海平面大气压和±297K的环境温度下使用空气喷射燃料喷射器进行。初始燃料温度设定为±302K。喷气机A-1被用作比较分析的基准燃料。采用粒子图像测速技术(PIV)对燃油喷射过程的微观和宏观特征进行了可视化。结果表明,随着注射压力的增加,侵彻长度逐渐增加。较低的压力导致整个喷雾区域的颗粒分布不均匀,而锥角增大在高压下稳定。60%的Jet A-1和40%的HEFA的混合物非常符合Jet A-1的特性,表明替代航空燃料的潜力。这些对喷雾行为的实时洞察对于提高燃油效率和减少喷雾燃烧产生的颗粒排放至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
Visualising flight regimes using self-organising maps 使用自组织地图可视化飞行制度
Pub Date : 2023-09-04 DOI: 10.1017/aer.2023.71
O. Bektas
The purpose of this paper is to group the flight data phases based on the sensor readings that are most distinctive and to create a representation of the higher-dimensional input space as a two-dimensional cluster map. The research design includes a self-organising map framework that provides spatially organised representations of flight signal features and abstractions. Flight data are mapped on a topology-preserving organisation that describes the similarity of their content. The findings reveal that there is a significant correlation between monitored flight data signals and given flight data phases. In addition, the clusters of flight regimes can be determined and observed on the maps. This suggests that further flight data processing schemes can use the same data marking and mapping themes regarding flight phases when working on a regime basis. The contribution of the research is the grouping of real data flows produced by in-flight sensors for aircraft monitoring purposes, thus visualising the evolution of the signal monitored on a real aircraft.
本文的目的是根据最具特色的传感器读数对飞行数据阶段进行分组,并将高维输入空间表示为二维聚类图。研究设计包括一个自组织地图框架,提供飞行信号特征和抽象的空间组织表示。飞行数据被映射到一个保持拓扑结构的组织中,该组织描述了它们内容的相似性。研究结果表明,在监测的飞行数据信号和给定的飞行数据阶段之间存在显著的相关性。此外,还可以在地图上确定和观察飞行状态的群集。这表明,进一步的飞行数据处理方案可以使用相同的数据标记和映射主题关于飞行阶段时,在一个制度的基础上工作。该研究的贡献在于将用于飞机监测的飞行传感器产生的真实数据流分组,从而使在真实飞机上监测的信号的演变可视化。
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引用次数: 0
A folding wing system for guided ammunitions: mechanism design, manufacturing and real-time results with LQR, LQI, SMC and SOSMC 制导弹药折叠翼系统:LQR、LQI、SMC和SOSMC的机构设计、制造和实时结果分析
Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1017/aer.2023.77
A. Sayıl, F. Erden, A. Tüzün, B. Baykara, M. Aydemir
In the present work, a folding wing system (FWS) was developed for guided ammunitions, so that the swept-back angle could be adjusted during both gliding and diving phases. Unlike previous designs, the FWS does not have any fixing mechanisms or brake elements, and it provides folding functionality to reduce the drag force during the terminal phase. We conducted mechanism design, manufactured the FWS, performed system identification and designed various controllers including linear quadratic regulator (LQR), linear quadratic integrator (LQI), sliding mode control (SMC) and second-order sliding mode control (SOSMC) to adjust and hold the desired swept-back angles. Then, the performance of the FWS was tested experimentally under two different flight scenarios, with and without aerodynamic loads. While all controllers operated with almost zero steady-state error (SSE) in the absence of aerodynamic loads, the SOSMC was the most effective controller under aerodynamic loads, considering SSE, delay, chattering, and energy consumption.
本文研究了一种可折叠机翼系统(FWS),使制导弹药在滑翔和俯冲两阶段均可调整后掠角。与之前的设计不同,FWS没有任何固定机构或制动元件,它提供折叠功能,以减少终端阶段的阻力。我们进行了机构设计,制造了FWS,进行了系统辨识,并设计了各种控制器,包括线性二次调节器(LQR),线性二次积分器(LQI),滑模控制(SMC)和二阶滑模控制(SOSMC),以调整和保持所需的后掠角。然后,在有气动载荷和无气动载荷两种不同的飞行场景下,对FWS的性能进行了实验测试。在没有气动载荷的情况下,所有控制器的稳态误差(SSE)几乎为零,而考虑到SSE、延迟、抖振和能耗,SOSMC是气动载荷下最有效的控制器。
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引用次数: 0
Spacecraft attitude control based on generalised dynamic inversion with adaptive neural network 基于自适应神经网络广义动态反演的航天器姿态控制
Pub Date : 2023-08-31 DOI: 10.1017/aer.2023.78
S. M. N. Jafri, M. Aslam
This paper proposes a robust generalised dynamic inversion (GDI) control system design with adaptive neural network (NN) estimation for spacecraft attitude tracking under the absence of knowledge of the spacecraft inertia parameters. The robust GDI control system works to enforce attitude tracking, and the adaptive NN augmentation compensates for the lack of knowledge of the spacecraft inertia parameters. The baseline GDI control law consists of a particular part and an auxiliary part. The particular part of the GDI control law works to realise a desired attitude dynamics of the spacecraft, and the auxiliary part works for finite-time stabilisation of the spacecraft angular velocity. Robustness against modeling uncertainties and external disturbances is provided by augmenting a siding mode control element within the particular part of the GDI control law. The singularity that accompanies GDI control is avoided by modifying the Moore-Penrose generalised inverse by means of a dynamic scaling factor. The NN weighting matrices are updated adaptively through a control Lyapunov function. A detailed stability analysis shows that the closed loop system is semi-global practically stable. For performance assessment, a spacecraft model is developed, and GDI-NN control is investigated for its attitude control problem through numerical simulations. Simulation results reveal the efficacy, robustness and adaptive attributes of proposed GDI-NN control for its application to spacecraft attitude control.
针对航天器姿态跟踪问题,提出了一种基于自适应神经网络估计的航天器姿态跟踪鲁棒广义动态逆控制系统设计。鲁棒GDI控制系统用于加强姿态跟踪,自适应神经网络增强补偿了航天器惯性参数知识的不足。基线GDI控制律由一个特定部分和一个辅助部分组成。GDI控制律的特定部分用于实现航天器期望的姿态动力学,辅助部分用于实现航天器角速度的有限时间稳定。通过在GDI控制律的特定部分内增加侧边模控制元素,提供了对建模不确定性和外部干扰的鲁棒性。通过动态标度因子修正摩尔-彭罗斯广义逆,避免了GDI控制的奇异性。神经网络加权矩阵通过控制李雅普诺夫函数自适应更新。详细的稳定性分析表明,闭环系统是半全局实际稳定的。为了进行性能评估,建立了航天器模型,并通过数值仿真研究了GDI-NN控制对其姿态控制问题的影响。仿真结果表明,所提出的GDI-NN控制具有良好的有效性、鲁棒性和自适应特性,可用于航天器姿态控制。
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引用次数: 0
Re-entry vehicle performance analysis under the control of lateral jet 侧向射流控制下的再入飞行器性能分析
Pub Date : 2023-08-31 DOI: 10.1017/aer.2023.74
S. P. Sanaka, R.K. Sharma, G. V. Ramana Murty, K. Durga Rao
Lateral jets are used to control the missiles and re-entry vehicles at high altitudes. The objective of the research paper is to investigate the effect of lateral jet interaction with the external flow on a blunted nose cone re-entry vehicle configuration and its flight speed. Structured mesh is used for the simulations, and the computational analysis is carried out by Ansys Fluent solver. The simulation results are validated, and the same methodology used for the parametric analysis. Simulations have been carried out at an external flow Mach number 6, 8.1, 12 and 16 at five degree angle-of-attack for jet-off and jet-on conditions. At 8.1 Mach number, the normal force coefficient is decreased by 45.6% due to jet interaction. The lateral jet interaction effectively reduces the nose down pitching moment. At 8.1 Mach number, the pitching moment coefficient was reduced by 48% with the jet-on condition compared to the jet-off condition.
侧向喷气机用于控制导弹和高空再入飞行器。本文的目的是研究侧向射流与外部气流的相互作用对钝头锥再入飞行器结构及其飞行速度的影响。采用结构化网格进行仿真,采用Ansys Fluent求解器进行计算分析。对仿真结果进行了验证,并采用相同的方法进行了参数分析。在5度攻角条件下,分别进行了6、8.1、12和16马赫数的外流仿真。在8.1马赫数时,由于射流的相互作用,法向力系数降低了45.6%。侧向射流的相互作用有效地减小了机头向下的俯仰力矩。在8.1马赫数时,启动状态下的俯仰力矩系数比关闭状态降低了48%。
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引用次数: 0
Virtual Gas Turbines: A novel flow network solver formulation for the automated design-analysis of secondary air system 虚拟燃气轮机:一种用于二次风系统自动化设计分析的新型流网络求解公式
Pub Date : 2023-08-29 DOI: 10.1017/aer.2023.70
D. Kulkarni, L. di Mare
The complex and iterative workflow for designing the secondary air system (SAS) of a gas turbine engine still largely depends on human expertise and hence requires long lead times and incurs high design time-cost. This paper proposes an automated methodology to generate the whole-engine SAS flow network model from the engine geometry model and presents a convenient and inter-operable framework of the secondary air system modeller. The SAS modeller transforms the SAS cavities and flow paths into a 1D flow network model composed of nodes and links. The novel, object-oriented pre-processor embedded in the SAS modeller automatically assembles the conservation equations for all flow nodes and the loss correlations for all links. The twin-level, hierarchical SAS solver then solves the conservation equations of mass, momentum and energy supplemented with the correlations in the loss model library. The modelling swiftness, mathematical robustness and numerical stability of the present methodology are demonstrated through the results obtained from IP compressor rotor drum flow network model.
燃气涡轮发动机二次空气系统(SAS)的设计工作流程复杂且反复迭代,在很大程度上仍然依赖于人工专业知识,因此需要较长的交付周期和较高的设计时间成本。本文提出了一种从发动机几何模型自动生成全发动机SAS流网络模型的方法,并提出了一种方便、可互操作的二次风系统建模框架。SAS建模器将SAS空腔和流道转换成由节点和链路组成的一维流网络模型。新型的、面向对象的预处理器嵌入在SAS建模器中,自动组装所有流节点的守恒方程和所有链接的损失相关性。然后用双能级分层SAS求解器求解质量、动量和能量守恒方程,并辅以损失模型库中的相关关系。通过对IP压缩机转子转鼓流动网络模型的仿真,验证了该方法的建模快速性、数学鲁棒性和数值稳定性。
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引用次数: 0
The aerodynamic force estimation of a swept-wing UAV using ANFIS based on metaheuristic algorithms 基于元启发式算法的后掠翼无人机气动力估计
Pub Date : 2023-08-23 DOI: 10.1017/aer.2023.73
M. Uzun, H. H. Bilgic, E. H. Çopur, S. Çoban
In this paper, a new approach to modeling and controlling the problems associated with a morphing unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is proposed. Within the scope of the study, a dataset was created by obtaining a wide range of aerodynamic parameters for the UAV with Ansys Fluent under variable conditions using the computational fluid dynamics approach. For this, a large dataset was created that considered 5 different angles of attack, 14 different swept angles, and 5 different velocities. While creating the dataset, the analyses were verified by considering studies that have been experimentally validated in the literature. Then, an artificial intelligence-based model was created using the dataset obtained. Metaheuristic algorithms such as the artificial bee colony algorithm, ant colony algorithm and genetic algorithms are used to increase the modeling success of the adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) approach. A novel modeling approach is proposed that constitutes a new decision support system for real-time flight. According to the results obtained, all the ANFIS models based on metaheuristic algorithms were more successful than the traditional approach, the multilinear regression model. The swept angle that meets the minimum lift needed by the UAV for different flight conditions was estimated with the help of the designed decision support system. Thus, the drag force is minimised while obtaining the required lift force. The performance of the UAV was compared with the nonmorphing configuration, and the results are presented in tables and graphs.
本文提出了一种新的变形无人机建模与控制方法。在研究范围内,利用计算流体动力学方法,利用Ansys Fluent软件获取可变条件下无人机的广泛气动参数,创建了一个数据集。为此,我们创建了一个大型数据集,考虑了5种不同的攻角、14种不同的掠角和5种不同的速度。在创建数据集时,通过考虑已在文献中得到实验验证的研究来验证分析。然后,利用获得的数据集建立基于人工智能的模型。采用人工蜂群算法、蚁群算法和遗传算法等元启发式算法来提高自适应神经模糊推理系统(ANFIS)方法的建模成功率。提出了一种新的建模方法,构成了一个新的实时飞行决策支持系统。结果表明,基于元启发式算法的ANFIS模型均优于传统的多元线性回归模型。利用所设计的决策支持系统,对不同飞行条件下满足无人机最小升力的掠角进行了估计。因此,阻力是最小的,同时获得所需的升力。将无人机的性能与非变形构型进行了比较,并以图表的形式给出了结果。
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引用次数: 0
Fretting wear behaviour in 6061-T6 aluminium alloy 6061-T6铝合金的微动磨损性能
Pub Date : 2023-08-22 DOI: 10.1017/aer.2023.42
V. Erturun, D. Odabas
In this study, fretting wear in riveted lap joints of aluminium alloy plates was investigated. For the fretting test, 6061-T6 aluminium alloy plates, which are widely used in aircraft construction, and blind rivets were used. Experiments were carried out using a computer controlled Instron testing machine. Fretting surface roughness, microhardness was investigated by metallographic techniques and scanning electron microscopy. Tensile load cycles in the riveted lap joint were found to cause damage to all surfaces. Two contact surfaces where friction occurs were investigated. The contact surface of the lower plate with the upper plate, and the contact surface of the lower plate with the rivet head. As load and cycles increased, fretting scars and surface roughness increased. Consequently, it has been determined that fretting damages occur between the contact surface of the plates and between the plate and the rivet contact surface.
对铝合金板铆接搭接接头的微动磨损进行了研究。微动试验采用飞机制造中广泛使用的6061-T6铝合金板和盲铆钉。实验采用计算机控制的Instron试验机进行。采用金相技术和扫描电镜对微动表面粗糙度、显微硬度进行了研究。发现铆接搭接接头中的拉伸载荷循环会对所有表面造成损伤。研究了发生摩擦的两个接触面。下板与上板的接触面,以及下板与铆钉头的接触面。随着载荷和循环次数的增加,微动伤痕和表面粗糙度增加。因此,确定了微动损伤发生在板的接触面之间以及板与铆钉接触面之间。
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引用次数: 0
Effects of blowing upon dynamic stability of blunt nosed re entry vehicles pitching in hypersonic flow 高超声速气流中吹气对钝鼻再入飞行器俯仰动稳定性的影响
Pub Date : 2023-08-22 DOI: 10.1017/aer.2023.72
M. Khalid, K. Juhany
Blowing is often used to alleviate the intense heating rates on blunt noses of hypersonic vehicles. This flow efflux at the leading edge transforms the flow field in the blunt-nose regions with implications on the dynamic stability of the vehicles. As a demonstrative exercise, the flow fields past blunt-nosed and truncated-nosed conical bodies under blowing and no-blowing conditions were perturbed to obtain the unsteady effects using the shock expansion method to recover the unsteady pressure coefficient. Static and pitching moment derivatives were then duly obtained by integrating the differential of the unsteady pressure coefficient with respect to the pitch angle (α) or the pitch rate ( $dot theta $ ) together with the moment arm with reference to the centre of gravity. The results obtained for blunt-nose and truncated conical bodies show a noticeable drop in dynamic stability. Even when the flow is transformed from a tangential blowing at the shoulder of the blunt-nosed vehicle shows some degradation in dynamic stability.
吹气通常用于缓解高超声速飞行器钝鼻上的强烈升温率。前缘的射流改变了钝鼻区的流场,影响了飞行器的动力稳定性。作为示范实验,采用激波膨胀法恢复非定常压力系数,对吹气和不吹气条件下经过钝鼻和截鼻锥体的流场进行扰动,得到非定常效果。然后,通过对非定常压力系数相对于俯仰角(α)或俯仰速率($dot theta $)的微分与力臂相对于重心的积分,得到静力矩和俯仰力矩的导数。钝鼻体和截锥形体的动态稳定性明显下降。即使当气流从钝鼻飞行器肩部的切向吹风转变时,其动态稳定性也会有所下降。
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引用次数: 0
Key deviation source diagnosis of complex thin-walled structures based on complex networks and weighted transfer entropy 基于复杂网络和加权传递熵的复杂薄壁结构关键偏差源诊断
Pub Date : 2023-08-14 DOI: 10.1017/aer.2023.63
Y.G. Zhu, Q. Shi, W.P. Jiang, B. Deng
There are many deviation sources in the assembly process of aircraft complex thin-walled structures. To get important factors that affect quality, it is crucial to diagnose the key deviation resources. The deviation transfer between deviation sources and assembly parts has the characteristics of small sample size, nonlinearity, and strong coupling, so it is difficult to diagnose the key deviation sources by constructing assembly dimension chains. Therefore, based on the deviation detection data, transfer entropy and complex network theory are introduced. Integrating the depth-first traversal algorithm with degree centrality theory, a key deviation diagnosis method for complex thin-walled structures is proposed based on weighted transfer entropy and complex networks. The application shows that key deviation sources that affect assembly quality can be accurately identified by the key deviation source diagnosis method based on complex networks and weighted transfer entropy.
飞机复杂薄壁结构在装配过程中存在多种偏差源。要找出影响质量的重要因素,关键偏差资源的诊断至关重要。由于偏差源与装配件之间的偏差传递具有小样本量、非线性和强耦合的特点,因此通过构建装配尺寸链来诊断关键偏差源比较困难。因此,在偏差检测数据的基础上,引入了传递熵和复杂网络理论。将深度优先遍历算法与度中心性理论相结合,提出了一种基于加权传递熵和复杂网络的复杂薄壁结构关键偏差诊断方法。应用表明,基于复杂网络和加权传递熵的关键偏差源诊断方法能够准确识别影响装配质量的关键偏差源。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
The Aeronautical Journal (1968)
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