Latar belakang: Demam pada anak menyebabkan orangtua membawa anaknya ke pelayanan kesehatan dan menjadi penyebab utama anak dirawat di rumah sakit. Warm water sponge adalah satu mekanisme menurunkan demam pada anak dimana keberhasilannya bisa mencapai 100 %, namun penggunaannya di Indonesia baru sebatas kompres dengan teknik tepid water sponge. Oleh karena itu tujuan dari study ini adalah untuk melihat efektifitas kompres menggunakan teknik warm water sponge pada anak dengan peningkatan suhu tubuh. Metode: Desain yang digunakan adalah quasi eksperimental pre-posttest with control group design. Responden berjumlah 36 pasien anak yang mengalami demam yang dipilih menggunakan teknik consecutive sampling, terdiri dari 18 pasien anak menerima perlakuan warm water sponge dan 18 pasien anak menerima perlakuan kompres sesuai standar rumah sakit. Analisis yang dilakukan adalah uji T Independent. Hasil: Intervensi warm water sponge efektif menurunkan suhu tubuh anak yang mengalami demam dengan hasil uji T Dependent diperoleh Pvalue =0,000 < α (0,05). Kesimpulan: Warm water sponge efektif menurunkan suhu tubuh pasien anak yang demam dan pasien anak lebih merasa nyaman dibandingkan dengan terapi penurunan panas yang biasa dilakukan di rumah sakit.
{"title":"Kompres dengan Teknik Warm Water Sponge pada Pasien Anak yang Mengalami Demam","authors":"Novita Agustina, Nani Nurhaeni, Dessie Wanda","doi":"10.32667/ijid.v7i2.119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32667/ijid.v7i2.119","url":null,"abstract":"Latar belakang: Demam pada anak menyebabkan orangtua membawa anaknya ke pelayanan kesehatan dan menjadi penyebab utama anak dirawat di rumah sakit. Warm water sponge adalah satu mekanisme menurunkan demam pada anak dimana keberhasilannya bisa mencapai 100 %, namun penggunaannya di Indonesia baru sebatas kompres dengan teknik tepid water sponge. Oleh karena itu tujuan dari study ini adalah untuk melihat efektifitas kompres menggunakan teknik warm water sponge pada anak dengan peningkatan suhu tubuh. Metode: Desain yang digunakan adalah quasi eksperimental pre-posttest with control group design. Responden berjumlah 36 pasien anak yang mengalami demam yang dipilih menggunakan teknik consecutive sampling, terdiri dari 18 pasien anak menerima perlakuan warm water sponge dan 18 pasien anak menerima perlakuan kompres sesuai standar rumah sakit. Analisis yang dilakukan adalah uji T Independent. Hasil: Intervensi warm water sponge efektif menurunkan suhu tubuh anak yang mengalami demam dengan hasil uji T Dependent diperoleh Pvalue =0,000 < α (0,05). Kesimpulan: Warm water sponge efektif menurunkan suhu tubuh pasien anak yang demam dan pasien anak lebih merasa nyaman dibandingkan dengan terapi penurunan panas yang biasa dilakukan di rumah sakit.","PeriodicalId":22572,"journal":{"name":"The Indonesian Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85514679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Epi Wulandani, Nina Mariana, T. Hartono, M. Sugianto, C. Wijaya, Williams Chandra, Nico Perdana Hardiansyah
Latar Belakang: Kejadian infeksi pada kasus bedah orthopedidapat mempengaruhi morbiditas dan mortalitas. Ketepatan penggunaan antibiotik baik profilaksis maupun empirik pada tindakan pembedahan sangat penting untuk mengurangi risiko resistensi bakteri dan Healthcare Associated Infections (HAIs) contohnya Infeksi Luka Operasi (ILO). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran penggunaan antibiotik sebagai profilaksis dan empirik pada pasien bedah orthopedi. Metode: Penelitian observational deskriptif dengan desain cross sectional terhadap data rekam medis pasien bedah orthopedi RSPI Prof.Dr. Sulianti Saroso periode Januari-Juli 2019 yang diambil dengan teknik total sampling dengan pendekatan retrospektif. Hasil: Diperoleh 52 rekam medis yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dengan 84 peresepan antibiotik. Pasien perempuan sebanyak 55,77% sedangkan laki-laki 44,23% ; jenis operasi bersih 71%, kotor 17% dan bersih-terkontaminasi 12%; pasien tanpa penyakit penyerta sebanyak 55,77%, satu penyakit penyerta 32,70% dan ≥ 2 penyakit penyerta 11,53%. Penggunaan antibiotik terapi empirik 72,62% dan profilaksis 27,38%. Antibiotik empirik dan profilaksis yang paling banyak digunakan adalah ampicillin sulbactam (42,65% dan 52,17%). Jenis kasus ortopedi terbanyak adalah kasus infeksi sebanyak 53 %. Kesimpulan: Penggunaan antibiotik empirik maupun profilksis bedah terbanyak pada pasien bedah orthopedi di RSPI Prof. Dr. Sulianti Saroso adalah ampicillin/sulbactam.
{"title":"Gambaran Penggunaan Antibiotik pada Pasien Bedah Orthopedi di Rumah Sakit Pusat Infeksi Prof. Dr. Sulianti Saroso Januari-Juli 2019","authors":"Epi Wulandani, Nina Mariana, T. Hartono, M. Sugianto, C. Wijaya, Williams Chandra, Nico Perdana Hardiansyah","doi":"10.32667/ijid.v7i1.118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32667/ijid.v7i1.118","url":null,"abstract":"Latar Belakang: Kejadian infeksi pada kasus bedah orthopedidapat mempengaruhi morbiditas dan mortalitas. Ketepatan penggunaan antibiotik baik profilaksis maupun empirik pada tindakan pembedahan sangat penting untuk mengurangi risiko resistensi bakteri dan Healthcare Associated Infections (HAIs) contohnya Infeksi Luka Operasi (ILO). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran penggunaan antibiotik sebagai profilaksis dan empirik pada pasien bedah orthopedi. Metode: Penelitian observational deskriptif dengan desain cross sectional terhadap data rekam medis pasien bedah orthopedi RSPI Prof.Dr. Sulianti Saroso periode Januari-Juli 2019 yang diambil dengan teknik total sampling dengan pendekatan retrospektif. Hasil: Diperoleh 52 rekam medis yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dengan 84 peresepan antibiotik. Pasien perempuan sebanyak 55,77% sedangkan laki-laki 44,23% ; jenis operasi bersih 71%, kotor 17% dan bersih-terkontaminasi 12%; pasien tanpa penyakit penyerta sebanyak 55,77%, satu penyakit penyerta 32,70% dan ≥ 2 penyakit penyerta 11,53%. Penggunaan antibiotik terapi empirik 72,62% dan profilaksis 27,38%. Antibiotik empirik dan profilaksis yang paling banyak digunakan adalah ampicillin sulbactam (42,65% dan 52,17%). Jenis kasus ortopedi terbanyak adalah kasus infeksi sebanyak 53 %. Kesimpulan: Penggunaan antibiotik empirik maupun profilksis bedah terbanyak pada pasien bedah orthopedi di RSPI Prof. Dr. Sulianti Saroso adalah ampicillin/sulbactam.","PeriodicalId":22572,"journal":{"name":"The Indonesian Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"84 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80381023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Nabiu, Adinta Anandani, Nico Perdana Hardiansyah
Latar Belakang: Osteomielitis merupakan suatu proses inflamasi yang terjadi pada tulang dan strukturnya, proses inflamasi yang terjadi digolongkan berdasarkan durasi waktu mulai dari akut, subakut sampai dengan kronis. Bakteri penyebab infeksi osteomielitis yang paling sering adalah Staphylococcus aureus. Berdasarkan penelitian yang dilakukan di RSUP Dr. Hasan Sadikin Bandung bahwa laki-laki memiliki risiko lebih tinggi mengalami osteomielitis dibandingkan dengan perempuan yaitu 4:1. Faktor risiko yang paling sering menyebabkan terjadinya osteomielitis adalah trauma dan diabetes melitus. Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui karakteristik pada pasien osteomielitis di RSPI. Prof. Dr. Sulianti Saroso sunter periode 2018 sampai 2019.Metode: Penelitian ini dengan desain deskriptif observasional dengan mengambil sampel rekam medik pada pasien pasien penderita osteomielitis periode 2018 sampai 2019.Hasil: Dari 22 kasus osteomyelitis, rentang usia terbanyak adalah 50-59 tahun (31,8%) dan jenis kelamin laki-laki 54,5%. Sebagian besar pasien menjalani perawatan lebih dari 7 hari (54,5%). Manifestasi klinis yang tampak adalah nyeri (100%), nyeri tekan (77.3%), ulkus (36.4%), gangguan mobilitas fisik (40.9%). Faktor risiko terbanyak adalah DM (54.5%) diikuiti oleh trauma (54.5%). Gambaran radiologis menunjukkan (59,1%) kesan osteomyelitis. Hasil laboratorium memperlihatkan lekositosis (40.9%), peningkatan LED (90.9%) dan peningkatan CRP (36.4%). Dari 22 kasus ostemielitis tersebut hanya 8 yang dilakukan pemeriksaan kultur dan terdapat pertumbuhan bakteri pada empat kasus yaitu (Staphylococcus aureus). Sebagian besar terapi empirik menggunakan metronidazole (20.6%). Terapi definitif sesuai hasil kultur. Semua kasus memperlihatkan prognosis yang baik. Rata-rata lama rawat di rumah sakit adalah >7 hari (54.5%).Kesimpulan: Osteomielitis terjadi pada rentang usia terbanyak 50-59 tahun dengan karakteristik klinis dominan nyeri dan peningkatan LED.
{"title":"Karakteristik Pasien Osteomielitis di Rumah Sakit Pusat Infeksi Prof Dr. Sulianti Saroso","authors":"M. Nabiu, Adinta Anandani, Nico Perdana Hardiansyah","doi":"10.32667/ijid.v7i1.115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32667/ijid.v7i1.115","url":null,"abstract":"Latar Belakang: Osteomielitis merupakan suatu proses inflamasi yang terjadi pada tulang dan strukturnya, proses inflamasi yang terjadi digolongkan berdasarkan durasi waktu mulai dari akut, subakut sampai dengan kronis. Bakteri penyebab infeksi osteomielitis yang paling sering adalah Staphylococcus aureus. Berdasarkan penelitian yang dilakukan di RSUP Dr. Hasan Sadikin Bandung bahwa laki-laki memiliki risiko lebih tinggi mengalami osteomielitis dibandingkan dengan perempuan yaitu 4:1. Faktor risiko yang paling sering menyebabkan terjadinya osteomielitis adalah trauma dan diabetes melitus. Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui karakteristik pada pasien osteomielitis di RSPI. Prof. Dr. Sulianti Saroso sunter periode 2018 sampai 2019.Metode: Penelitian ini dengan desain deskriptif observasional dengan mengambil sampel rekam medik pada pasien pasien penderita osteomielitis periode 2018 sampai 2019.Hasil: Dari 22 kasus osteomyelitis, rentang usia terbanyak adalah 50-59 tahun (31,8%) dan jenis kelamin laki-laki 54,5%. Sebagian besar pasien menjalani perawatan lebih dari 7 hari (54,5%). Manifestasi klinis yang tampak adalah nyeri (100%), nyeri tekan (77.3%), ulkus (36.4%), gangguan mobilitas fisik (40.9%). Faktor risiko terbanyak adalah DM (54.5%) diikuiti oleh trauma (54.5%). Gambaran radiologis menunjukkan (59,1%) kesan osteomyelitis. Hasil laboratorium memperlihatkan lekositosis (40.9%), peningkatan LED (90.9%) dan peningkatan CRP (36.4%). Dari 22 kasus ostemielitis tersebut hanya 8 yang dilakukan pemeriksaan kultur dan terdapat pertumbuhan bakteri pada empat kasus yaitu (Staphylococcus aureus). Sebagian besar terapi empirik menggunakan metronidazole (20.6%). Terapi definitif sesuai hasil kultur. Semua kasus memperlihatkan prognosis yang baik. Rata-rata lama rawat di rumah sakit adalah >7 hari (54.5%).Kesimpulan: Osteomielitis terjadi pada rentang usia terbanyak 50-59 tahun dengan karakteristik klinis dominan nyeri dan peningkatan LED.","PeriodicalId":22572,"journal":{"name":"The Indonesian Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"103 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80326969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Latar Belakang : Corona virus 2019 (COVID-19) merupakan salah satu jenis virus yang disebabkan oleh Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), telah muncul sebagai ancaman kesehatan global Indonesia menjadi salah satu negara yang terkena dampak dari pandemi COVID-19. Selama masa pandemi banyak orang menunjukkan respon yang terkait dengan stres atau kecemasan. Anak –anak dan remaja mengalami kecemasan, takut, merasa tertekan, merasa tidak tenang, dan khawatir sehingga dapat menyebabkan gangguan emosi. Adapun tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi geografi emosi tentang COVID-19 pada siswa SMPN VIII di Kota Cimahi. Metode : Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif kuantitatif. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan google form yang disebar secara online kepada siswa. Alat pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah mengacu kepada instrumen standar COVID Stress Scales (CSS) 2020 dengan 36 item pernyataan. Hasil : geografi emosi siswa paling tinggi berada pada domain Xenophobia dengan nilai rata-rata sebesar 3,394, selanjutnya adalah domain danger dengan nilai rata-rata 3,327. Untuk nilai rata rata yang paling rendah yaitu berada pada domain Compulsive Checking dengan nilai rata-rata 2,107. Selama pandemi nilai rata-rata geografi emosi tertinggi berada pada domain ketakutan (xenophobia). Kesimpulan : Xenophobia dalam ancaman penyebaran COVID-19 dapat meningkatkan ketakutan membawa penyakit sehingga mengarah pada penurunan kesejahteraan secara emosi. Pentingnya dapat meningkatkan kesejahteraan di masa pandemic COVID-19.
{"title":"Geografi Emosi Tentang COVID-19 pada Pelajar","authors":"Septian Andriyani, Upik Rahmi, Afianti Sulastri1, Dadang Darmawan","doi":"10.32667/ijid.v7i1.117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32667/ijid.v7i1.117","url":null,"abstract":"Latar Belakang : Corona virus 2019 (COVID-19) merupakan salah satu jenis virus yang disebabkan oleh Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), telah muncul sebagai ancaman kesehatan global Indonesia menjadi salah satu negara yang terkena dampak dari pandemi COVID-19. Selama masa pandemi banyak orang menunjukkan respon yang terkait dengan stres atau kecemasan. Anak –anak dan remaja mengalami kecemasan, takut, merasa tertekan, merasa tidak tenang, dan khawatir sehingga dapat menyebabkan gangguan emosi. Adapun tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi geografi emosi tentang COVID-19 pada siswa SMPN VIII di Kota Cimahi. Metode : Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif kuantitatif. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan google form yang disebar secara online kepada siswa. Alat pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah mengacu kepada instrumen standar COVID Stress Scales (CSS) 2020 dengan 36 item pernyataan. Hasil : geografi emosi siswa paling tinggi berada pada domain Xenophobia dengan nilai rata-rata sebesar 3,394, selanjutnya adalah domain danger dengan nilai rata-rata 3,327. Untuk nilai rata rata yang paling rendah yaitu berada pada domain Compulsive Checking dengan nilai rata-rata 2,107. Selama pandemi nilai rata-rata geografi emosi tertinggi berada pada domain ketakutan (xenophobia). Kesimpulan : Xenophobia dalam ancaman penyebaran COVID-19 dapat meningkatkan ketakutan membawa penyakit sehingga mengarah pada penurunan kesejahteraan secara emosi. Pentingnya dapat meningkatkan kesejahteraan di masa pandemic COVID-19.","PeriodicalId":22572,"journal":{"name":"The Indonesian Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89503808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Bavdekar, Ankita Shrivastava, Sonali K. Sanghavi, S. Juvekar, Bharat Choudhari, Tathagata Bhattacharjee, Sandeep Bhujbal, S. Dutta, S. Kanungo, Jayanta Saha, P. Chatterjee, Bireshwar Sinha, Nidhi Goyal, A. Arya, Chandra Mohan Kumar, A. Tupaki-Sreepurna, Ankita Dutta, A. Chakravarty, Mohammed Aslam, M. Srinivasan, K. Sindhu, W. Rose, Malathi Murugesan, S. Subramaniam, Swathi Vajja, A. S. David, Atrayee Nag, Madhu Gupta, A. Bansal, B. Bharti, V. Suri, V. Sagar, Nitasha Kallyan, Rajesh Kumar, K. Chaudhary, G. Bhardwaj, Gurinderjeet Singh, S. Pandit, V. Mahajan, V. Guglani, Goldy Chhabra, R. Koshy, V. Ismavel, Kenningpeule D. Haikube, P. Zachariah
{"title":"Surveillance for Enteric Fever in India (SEFI) Collaborators","authors":"A. Bavdekar, Ankita Shrivastava, Sonali K. Sanghavi, S. Juvekar, Bharat Choudhari, Tathagata Bhattacharjee, Sandeep Bhujbal, S. Dutta, S. Kanungo, Jayanta Saha, P. Chatterjee, Bireshwar Sinha, Nidhi Goyal, A. Arya, Chandra Mohan Kumar, A. Tupaki-Sreepurna, Ankita Dutta, A. Chakravarty, Mohammed Aslam, M. Srinivasan, K. Sindhu, W. Rose, Malathi Murugesan, S. Subramaniam, Swathi Vajja, A. S. David, Atrayee Nag, Madhu Gupta, A. Bansal, B. Bharti, V. Suri, V. Sagar, Nitasha Kallyan, Rajesh Kumar, K. Chaudhary, G. Bhardwaj, Gurinderjeet Singh, S. Pandit, V. Mahajan, V. Guglani, Goldy Chhabra, R. Koshy, V. Ismavel, Kenningpeule D. Haikube, P. Zachariah","doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiab527","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiab527","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":22572,"journal":{"name":"The Indonesian Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"433 1","pages":"S625 - S627"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77133100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Srinivasan, K. Sindhu, Atrayee Nag, Arun S. Karthikeyan, R. Ramasamy, Malathi Murugesan, Dilesh Kumar, S. Ganesan, W. Rose, G. Kang, J. John
Abstract Background Primary data on causes and costs of hospitalization are necessary for costing and cost-effectiveness analysis. Data on incidence and causes of hospitalization and consequent expenses among Indian children are limited. Methods A cohort of 6000 children aged 0.5–15 years residing in urban Vellore was followed for 3 years, under the Vellore Typhoid Study, 2016–2017, and later under the Surveillance for Enteric Fever project, 2017–2019. Data on hospitalization events and associated antibiotic use, and direct medical costs for fever-related hospitalization of study children were obtained from caregivers through weekly follow-up by study field workers. Results The incidence of hospitalization was 33 per 1000 child-years of observation. Children aged 0.5–5 years had the highest incidence of hospitalization. The top 5 infectious causes for hospitalization were acute undifferentiated fevers, respiratory tract infections, acute gastroenteritis, enteric fever, and dengue. The overall median cost of hospitalization for fever was 4243 (interquartile range, 2502–7215) Indian rupees (INR). An episode of dengue had a median cost of 5627 INR, followed by acute undifferentiated fevers and enteric fever with median costs of 3860 and 3507 INR, respectively. Conclusions Hospitalization for fever is common in young children and impacts household finances in low-income Indian households.
{"title":"Hospitalization Rates and Direct Medical Costs for Fever in a Pediatric Cohort in South India","authors":"M. Srinivasan, K. Sindhu, Atrayee Nag, Arun S. Karthikeyan, R. Ramasamy, Malathi Murugesan, Dilesh Kumar, S. Ganesan, W. Rose, G. Kang, J. John","doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiab329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiab329","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Background Primary data on causes and costs of hospitalization are necessary for costing and cost-effectiveness analysis. Data on incidence and causes of hospitalization and consequent expenses among Indian children are limited. Methods A cohort of 6000 children aged 0.5–15 years residing in urban Vellore was followed for 3 years, under the Vellore Typhoid Study, 2016–2017, and later under the Surveillance for Enteric Fever project, 2017–2019. Data on hospitalization events and associated antibiotic use, and direct medical costs for fever-related hospitalization of study children were obtained from caregivers through weekly follow-up by study field workers. Results The incidence of hospitalization was 33 per 1000 child-years of observation. Children aged 0.5–5 years had the highest incidence of hospitalization. The top 5 infectious causes for hospitalization were acute undifferentiated fevers, respiratory tract infections, acute gastroenteritis, enteric fever, and dengue. The overall median cost of hospitalization for fever was 4243 (interquartile range, 2502–7215) Indian rupees (INR). An episode of dengue had a median cost of 5627 INR, followed by acute undifferentiated fevers and enteric fever with median costs of 3860 and 3507 INR, respectively. Conclusions Hospitalization for fever is common in young children and impacts household finances in low-income Indian households.","PeriodicalId":22572,"journal":{"name":"The Indonesian Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"7 1","pages":"S548 - S557"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91552395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bireshwar Sinha, Temsunaro Rongsen-Chandola, Nidhi Goyal, A. Arya, Chandra Mohan Kumar, A. Chakravarty, M. Aslam, Deepa More
Abstract Background An earlier cohort in 1995–1996 showed a very high burden of typhoid in Delhi. Our aim was to estimate the current overall and age-specific incidence of culture-confirmed enteric fever among children aged 6 months to 15 years in Delhi. Methods We enrolled a cohort of 6000 children aged 6 months to <14 years in South Delhi and followed them up weekly for 24 months or until 15 completed years of child age, whichever was earlier. Blood culture to confirm enteric fever was done in children with ≥3 consecutive days of fever. Results We recorded a total of 14 650 episodes of fever in the 11 510 person-years (PY) of follow-up. A total of 81 fever episodes were positive for enteric fever. The incidence (95% confidence interval) of all enteric fever was 703.7 (560.5–874.7) per 100 000 PY. The incidences of typhoid and paratyphoid fevers were 608.1 (95% confidence interval, 481.1–768.7) and 111.7 (59.5–191.1) per 100 000 PY, respectively, highest among children aged 10–15 years. Conclusions Despite a 35% reduction in incidence compared with the 1995–1996 cohort, our study suggested a substantial burden of enteric fever in the population. Continued efforts to improve water, sanitation, and hygiene parameters along with implementation of novel vaccination strategies and disease surveillance can help achieve the goal of disease elimination.
{"title":"Incidence of Enteric Fever in a Pediatric Cohort in North India: Comparison with Estimates from 20 Years Earlier","authors":"Bireshwar Sinha, Temsunaro Rongsen-Chandola, Nidhi Goyal, A. Arya, Chandra Mohan Kumar, A. Chakravarty, M. Aslam, Deepa More","doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiab046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiab046","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Background An earlier cohort in 1995–1996 showed a very high burden of typhoid in Delhi. Our aim was to estimate the current overall and age-specific incidence of culture-confirmed enteric fever among children aged 6 months to 15 years in Delhi. Methods We enrolled a cohort of 6000 children aged 6 months to <14 years in South Delhi and followed them up weekly for 24 months or until 15 completed years of child age, whichever was earlier. Blood culture to confirm enteric fever was done in children with ≥3 consecutive days of fever. Results We recorded a total of 14 650 episodes of fever in the 11 510 person-years (PY) of follow-up. A total of 81 fever episodes were positive for enteric fever. The incidence (95% confidence interval) of all enteric fever was 703.7 (560.5–874.7) per 100 000 PY. The incidences of typhoid and paratyphoid fevers were 608.1 (95% confidence interval, 481.1–768.7) and 111.7 (59.5–191.1) per 100 000 PY, respectively, highest among children aged 10–15 years. Conclusions Despite a 35% reduction in incidence compared with the 1995–1996 cohort, our study suggested a substantial burden of enteric fever in the population. Continued efforts to improve water, sanitation, and hygiene parameters along with implementation of novel vaccination strategies and disease surveillance can help achieve the goal of disease elimination.","PeriodicalId":22572,"journal":{"name":"The Indonesian Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"548 1","pages":"S558 - S567"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79514146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Giri, V. Mohan, M. Srinivasan, N. Kumar, Vinoth Kumar, Pavithra Dhanapal, Jayalakshmi Venkatesan, Annai Gunasekaran, D. Abraham, J. John, G. Kang
Abstract Background Typhoid fever causes substantial morbidity and mortality in low- and middle-income countries. We conducted a case-control study in Vellore, southern India, to understand risk factors for transmission of typhoid. Methods From April 2018 to October 2019, households of blood culture-confirmed typhoid cases that occurred within a fever surveillance cohort aged 6 months–15 years, and controls matched for age, sex, geographic location, and socioeconomic status, were recruited. Information on risk factors was obtained using standard questionnaires. Household and environmental samples were collected for detection of Salmonella Typhi using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Multivariable analysis was used to evaluate associations between risk factors and typhoid. Results One hundred pairs of cases and controls were recruited. On multivariable regression analysis, mothers eating food from street vendors during the previous week (odds ratio [OR] = 2.04; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03–4.12; P = .04) was independently associated with typhoid, whereas treatment of household drinking water (OR = 0.45; 95% CI, 0.25–0.80; P = .007) was protective. There was no significant difference in S Typhi detection between the environmental samples from case and control households. Conclusions Street-vended food is a risk factor for typhoid in densely populated urban communities of Vellore. Improved sanitation facilities and awareness about point-of-use water treatment are likely to contribute to typhoid control.
{"title":"Case-Control Study of Household and Environmental Transmission of Typhoid Fever in India","authors":"S. Giri, V. Mohan, M. Srinivasan, N. Kumar, Vinoth Kumar, Pavithra Dhanapal, Jayalakshmi Venkatesan, Annai Gunasekaran, D. Abraham, J. John, G. Kang","doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiab378","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiab378","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Background Typhoid fever causes substantial morbidity and mortality in low- and middle-income countries. We conducted a case-control study in Vellore, southern India, to understand risk factors for transmission of typhoid. Methods From April 2018 to October 2019, households of blood culture-confirmed typhoid cases that occurred within a fever surveillance cohort aged 6 months–15 years, and controls matched for age, sex, geographic location, and socioeconomic status, were recruited. Information on risk factors was obtained using standard questionnaires. Household and environmental samples were collected for detection of Salmonella Typhi using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Multivariable analysis was used to evaluate associations between risk factors and typhoid. Results One hundred pairs of cases and controls were recruited. On multivariable regression analysis, mothers eating food from street vendors during the previous week (odds ratio [OR] = 2.04; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03–4.12; P = .04) was independently associated with typhoid, whereas treatment of household drinking water (OR = 0.45; 95% CI, 0.25–0.80; P = .007) was protective. There was no significant difference in S Typhi detection between the environmental samples from case and control households. Conclusions Street-vended food is a risk factor for typhoid in densely populated urban communities of Vellore. Improved sanitation facilities and awareness about point-of-use water treatment are likely to contribute to typhoid control.","PeriodicalId":22572,"journal":{"name":"The Indonesian Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"226 1","pages":"S584 - S592"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73950757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. Mohan, M. Srinivasan, Bireshwar Sinha, Ankita Shrivastava, S. Kanungo, Kulandaipalayam Natarajan Sindhu, K. Ramanujam, S. Ganesan, Arun S. Karthikeyan, Senthil Kumar Jaganathan, Annai Gunasekaran, A. Arya, A. Bavdekar, Temsunaro Rongsen-Chandola, S. Dutta, J. John, G. Kang
Abstract Background Typhoid is known to be heterogenous in time and space, with documented spatiotemporal clustering and hotspots associated with environmental factors. This analysis evaluated spatial clustering of typhoid and modeled incidence rates of typhoid from active surveillance at 4 sites with child cohorts in India. Methods Among approximately 24 000 children aged 0.5–15 years followed for 2 years, typhoid was confirmed by blood culture in all children with fever >3 days. Local hotspots for incident typhoid cases were assessed using SaTScan spatial cluster detection. Incidence of typhoid was modeled with sociodemographic and water, sanitation, and hygiene–related factors in smaller grids using nonspatial and spatial regression analyses. Results Hotspot households for typhoid were identified at Vellore and Kolkata. There were 4 significant SaTScan clusters (P < .05) for typhoid in Vellore. Mean incidence of typhoid was 0.004 per child-year with the highest incidence (0.526 per child-year) in Kolkata. Unsafe water and poor sanitation were positively associated with typhoid in Kolkata and Delhi, whereas drinking untreated water was significantly associated in Vellore (P = .0342) and Delhi (P = .0188). Conclusions Despite decades of efforts to improve water and sanitation by the Indian government, environmental factors continue to influence the incidence of typhoid. Hence, administration of the conjugate vaccine may be essential even as efforts to improve water and sanitation continue.
{"title":"Geographically Weighted Regression Modeling of Spatial Clustering and Determinants of Focal Typhoid Fever Incidence","authors":"V. Mohan, M. Srinivasan, Bireshwar Sinha, Ankita Shrivastava, S. Kanungo, Kulandaipalayam Natarajan Sindhu, K. Ramanujam, S. Ganesan, Arun S. Karthikeyan, Senthil Kumar Jaganathan, Annai Gunasekaran, A. Arya, A. Bavdekar, Temsunaro Rongsen-Chandola, S. Dutta, J. John, G. Kang","doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiab379","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiab379","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Background Typhoid is known to be heterogenous in time and space, with documented spatiotemporal clustering and hotspots associated with environmental factors. This analysis evaluated spatial clustering of typhoid and modeled incidence rates of typhoid from active surveillance at 4 sites with child cohorts in India. Methods Among approximately 24 000 children aged 0.5–15 years followed for 2 years, typhoid was confirmed by blood culture in all children with fever >3 days. Local hotspots for incident typhoid cases were assessed using SaTScan spatial cluster detection. Incidence of typhoid was modeled with sociodemographic and water, sanitation, and hygiene–related factors in smaller grids using nonspatial and spatial regression analyses. Results Hotspot households for typhoid were identified at Vellore and Kolkata. There were 4 significant SaTScan clusters (P < .05) for typhoid in Vellore. Mean incidence of typhoid was 0.004 per child-year with the highest incidence (0.526 per child-year) in Kolkata. Unsafe water and poor sanitation were positively associated with typhoid in Kolkata and Delhi, whereas drinking untreated water was significantly associated in Vellore (P = .0342) and Delhi (P = .0188). Conclusions Despite decades of efforts to improve water and sanitation by the Indian government, environmental factors continue to influence the incidence of typhoid. Hence, administration of the conjugate vaccine may be essential even as efforts to improve water and sanitation continue.","PeriodicalId":22572,"journal":{"name":"The Indonesian Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"116 1","pages":"S601 - S611"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80367794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Arun S. Karthikeyan, M. Srinivasan, S. Kanungo, Bireshwar Sinha, Ankita Shrivastava, K. Ramanujam, S. Ganesan, S. Subramaniam, K. Sindhu, S. Krishna, P. Samuel, W. Rose, V. Mohan, B. Veeraraghavan, Temsunaro Rongsen-Chandola, S. Dutta, A. Bavdekar, J. John, G. Kang
Abstract Background Acute febrile illness in children is frequently treated with antibiotics. However, the inappropriate use of antibiotics has led to the emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogens. Methods We measured use of antibiotics for fever in 4 pediatric cohorts that were part of the Surveillance for Enteric Fever in India (SEFI) network. In this network, 24 062 children were followed up weekly, capturing information on fever and other morbidity between October 2017 and December 2019. Results An antibiotic was given in 27 183 of the 76 027 (35.8%) episodes of fever. The incidence of fever-related antibiotic use was 58.0 (95% confidence interval [CI], 57.2–58.6) per 100 child-years. The median time to initiation of antibiotics was 4 days, and in 65% of those who received an antibiotic it was initiated by the second day. Antibiotics were continued for <3 days in 24% of the episodes. Higher temperature, younger age, male sex, joint family, higher education, internet access, and availability of personal conveyance were associated with antibiotic treatment for fever. Conclusions In developing countries where antibiotic use is not regulated, broad-spectrum antibiotics are initiated early, and often inappropriately, in febrile illness. Frequent and inappropriate use of antibiotics may increase risk of antimicrobial resistance.
{"title":"Antibiotics for Fever Among Children: Findings From the Surveillance for Enteric Fever in India Cohorts","authors":"Arun S. Karthikeyan, M. Srinivasan, S. Kanungo, Bireshwar Sinha, Ankita Shrivastava, K. Ramanujam, S. Ganesan, S. Subramaniam, K. Sindhu, S. Krishna, P. Samuel, W. Rose, V. Mohan, B. Veeraraghavan, Temsunaro Rongsen-Chandola, S. Dutta, A. Bavdekar, J. John, G. Kang","doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiab115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiab115","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Background Acute febrile illness in children is frequently treated with antibiotics. However, the inappropriate use of antibiotics has led to the emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogens. Methods We measured use of antibiotics for fever in 4 pediatric cohorts that were part of the Surveillance for Enteric Fever in India (SEFI) network. In this network, 24 062 children were followed up weekly, capturing information on fever and other morbidity between October 2017 and December 2019. Results An antibiotic was given in 27 183 of the 76 027 (35.8%) episodes of fever. The incidence of fever-related antibiotic use was 58.0 (95% confidence interval [CI], 57.2–58.6) per 100 child-years. The median time to initiation of antibiotics was 4 days, and in 65% of those who received an antibiotic it was initiated by the second day. Antibiotics were continued for <3 days in 24% of the episodes. Higher temperature, younger age, male sex, joint family, higher education, internet access, and availability of personal conveyance were associated with antibiotic treatment for fever. Conclusions In developing countries where antibiotic use is not regulated, broad-spectrum antibiotics are initiated early, and often inappropriately, in febrile illness. Frequent and inappropriate use of antibiotics may increase risk of antimicrobial resistance.","PeriodicalId":22572,"journal":{"name":"The Indonesian Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"77 1","pages":"S494 - S501"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81227400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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