Reviews in Aquaculture最新文献

In the wake of global population increases and stagnating capture fishery production, there exists a requirement for novel biotechnologies to increase aquaculture productivity to offset demand. Through recognition of limitations imposed by aquaculture—increased incidence of disease, stress, cannibalism, and mortality in captivity—researchers continue to investigate RNA interference (RNAi) and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) technologies for their potential to alleviate these at a genetic level. In decapods, with the exception of generating desirable all-male monosex populations in Macrobrachium rosenbergii, RNAi and CRISPR technologies have yet to provide a significant commercial use case. This literature review provides a comprehensive examination of RNAi and CRISPR in decapods, along with popular delivery methods (injection/microinjection; electroporation; receptor-mediated ovary transduction of cargo [ReMOT]; and nanoparticles). It identifies a number of limitations including scalability bottlenecks imposed by RNAi delivery methods, and deferred gene editing progress as a result of CRISPR's infancy. Finally, it recognises gene editing induced gene silencing (GEiGS®) as a novel method for silencing gene expression, and suggests an interim examination of transgenerational gene silencing (TGS) (‘parental RNAi’) in decapods to enhance aquaculture productivity.

Aquaculture has emerged as a pivotal alternative for seafood production, addressing the challenges posed by depleting wild fish stocks. However, the industry faces substantial challenges, notably the presence of harmful algal blooms (HABs), which can cause serious economic consequences. The proliferation of major species of phytoflagellates leading to massive fish mortality is on the rise, possibly attributed to increasing global temperatures and eutrophication. This underscores the critical need for robust detection, prevention, and mitigation strategies to safeguard the aquaculture industry. This contribution offers valuable insights into comprehending and addressing the challenges posed by HABs in the fish aquaculture sector in an era of global change.

The consumption of seafood is driven by flavour, yet achieving its high quality remains a challenge for many species reared in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). A comprehensive knowledge of off-odour sources in aquatic foods is indispensable in ensuring flavour quality standards. At the beginning of the production chain, early post-harvest lipid oxidation products develop into endogenous off-odours and accumulate over time. These malodours add to those already absorbed exogenously, namely from the water and feeds, although the information on the interactions between these sources is currently scarce. Despite geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol receiving significant attention in relation to fish off-flavour, only limited knowledge on the molecular and ecological mechanisms driving their production in aquatic environments has been reported. Moreover, RAS-hosted bacteria have been associated with a wide range of other odour-active compounds, such as pyrazines, terpenoids, and other degradation byproducts that are frequently overlooked when studying flavour taint in fish. The influence of aquaculture feeds on the flavour of fish flesh has been underestimated, too, both as a source of off-odours but also as a novel modulator strategy to achieve desirable aquatic food flavours. Finally, the influence of water treatment processes widely used in RAS operations, such as advance oxidation process, ozone, ultraviolet and hydrogen peroxide disinfections, is greatly underexplored with respect to odour quality. This article reviews the current scientific evidence with supporting data on the chemical diversity of off-odours found in aquaculture fish worldwide and their potential sources and highlights knowledge gaps that should be addressed in future research.

Health of farmed fish and shellfish deserves a top priority. To help prevent and fight the global disease crisis in aquaculture, it is high time to further explore immunology. And high time for immunologists specialized in aquaculture to start taking aquaculture more seriously. As a first step forward, find here some challenges and many opportunities.

Within the framework of Ecosystem Approach to Aquaculture (EAA), ecological carrying capacity (ECC) is a key concept that helps to determine the upper limit of production without compromising ecosystem functioning. The implementation of ECC is complex as ECC differs between type of farms and location and standardised methods should be developed for management. There is therefore a clear need for operational indicators. The objectives of this paper were: (1) to carry out a systematic literature review on shellfish and seaweed aquaculture-environment interactions to list the most used environmental indicators, (2) to classify the indicators according to the effects they measure (i.e., benthic, water quality, food web interactions, cultured organism health, resource use) and the scale at which they are applied, and (3) to assess their potential based on four indicator criteria categories: sensitivity, accuracy and precision, feasibility and utility, and ecosystem-level scalability. Overall, indicators describing benthic effects were the most highly cited and scored. Indicators identified for bivalve and seaweed culture were discussed and compared to previous work on salmon aquaculture indicators to highlight similarities and differences across trophic levels. In addition, questions related to the challenges of ECC indicators implementation were presented to a panel of experts. The scoring and consultation provided the source of discussion on environmental management consistent with EAA.

This study aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis evaluating the inclusion of β-glucan in aquaculture animal diets and its impact on their health outcomes. Relevant studies were identified from Scopus and Web of Science databases. A total of 82 primary studies published between 1996 and 2024 were reviewed, of which 70 were included in the meta-analysis. The results revealed that the application of β-glucan to aquaculture animal's diets significantly enhanced specific growth rate (SGR; mean effect, g = 2.71; p < 0.001), feed conversion ratio (FCR; g = −3.88; p < 0.0001) and lowered mortality after exposure to pathogens. Likewise, β-glucan had a positive influence (p < 0.0001) on innate immune parameters (lysozyme and phagocyte activity, NBT, ACH50, and IgM). The study found that the effects of β-glucans varied among marine and freshwater fish where freshwater fishes (g = 2.05–6.57) exhibit better performance. This study also found a negative correlation between fish's innate immune response and trophic level, suggesting that fish with higher trophic levels may be less efficient at absorbing this bio-stimulant. Even though there were high heterogeneity (I² = 73%–97%, p < 0.05) due to the diversity of tested organisms and publication bias, our model and findings are valid. The findings suggest that the dietary application of β-glucans can have beneficial effects on growth and immune responses especially for freshwater species. The validity of these observations needs to be confirmed by further prospective studies.

A healthy skeletal system is fundamental to fish welfare and performance and a key physiological feature of a robust fish. The presence of skeletal deformities in farmed salmonids is a persistent welfare problem in aquaculture, and one which threatens to impede industry growth. Deformities of the fine bones of fish, such as ribs and intermuscular bones (IBs), have received less attention than vertebral body deformities, despite their potential to compromise fish welfare and product quality. IBs, commercially known as pin bones, are small spicule-like bones embedded in the muscle fillets of salmonids, cyprinids and other basal teleost species. In farmed basal teleosts, they impact fish processing, have negative effects on the economic value of fish and present a potential consumer health concern if ingested. Current understanding of IB development and function in teleosts has mostly relied on morphological research. More recently, advances in our understanding of molecular mechanisms of IB development in cyprinids have been made, largely due to the exploration of breeding IB-free fish for use in aquaculture. In this review, we explore the existing literature on IBs in teleosts, highlight the points of contention within this field of research and identify the significant knowledge gaps about the development and function of salmonid IBs. To our knowledge, there is no available research on the function of IBs and scarce research concerning IB development in salmonids. Future research on teleost IBs would benefit from the use of consistent terminology to facilitate interdisciplinary collaboration and identify research outputs in this field.

The upsurge in the usage of plastics on a global scale has led to the widespread occurrence of microplastics (MPs) in aquatic environments. This review starts by outlining the current global scenario of plastic production. It then delves into the various sources of plastics and their entry into aquatic systems, including their impact on fisheries and the aquaculture sector. The detailed analysis of plastic entry and various methods of degradation into small sized, MPs followed by their transport, uptake and trophic transference have been reviewed systematically. Besides, the review summarizes the current knowledge on impacts of MPs, their additives and associated contaminants on organisms living in the aquatic environment, particularly fish thriving in cultured conditions. The analysis of effects of MPs alone and in association with other contaminants like heavy metals, organic pollutants and leachates reveal serious effects such as cytotoxicity, immune response, oxidative stress, neurotoxicity, barrier attributes and genotoxicity among various aquatic species particularly, fish. In addition, the present review discusses MPs invasion into aquaculture systems, explores risk assessment both in terms of exposure risk and toxicological risks associated with biochemical nature, size, shape and concentration of MPs. Besides, risk management strategies and future prospective to control MPs associated hazards have also been highlighted. In summary, the present review outlines the various sources, fate, impact of MPs in aquatic environment highlighting the need to recognize MPs pollution as a serious threat to aquatic organisms and to formulate strategies including prevention, reduce, reuse and safe disposal of plastic material.