Reviews in Aquaculture最新文献

Atlantic salmon farming is faced with numerous environmental and production-related challenges affecting fish health and welfare, globally and in Norway. An animal's requirement for a nutrient is the sum of the required supply of available nutrients for maintenance, growth, reproduction, health, and disease resistance. Available literature on micronutrient requirements (vitamins and trace minerals) was reviewed to identify knowledge gaps with a focus on health and disease resistance, potential life stage and production system-specific differences. Atlantic salmon's minimum requirement estimate for vitamin A was not available, while data on vitamins C, D, E, and K differ greatly between studies due to factors such as feed composition and rearing conditions (stress). Knowledge of the requirements of B-vitamins is also scarce. Choline requirement in Atlantic salmon was recently estimated and is strongly affected by dietary lipid consumption. Dietary trace mineral needs differed with diet composition and between freshwater and seawater, largely influenced by differences in availability. Dietary trace mineral availability in practical feeds is a concern, especially for zinc and selenium being the most limiting in plant ingredient-based feeds and supplementation restricted by maximum limits that are too low for optimal fish health. Hence, there is a need for renewed focus on how vitamin and trace mineral recommendations in Atlantic salmon feeds are assessed (research) and managed (regulation). Recommendations will have to be revised considering specific life stages, environmental and physiological changes, health status, and evolving production methods in commercial Atlantic salmon farming.

Single-cell sequencing (SCS) technology has revolutionized the study of cellular heterogeneity by enabling the exploration of biological processes at high resolution. While traditionally applied to mammalian models, recent advancements have extended SCS to ecologically and evolutionarily crucial lower vertebrates (particularly fish) and diverse invertebrates (including Urochordata, Echinodermata, Arthropoda, Mollusca, and Coelenterata). These non-mammalian organisms exhibit unique cellular and molecular adaptations, serving as pivotal models for developmental biology, immune mechanisms, hematopoiesis, and environmental adaptation, yet remain underrepresented in genomics. This review highlights how SCS has been instrumental in uncovering novel cell types, defining intricate developmental trajectories, revealing unprecedented complexity in hematopoiesis, and elucidating diverse immune landscapes (including cell heterogeneity, functional specialization, pathogen responses, and tissue-specific adaptations) in fish. Furthermore, it details the construction of foundational cell atlases across fish and invertebrate species and showcases SCS applications in mapping invertebrate development, characterizing cellular heterogeneity under varying conditions, and revealing unique environmental adaptations. Cross-species SCS analyses provide powerful tools for tracing the evolution of critical systems, such as immunity. While addressing challenges like incomplete reference genomes and technical complexity, we discuss SCS's transformative potential in aquaculture and biotechnology, emphasizing future directions in multi-omics integration and computational tool development to decipher biological innovations and evolutionary adaptations.

Global demand for seafood continues to rise, positioning aquaculture as a critical pathway for improving food security, nutrition, and rural livelihoods. In Kenya, the aquaculture sector remains constrained by structural challenges, with fish feed accounting for 60%–70% of production costs and limiting sectoral growth, particularly for smallholder farmers. This review critically analyzes Kenya's fish feed sector through an integrated PESTEL-SWOT framework, drawing on a scoping review of academic literature, policy reports, and sector development studies. The paper highlights key macro-level drivers, including fragmented policy implementation, dependency on imported ingredients, and climate-related risks, and connects these with internal industry dynamics such as innovation gaps and regional disparities in aquafeed accessibility. It presents a conceptual model illustrating how external and internal factors interact to shape aquafeed sector outcomes, positioning Kenya's experience within a broader Sub-Saharan Africa aquaculture context. The review identifies missed opportunities in scaling insect- and microalgae-based feed innovations, constrained by regulatory, technical, and market barriers. The discussion offers actionable recommendations for researchers, policymakers, donors, investors, and industry stakeholders, emphasizing the importance of integrated policy reforms, investment in local aquafeed technology development, and regional collaboration to strengthen feed supply resilience and address production bottlenecks.

Artemia (brine shrimp) is a foundational live feed in global aquaculture, renowned for its adaptability, ease of production, and favorable nutritional profile. However, in its natural state, Artemia contains suboptimal levels of highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs), particularly docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), which are vital for supporting growth, survival, and immune function in both marine fish and freshwater fish. To enhance its nutritional efficacy, various enrichment strategies have been developed, utilizing oil emulsions, microalgae, yeasts, probiotics, soy lecithin, and trace elements such as selenium and zinc. Each enrichment method offers unique physiological benefits: oil emulsions and microalgae increase PUFA concentrations; soy lecithin enhances fatty acid absorption and digestive efficiency; yeasts improve immune response and pigmentation; probiotics promote gut health and pathogen resistance; and trace minerals contribute to improved metabolic and reproductive performance. Although Artemia is extensively used in crustacean hatcheries, its use as live feed in shrimp larviculture is comparatively limited, despite its well-documented benefits. This review highlights the need for greater inclusion of enriched Artemia in shrimp culture, emphasizing its potential to improve larval performance and overall production outcomes. Optimized enrichment protocols are essential to advancing sustainable and resilient aquaculture systems. Future research should focus on cost-effective, species-specific enrichment strategies to meet the evolving nutritional requirements of modern aquaculture.

Injuries from lice treatments are ranked as a major cause of mortality and poor welfare for Atlantic salmon in marine net pens. As a result, scoring schemes based on the external appearance of injuries and severity are now frequently used. One such recently developed scheme for farmed salmon is the LAKSVEL protocol, inspired by previous schemes such as the SWIM models and the FISHWELL scoring system. Here we review the injury-based welfare indicators (WIs) in the LAKSVEL protocol that can be associated with and induced by handling: Scale loss, Skin bleeding, Body wounds, Snout wounds, Eye injuries, Operculum damage, Gill status, and Fin damage. We used semantic modeling as a formalized procedure to attain information from the literature on how each of these injury-based WIs is likely to affect the injured fish in the days and weeks to come. Based on the reviews, we then followed the semantic modeling procedure to define weighting categories and score the welfare consequences of each WI and their levels. Results showed that injuries to eyes, gills, and snout are particularly harmful to the fish, followed by penetrating body wounds, operculum damage, and fin damage; but also injuries such as scale loss and skin bleeding can have severe consequences, especially if they indicate unseen internal injuries. It is our hope that the presented reviews and modeling of welfare consequences will be a valuable resource for fish farmers and fish health personnel in their decision-making processes and thereby contribute to improved fish welfare in the salmon aquaculture industry.