Pond aquaculture and water protection in Europe suffer from conflicts, whereas multitrophic freshwater aquaculture technologies face hardships with over-regulations in Europe. As such, inland freshwater aquaculture in land-locked Europe has not given its contribution or echoed its importance in regional food system dialogues. The emphasis on marine cages and RAS-based aquaculture is enormous. Almost if they are the only viable way to carry the future European aquaculture forward. In this scoping review, we have hypothesized that semi-intensive fishponds and freshwater multitrophic aquaculture could be an overlooked component in the European food system. The analysis we present reviewed: (1) current positioning of inland freshwater aquaculture in European food system; (2) European fishponds' current positioning within food system and inland freshwater aquaculture; (3) way forward for semi-intensive European fishponds through ecological pond nutrition research; (4) ecological technologies for realizing ‘net zero’ aquatic foods in land-locked Europe; (5) risks and potential for making the transition. We conclude ample circular technologies and nature-based solutions in pond and multitrophic freshwater aquaculture in land-locked Europe. They have the potential to transform food systems locally with low-impact aquatic food. European inland freshwater aquaculture may be a sleeping giant among EU's planetary healthy diet ambitions. As an example, 0.25 million hectares available Central Eastern European fishponds have the potential to ecologically substitute 1 billion marine fish oil capsules (EPA + DHA in 1 kt marine fish oil) and 11.9 kt of casein (leucine from 0.45 billion litres milk) equivalents, fulfilling singlehandedly annual leucine or EPA + DHA requirements of 1.2–3 million adults.
Emerging infectious diseases are a major threat to global aquaculture production and are projected to increase in frequency due to anthropogenic stressors and climate change. Our ability to screen the global aquatic ‘infectome’ is dramatically improving through unbiased metatranscriptomic (i.e., total RNA) sequencing. Despite recent advances in molecular diagnostics and next-generation sequencing, outbreak investigation in aquaculture often encounters limitations due to the targeted nature of conventional techniques, which may only capture a small portion of the diverse array of disease-causing agents present in nature, sometimes requiring years to resolve. Here, we propose that unbiased metatranscriptomic sequencing serves as a cost-effective and powerful technique for characterising pathogens during disease outbreaks and in surveillance programmes. In doing so, we offer a diagnostic framework to mitigate infectious disease threats to global aquaculture. We emphasise the importance of combining rapid metatranscriptomics with traditional techniques for a holistic examination of the causes of unknown aetiologies in aquatic animals, and how it can be used to examine host responses in parallel with pathogen discovery. We suggest that the integration of metatranscriptomics into aquaculture will require upskilling, proficiency testing, user-friendly bioinformatic tools and open data sharing. Furthermore, it is essential to establish a reporting framework—with analytical guidelines—that ensures the protection of animal industries while safeguarding trade interests.
Global demand for animal protein has increased dramatically due to the exponential development of the human population, which in turn led to intensification of aquaculture. However, the aforementioned fact impose stress on cultivable organisms, resulting in susceptibility to infectious diseases. Alternatively, this situation warranted the search for an environmentally friendly approach to replace the application of various chemical, physical, and biological processes that fail to cope with the required standards. In this context, biofloc technology (BFT) has emerged as a viable technique for aquaculture management with a sustainable and environmentally benign approach that has proven to have no adverse effects. BFT provides a conducive environment for cultivable aquatic species and system sustainability. Also, by maintaining the C:N ratio, the microbiome of BFT offers an appropriate carbon source and recycles waste. As well, the addition of probiotics and prebiotics (polysaccharides) in BFT certainly improves the host's antioxidant status, innate immunity, and disease resistance. Numerous studies on the use of BFT for various aquatic farmed species have been carried out recently, and it has evolved as a promising technique for the growth of sustainable aquaculture. BFT uses less water, increases productivity, provides biosecurity, and improves the health status of numerous aquaculture species. This review aims to compile and validate the scientific data about the benefits of biofloc in ensuring the health, biosecurity, and sustainability of aquaculture in light of the transformative role of probiotics, prebiotics, and microbiomes.
Since 1989, China has become the world's largest aquaculture producer through pond culture, significantly contributing to global food security but potentially posing environmental threats. However, little is known about the changes in the pond water quality at broad spatial and temporal scales, thus creating challenges in the sustainability of pond aquaculture. Herein, we explore changes in water quality in China's aquaculture ponds from 1989 to 2020 and assess the waterbody's health status to optimize sustainable management strategies. This study highlights pond water quality changes closely associated with China's aquaculture practices, development, and related policies. Seasonal and regional farming variations significantly impact water quality, with peak aquaculture seasons and Central China and North China associated with the lowest water quality scores. Pond water quality initially declined with the rise of intensive aquaculture but improved after 2012 with the adoption of ecological engineering measures, eco-farming practices, and policies supporting green development. Under a scenario combining these efforts, the water quality score in 2035 is projected to increase by 57% of the 2020 level. These findings reveal that national ecological initiatives and advancements in green aquaculture techniques and public policies can significantly enhance the water quality of China's aquaculture ponds, offering valuable insights into environmental governance in global agriculture.
As Atlantic salmon depend on dissolved oxygen (DO) to survive and grow, managing DO is essential for welfare and growth. However, the dynamics of DO in the open sea cages are complex, caused by a range of factors that interact and create compounding effects. To understand DO dynamics, two pillars of knowledge are essential: the supply of DO to the cages and the consumption of DO in the cages. The components of these two pillars vary greatly across both time and space, with factors including ambient sea temperature and current, density stratification, fish size, health and metabolism, biomass density and distribution, topography, production routines and farm configuration. In the production environment, these factors often interact, making related analyses on effects, causality and effective management highly challenging. Exacerbating matters, existing knowledge is fragmented across multiple disciplines, making it challenging for end-users to access. Using sensors is often necessary to understand and manage the complexity of DO, and the interest to implement digital technologies to aquaculture operations and utilize big data analyses is growing, but to succeed in the application, an in-depth understanding of the relevant dynamics is necessary. Consequently, this review is produced to compile existing knowledge on the many factors that influence the consumption or supply of DO in the sea cages, and their relationship to each other. In this narrative review, we explore the known interactions and compounding effects between these factors, and synthesize it in a causal diagram for holistic analyses of the DO balance.
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