Pub Date : 2022-06-25DOI: 10.1080/1463922X.2022.2086644
P. Bobko, Leanne M. Hirshfield, Lucca Eloy, Cara A. Spencer, Emily Doherty, Jack Driscoll, Hannah Obolsky
Abstract Given new technologies and algorithmic capabilities, human-agent teaming (HAT) is expected to dominate environments where complex problems are solved by heterogenous teams. In such teams, trust calibration is key; i.e. humans and agents working symbiotically, with humans trusting and relying on agents as appropriate. In this paper, we focus on understanding trust-calibration in HATs. We propose a theoretical framework of calibrated trust in HATs. Next, we provide a configurable testbed designed to investigate calibrated trust in HATs. To demonstrate the flexible testbed and our framework, we conduct a study investigating hypotheses about agent transparency and reliability. Results align with research to date, supporting the notion that transparency results in calibrated trust. Further, high transparency yielded more positive affect and lower workload than low transparency. We also found that increased agent reliability resulted in higher trust in the agent, as well as more positive valence. This suggests that participants experienced more engagement with the task when the agent was reliable and presumably trustworthy. We also build on our framework and testbed to outline a research agenda for the assessment of human trust dynamics in HATs and the development of subsequent real-time, intelligent adaptive systems.
{"title":"Human-agent teaming and trust calibration: a theoretical framework, configurable testbed, empirical illustration, and implications for the development of adaptive systems","authors":"P. Bobko, Leanne M. Hirshfield, Lucca Eloy, Cara A. Spencer, Emily Doherty, Jack Driscoll, Hannah Obolsky","doi":"10.1080/1463922X.2022.2086644","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1463922X.2022.2086644","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Given new technologies and algorithmic capabilities, human-agent teaming (HAT) is expected to dominate environments where complex problems are solved by heterogenous teams. In such teams, trust calibration is key; i.e. humans and agents working symbiotically, with humans trusting and relying on agents as appropriate. In this paper, we focus on understanding trust-calibration in HATs. We propose a theoretical framework of calibrated trust in HATs. Next, we provide a configurable testbed designed to investigate calibrated trust in HATs. To demonstrate the flexible testbed and our framework, we conduct a study investigating hypotheses about agent transparency and reliability. Results align with research to date, supporting the notion that transparency results in calibrated trust. Further, high transparency yielded more positive affect and lower workload than low transparency. We also found that increased agent reliability resulted in higher trust in the agent, as well as more positive valence. This suggests that participants experienced more engagement with the task when the agent was reliable and presumably trustworthy. We also build on our framework and testbed to outline a research agenda for the assessment of human trust dynamics in HATs and the development of subsequent real-time, intelligent adaptive systems.","PeriodicalId":22852,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science","volume":"24 1","pages":"310 - 334"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45296567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-24DOI: 10.1080/1463922X.2022.2090026
Adrielle Moraes Cazotti, T. Sato, R. S. Padula, C. Moriguchi
Abstract The Work Ability Index (WAI) evaluates how workers are at present and in the near future with respect to work demands, health, and mental resources. Since this questionnaire is time consuming, a single-item question (work ability score - WAS) has been used to replace the WAI. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between the work ability index (WAI) and WAS, adjusted by age, sex and occupation. Workers (N = 379) from different economic sectors answered a questionnaire addressing demographic information and the WAI. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients and partial correlations. Moderate correlations were found between the WAI and WAS (rs=0,49). Stronger correlations were found between the WAI and other WAI Dimensions: Diagnosed Diseases, Work Demands and Work Loss (rs>0.60). The partial correlation results showed that the correlation between the WAI and WAS increased when adjusted by sex, age and occupation (r = 0.60), but remained lower than other coefficients. Therefore, we cannot recommend the use of WAS instead of the WAI for Brazilian workers according to the correlation found.
{"title":"Manuscript title: limited suitability for single item work ability to replace work ability index: a Brazilian cross-sectional study","authors":"Adrielle Moraes Cazotti, T. Sato, R. S. Padula, C. Moriguchi","doi":"10.1080/1463922X.2022.2090026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1463922X.2022.2090026","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The Work Ability Index (WAI) evaluates how workers are at present and in the near future with respect to work demands, health, and mental resources. Since this questionnaire is time consuming, a single-item question (work ability score - WAS) has been used to replace the WAI. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between the work ability index (WAI) and WAS, adjusted by age, sex and occupation. Workers (N = 379) from different economic sectors answered a questionnaire addressing demographic information and the WAI. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients and partial correlations. Moderate correlations were found between the WAI and WAS (rs=0,49). Stronger correlations were found between the WAI and other WAI Dimensions: Diagnosed Diseases, Work Demands and Work Loss (rs>0.60). The partial correlation results showed that the correlation between the WAI and WAS increased when adjusted by sex, age and occupation (r = 0.60), but remained lower than other coefficients. Therefore, we cannot recommend the use of WAS instead of the WAI for Brazilian workers according to the correlation found.","PeriodicalId":22852,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science","volume":"24 1","pages":"385 - 400"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44399596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-16DOI: 10.1080/1463922X.2022.2086643
Saeid Yazdanirad, G. Pourtaghi, M. Raei, M. Ghasemi
Abstract This study aimed to develop and validate a tool for the comprehensive risk assessment of musculoskeletal disorders (CRAMUD). In this cross-sectional study, 300 male workers participated. Data related to personal, psychosocial and physical items and musculoskeletal symptoms were gathered by a designed questionnaire and Cornell musculoskeletal discomfort questionnaire (CMDQ), respectively. Then, the effect coefficients of the items were computed for developing the CRAMUD equation. The total score of the CRAMUD tool was classified by receiver operator curves (ROCs), and it was validated by linear regression analysis. The values of the content validity ratio (CVR), content validity index (CVI) and Cronbach’s coefficient alpha (α) of the CRAMUD questionnaire with 38 items were calculated as 0.773, 0.934 and 0.940, respectively. The personal, psychosocial and physical items with the coefficients of 0.265, 0.175 and 0.478 had significant effects on the occurrence of musculoskeletal symptoms, respectively. The equation of the novel tool was written by these coefficients. The CRAMUD score was grouped into four levels by optimal cut-off points of 8.51, 11.03 and 15.31. This tool could predict 75% of variations of musculoskeletal symptoms. This tool can be exploited to accurately estimate the risk level of musculoskeletal symptoms in various jobs.
{"title":"Development and validation of a tool for the comprehensive risk assessment of musculoskeletal disorders (CRAMUD) among employees of a steel industry","authors":"Saeid Yazdanirad, G. Pourtaghi, M. Raei, M. Ghasemi","doi":"10.1080/1463922X.2022.2086643","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1463922X.2022.2086643","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study aimed to develop and validate a tool for the comprehensive risk assessment of musculoskeletal disorders (CRAMUD). In this cross-sectional study, 300 male workers participated. Data related to personal, psychosocial and physical items and musculoskeletal symptoms were gathered by a designed questionnaire and Cornell musculoskeletal discomfort questionnaire (CMDQ), respectively. Then, the effect coefficients of the items were computed for developing the CRAMUD equation. The total score of the CRAMUD tool was classified by receiver operator curves (ROCs), and it was validated by linear regression analysis. The values of the content validity ratio (CVR), content validity index (CVI) and Cronbach’s coefficient alpha (α) of the CRAMUD questionnaire with 38 items were calculated as 0.773, 0.934 and 0.940, respectively. The personal, psychosocial and physical items with the coefficients of 0.265, 0.175 and 0.478 had significant effects on the occurrence of musculoskeletal symptoms, respectively. The equation of the novel tool was written by these coefficients. The CRAMUD score was grouped into four levels by optimal cut-off points of 8.51, 11.03 and 15.31. This tool could predict 75% of variations of musculoskeletal symptoms. This tool can be exploited to accurately estimate the risk level of musculoskeletal symptoms in various jobs.","PeriodicalId":22852,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science","volume":"24 1","pages":"335 - 358"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41848434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-06DOI: 10.1080/1463922X.2022.2081375
Anthony M. Gibson, August A. Capiola, Gene M. Alarcon, Michael A. Lee, Sarah A. Jessup, Izz Aldin Hamdan
Abstract The perfect automation schema is described as a representation people hold regarding the performance of automated systems, comprising initial high expectations for automated systems’ performance and low forgiveness after automated systems fail. Merritt, Unnerstall, Lee, and Huber have created a self-report measure of perfect automation schema comprising the two aforementioned factors, but this measure has demonstrated poor internal consistency estimates. In the present research, we created an updated perfect automation schema (uPAS) scale that showed acceptable reliability and validity estimates. In Study 1, we generated items that described both factors of perfect automation schema and conducted an exploratory factor analysis. In Study 2, we conducted a confirmatory factor analysis to confirm the uPAS scale composition and examined the scale’s convergent, discriminant, and criterion validity. We found acceptable reliability estimates for the new scale across both studies. In Study 2, however, we found the uPAS scale factors and the factors from Merritt and colleagues’ scale showed similar criterion validity across three trust-related criteria (trustworthiness perceptions, reliance intentions, and use endorsement). We conclude by offering a reliable uPAS scale to assess the perfect automation schema, which showed comparable criterion-related validity to Merritt and colleagues’ scale.
{"title":"Construction and validation of an updated perfect automation schema (uPAS) scale","authors":"Anthony M. Gibson, August A. Capiola, Gene M. Alarcon, Michael A. Lee, Sarah A. Jessup, Izz Aldin Hamdan","doi":"10.1080/1463922X.2022.2081375","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1463922X.2022.2081375","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The perfect automation schema is described as a representation people hold regarding the performance of automated systems, comprising initial high expectations for automated systems’ performance and low forgiveness after automated systems fail. Merritt, Unnerstall, Lee, and Huber have created a self-report measure of perfect automation schema comprising the two aforementioned factors, but this measure has demonstrated poor internal consistency estimates. In the present research, we created an updated perfect automation schema (uPAS) scale that showed acceptable reliability and validity estimates. In Study 1, we generated items that described both factors of perfect automation schema and conducted an exploratory factor analysis. In Study 2, we conducted a confirmatory factor analysis to confirm the uPAS scale composition and examined the scale’s convergent, discriminant, and criterion validity. We found acceptable reliability estimates for the new scale across both studies. In Study 2, however, we found the uPAS scale factors and the factors from Merritt and colleagues’ scale showed similar criterion validity across three trust-related criteria (trustworthiness perceptions, reliance intentions, and use endorsement). We conclude by offering a reliable uPAS scale to assess the perfect automation schema, which showed comparable criterion-related validity to Merritt and colleagues’ scale.","PeriodicalId":22852,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science","volume":"24 1","pages":"241 - 266"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43049322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-02DOI: 10.1080/1463922X.2022.2083716
Zhenyu Zhang, Ken-Yu Lin, Jia-Hua Lin
Abstract Initiating ergonomics interventions in a business environment requires changes in the behaviour of relevant actors. When participating in an intervention, researchers need to collect and share information with practitioners to help them make better behaviour-related decisions. This paper describes the five-step 2SAFE (Surveillance, Screening, Assessment, Framing, and Evaluation) planning framework, which can be used to guide research-practice collaboration in participatory ergonomics programmes. This framework combines the understanding of work-related musculoskeletal disorders with the principles of the health belief model. This theoretical synthesis empowers the framework to address the following critical challenges: (1) how to make data collection processes attuned to the nature of ergonomic injuries; and (2) how to transform the data collected into immediately usable information for practitioners to change their behaviours. The framework is interdisciplinary and can facilitate transfer of knowledge between ergonomics and health behaviour science. The framework can enhance the ability of researchers to collaborate with practitioners and bring participatory ergonomics programmes closer to success. In the long term, we hope that this framework can lead to more high-quality interventions that are able to prevent work-related musculoskeletal disorders in various industrial settings.
{"title":"2SAFE: a health belief model-integrated framework for participatory ergonomics","authors":"Zhenyu Zhang, Ken-Yu Lin, Jia-Hua Lin","doi":"10.1080/1463922X.2022.2083716","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1463922X.2022.2083716","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Initiating ergonomics interventions in a business environment requires changes in the behaviour of relevant actors. When participating in an intervention, researchers need to collect and share information with practitioners to help them make better behaviour-related decisions. This paper describes the five-step 2SAFE (Surveillance, Screening, Assessment, Framing, and Evaluation) planning framework, which can be used to guide research-practice collaboration in participatory ergonomics programmes. This framework combines the understanding of work-related musculoskeletal disorders with the principles of the health belief model. This theoretical synthesis empowers the framework to address the following critical challenges: (1) how to make data collection processes attuned to the nature of ergonomic injuries; and (2) how to transform the data collected into immediately usable information for practitioners to change their behaviours. The framework is interdisciplinary and can facilitate transfer of knowledge between ergonomics and health behaviour science. The framework can enhance the ability of researchers to collaborate with practitioners and bring participatory ergonomics programmes closer to success. In the long term, we hope that this framework can lead to more high-quality interventions that are able to prevent work-related musculoskeletal disorders in various industrial settings.","PeriodicalId":22852,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science","volume":"24 1","pages":"281 - 298"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45234247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-26DOI: 10.1080/1463922X.2022.2081374
H. N. Kim
Abstract As technology is advancing quickly, and various assistive technology applications are introduced to users with visual disabilities, many people with visual disabilities use smartphones and cloud-based video communication platforms such as Zoom. This study aims at advancing knowledge of how people with visual disabilities visualize voluntary emotions via facial expressions, especially in online contexts. A convenience sample of 28 participants with visual disabilities were observed as to how they show voluntary facial expressions via Zoom. The facial expressions were coded using the Facial Action Coding System (FACS) Action Units (AU). Individual differences were found in the frequency of facial action units, which were influenced by the participants’ visual acuity levels (i.e., visual impairment and blindness) and emotion characteristics (i.e., positive/negative valence and high/low arousal levels). The research findings are anticipated to be widely beneficial to many researchers and professionals in the field of facial expressions of emotions, such as facial recognition systems and emotion sensing technologies. Relevance to human factors/ergonomics theoryThis study advanced knowledge of facial muscle engagements while people with visual disabilities visualize their emotions via facial expressions, especially in online contexts. The advanced understanding would contribute to building a fundamental knowledge foundation, ultimately applicable to universal designs of emotion technology that can read users’ facial expressions to customize services with the focus on adequately accommodating the users’ emotional needs (e.g., ambient intelligence) regardless of users’ visual ability/disability.
{"title":"The frequency of facial muscles engaged in expressing emotions in people with visual disabilities via cloud-based video communication","authors":"H. N. Kim","doi":"10.1080/1463922X.2022.2081374","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1463922X.2022.2081374","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract As technology is advancing quickly, and various assistive technology applications are introduced to users with visual disabilities, many people with visual disabilities use smartphones and cloud-based video communication platforms such as Zoom. This study aims at advancing knowledge of how people with visual disabilities visualize voluntary emotions via facial expressions, especially in online contexts. A convenience sample of 28 participants with visual disabilities were observed as to how they show voluntary facial expressions via Zoom. The facial expressions were coded using the Facial Action Coding System (FACS) Action Units (AU). Individual differences were found in the frequency of facial action units, which were influenced by the participants’ visual acuity levels (i.e., visual impairment and blindness) and emotion characteristics (i.e., positive/negative valence and high/low arousal levels). The research findings are anticipated to be widely beneficial to many researchers and professionals in the field of facial expressions of emotions, such as facial recognition systems and emotion sensing technologies. Relevance to human factors/ergonomics theoryThis study advanced knowledge of facial muscle engagements while people with visual disabilities visualize their emotions via facial expressions, especially in online contexts. The advanced understanding would contribute to building a fundamental knowledge foundation, ultimately applicable to universal designs of emotion technology that can read users’ facial expressions to customize services with the focus on adequately accommodating the users’ emotional needs (e.g., ambient intelligence) regardless of users’ visual ability/disability.","PeriodicalId":22852,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science","volume":"24 1","pages":"267 - 280"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47766912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-25DOI: 10.1080/1463922X.2022.2079155
Denys Bulikhov, S. Landry
Abstract Some of the variability found in measures of mental workload (see e.g. Singleton, Fox, and Whitfield 1973; Wierwille and Connor 1983; Steelman, McCarley, and Wickens 2011; Casner and Gore 2010) may be due to the effort applied to the task by participants, rather than by the independent variable of interest. If true, capturing and removing the variation due to ‘applied effort’ could improve the ability of studies to detect effects of interest. While introducing participants to two sub-tasks derived from Multi-Attribute Task Battery II (Santiago-Espada et al. 2011), the study investigated the influence of applied effort on MATB-II performance measures while holding other effects constant. Two groups of participants each completed easy and hard trials of MATB-II-derived sub-tasks. Treatment group of participants was offered an additional reward if they achieved a sufficiently high performance. The treatment group performed better by just under 4% in both easy and hard trials which provides a suggestion about the size of the effect of applied effort in this study. Measuring or controlling for applied effort can improve the ability of researchers to determine the effects of interventions on workload measures by reducing the amount of variability that is captured as error.
在心理工作量测量中发现的一些可变性(参见Singleton, Fox, and Whitfield 1973;Wierwille and Connor 1983;Steelman, McCarley, and Wickens 2011;Casner和Gore 2010)可能是由于参与者对任务的努力，而不是由兴趣这一自变量决定的。如果这是真的，捕获和消除由于“应用努力”而产生的变化可以提高研究检测感兴趣效应的能力。在向参与者介绍来自多属性任务组II (Santiago-Espada et al. 2011)的两个子任务时，该研究在保持其他影响不变的情况下，调查了应用努力对MATB-II绩效指标的影响。两组参与者分别完成了matb - ii衍生子任务的简单和困难试验。如果实验组的参与者取得了足够高的成绩，就会得到额外的奖励。在简单和困难的试验中，治疗组的表现都比对照组好不到4%，这提示了本研究中应用努力的效果大小。测量或控制应用的工作量可以通过减少作为误差捕获的可变性的数量来提高研究人员确定干预措施对工作量度量的影响的能力。
{"title":"The effect of applied effort on MATB-II performance","authors":"Denys Bulikhov, S. Landry","doi":"10.1080/1463922X.2022.2079155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1463922X.2022.2079155","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Some of the variability found in measures of mental workload (see e.g. Singleton, Fox, and Whitfield 1973; Wierwille and Connor 1983; Steelman, McCarley, and Wickens 2011; Casner and Gore 2010) may be due to the effort applied to the task by participants, rather than by the independent variable of interest. If true, capturing and removing the variation due to ‘applied effort’ could improve the ability of studies to detect effects of interest. While introducing participants to two sub-tasks derived from Multi-Attribute Task Battery II (Santiago-Espada et al. 2011), the study investigated the influence of applied effort on MATB-II performance measures while holding other effects constant. Two groups of participants each completed easy and hard trials of MATB-II-derived sub-tasks. Treatment group of participants was offered an additional reward if they achieved a sufficiently high performance. The treatment group performed better by just under 4% in both easy and hard trials which provides a suggestion about the size of the effect of applied effort in this study. Measuring or controlling for applied effort can improve the ability of researchers to determine the effects of interventions on workload measures by reducing the amount of variability that is captured as error.","PeriodicalId":22852,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science","volume":"24 1","pages":"233 - 240"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59868684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-25DOI: 10.1080/1463922X.2022.2076954
J. Navarro, P. Hancock
Abstract The conception and creation of tools, their design, refinements and uses are traditionally viewed as being direct elaborations of inherent human capabilities. Here, we offer an alternative to this traditional perspective. Using a tool to complete any given task serves to change that task which, in turn, impacts and alters the tools’ user via the performance of current and subsequent tasks. Moreover, as each task evolves, humans have come to shape additional tools to respond accordingly. These ever-increasing complexifications then serve to stimulate expansion in inherent human cognitive capabilities themselves. Here, we do not view humans as the initial creators of tools. Rather, the a priori presence of tools in the ambient environment explains, ab initio, why the species homo sapiens has evolved in the way that history records. We thus propose that tools create humans. The subsequent symbiosis between humans and those tools, portrayed as a cumulative spiral structure, serves to frame this evolution of elaborative technologies that have been used across time to achieve socially desired objectives. From our premise, we envision evident lines of progress that can be anticipated for the future of this human-tool dyad.
{"title":"Did Tools Create Humans?","authors":"J. Navarro, P. Hancock","doi":"10.1080/1463922X.2022.2076954","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1463922X.2022.2076954","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The conception and creation of tools, their design, refinements and uses are traditionally viewed as being direct elaborations of inherent human capabilities. Here, we offer an alternative to this traditional perspective. Using a tool to complete any given task serves to change that task which, in turn, impacts and alters the tools’ user via the performance of current and subsequent tasks. Moreover, as each task evolves, humans have come to shape additional tools to respond accordingly. These ever-increasing complexifications then serve to stimulate expansion in inherent human cognitive capabilities themselves. Here, we do not view humans as the initial creators of tools. Rather, the a priori presence of tools in the ambient environment explains, ab initio, why the species homo sapiens has evolved in the way that history records. We thus propose that tools create humans. The subsequent symbiosis between humans and those tools, portrayed as a cumulative spiral structure, serves to frame this evolution of elaborative technologies that have been used across time to achieve socially desired objectives. From our premise, we envision evident lines of progress that can be anticipated for the future of this human-tool dyad.","PeriodicalId":22852,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science","volume":"24 1","pages":"206 - 232"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49312045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-01Epub Date: 2022-04-02DOI: 10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.121.011718
Matthew J Price, Miguel Valderrábano, Sarah Zimmerman, Daniel J Friedman, Saibal Kar, Jeptha P Curtis, Frederick A Masoudi, James V Freeman
Background: Pericardial effusion (PE) is a potential complication of transcatheter left atrial appendage occlusion. The objective of this study was to investigate the incidence, associated characteristics, and outcomes of PE following left atrial appendage occlusion.
Methods: Patients in the NCDR LAAO Registry who underwent a Watchman procedure between January 1, 2016 and December 31, 2019 were included. The primary outcome was in-hospital PE requiring intervention (percutaneous drainage or surgery). Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated for adverse event rates associated with PE.
Results: The study population consisted of 65 355 patients. The mean patient age was 76.2±8.1 years, and the mean CHA2DS2-VASc score was 4.6±1.5. PE occurred in 881 patients (1.35%). Clinical variables independently associated with PE included older age, female sex, left ventricular function, paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, prior bleeding, lower serum albumin, and preprocedural dual antiplatelet therapy; procedural variables included number of delivery sheaths used, sinus rhythm during the procedure, and moderate sedation rather than general anesthesia. PE was associated with increased risk of in-hospital stroke (OR, 6.58 [95% CI, 3.32-13.06]; P<0.0001), death (OR, 56.88 [95% CI, 39.79-81.32]; P<0.0001), and the composite of death, stroke, or systemic embolism (OR, 28.64 [95% CI, 21.24-38.61]; P<0.0001). PE during the index hospitalization was associated with increased risk of death (OR, 3.52 [95% CI, 2.23-5.54]; P<0.0001) and the composite of death, stroke, or systemic embolism (OR, 3.42 [95% CI, 2.31-5.07]; P<0.0001) between discharge and 45-day follow-up.
Conclusions: In-hospital PE during transcatheter left atrial appendage occlusion is infrequent but associated with a substantially higher risk of adverse events, including in-hospital and early postdischarge mortality. Strategies to minimize PE are critical to improve the risk-benefit ratio for this therapy.
背景：心包积液（PE）是经导管左房阑尾闭塞术的潜在并发症。本研究旨在调查左心房阑尾闭塞术后心包积液的发生率、相关特征和预后：方法：纳入在2016年1月1日至2019年12月31日期间接受Watchman手术的NCDR LAAO注册患者。主要结果是需要干预（经皮引流或手术）的院内PE。计算了与 PE 相关的不良事件发生率的比值比 (OR)：研究对象包括 65 355 名患者。患者平均年龄为（76.2±8.1）岁，平均 CHA2DS2-VASc 评分为（4.6±1.5）分。881名患者（1.35%）发生了 PE。与 PE 独立相关的临床变量包括年龄较大、女性、左心室功能、阵发性心房颤动、既往出血、血清白蛋白较低以及术前接受双重抗血小板治疗；手术变量包括使用的分娩鞘数量、手术过程中的窦性心律以及中度镇静而非全身麻醉。PE与院内卒中风险增加有关（OR，6.58 [95% CI，3.32-13.06]；PPPPP结论：经导管左房阑尾闭塞术中的院内 PE 并不常见，但却与较高的不良事件风险相关，包括院内和出院后早期死亡率。尽量减少 PE 的策略对于提高这种疗法的风险收益比至关重要。
{"title":"Periprocedural Pericardial Effusion Complicating Transcatheter Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion: A Report From the NCDR LAAO Registry.","authors":"Matthew J Price, Miguel Valderrábano, Sarah Zimmerman, Daniel J Friedman, Saibal Kar, Jeptha P Curtis, Frederick A Masoudi, James V Freeman","doi":"10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.121.011718","DOIUrl":"10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.121.011718","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Pericardial effusion (PE) is a potential complication of transcatheter left atrial appendage occlusion. The objective of this study was to investigate the incidence, associated characteristics, and outcomes of PE following left atrial appendage occlusion.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Patients in the NCDR LAAO Registry who underwent a Watchman procedure between January 1, 2016 and December 31, 2019 were included. The primary outcome was in-hospital PE requiring intervention (percutaneous drainage or surgery). Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated for adverse event rates associated with PE.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study population consisted of 65 355 patients. The mean patient age was 76.2±8.1 years, and the mean CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc score was 4.6±1.5. PE occurred in 881 patients (1.35%). Clinical variables independently associated with PE included older age, female sex, left ventricular function, paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, prior bleeding, lower serum albumin, and preprocedural dual antiplatelet therapy; procedural variables included number of delivery sheaths used, sinus rhythm during the procedure, and moderate sedation rather than general anesthesia. PE was associated with increased risk of in-hospital stroke (OR, 6.58 [95% CI, 3.32-13.06]; <i>P</i><0.0001), death (OR, 56.88 [95% CI, 39.79-81.32]; <i>P</i><0.0001), and the composite of death, stroke, or systemic embolism (OR, 28.64 [95% CI, 21.24-38.61]; <i>P</i><0.0001). PE during the index hospitalization was associated with increased risk of death (OR, 3.52 [95% CI, 2.23-5.54]; <i>P</i><0.0001) and the composite of death, stroke, or systemic embolism (OR, 3.42 [95% CI, 2.31-5.07]; <i>P</i><0.0001) between discharge and 45-day follow-up.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In-hospital PE during transcatheter left atrial appendage occlusion is infrequent but associated with a substantially higher risk of adverse events, including in-hospital and early postdischarge mortality. Strategies to minimize PE are critical to improve the risk-benefit ratio for this therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":22852,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science","volume":"10 1","pages":"e011718"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9132377/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81894760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-26DOI: 10.1080/1463922X.2022.2062067
P. Hancock
Abstract Ergonomics is identified as that discipline which is most particularly focused upon the “laws of work’. Indeed, this is the etymological origins from which the name of the science is derived. In consequence, any future consideration of such an area of research endeavor must constantly re-examine and re-evaluate what is meant by the term ‘work’. The present article, that features an individual perspective, attacks this challenge through a prospective vision of what work may come. This vision of ‘futurework’ proves to be a rather bleak one. For, as is explained, the driving economic forces emphasize and embrace the greater utility of automated, and now growing autonomous systems, to accomplish the tasks which connote work. Often cast in opposition to the efficiency/profit imperative are those social forces for which human-centered endeavors, such as Ergonomics, advocate. Optimistic perspectives seek to harmonize these conflicting forces and envisage a form of harmonious cooperation between humans and machines of increasing ‘intelligence’ and capability. The current work explores and evaluates why that positive narrative is unlikely to represent the actuality of coming events, at least within the foreseeable future.
{"title":"Machining the mind to mind the machine","authors":"P. Hancock","doi":"10.1080/1463922X.2022.2062067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1463922X.2022.2062067","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Ergonomics is identified as that discipline which is most particularly focused upon the “laws of work’. Indeed, this is the etymological origins from which the name of the science is derived. In consequence, any future consideration of such an area of research endeavor must constantly re-examine and re-evaluate what is meant by the term ‘work’. The present article, that features an individual perspective, attacks this challenge through a prospective vision of what work may come. This vision of ‘futurework’ proves to be a rather bleak one. For, as is explained, the driving economic forces emphasize and embrace the greater utility of automated, and now growing autonomous systems, to accomplish the tasks which connote work. Often cast in opposition to the efficiency/profit imperative are those social forces for which human-centered endeavors, such as Ergonomics, advocate. Optimistic perspectives seek to harmonize these conflicting forces and envisage a form of harmonious cooperation between humans and machines of increasing ‘intelligence’ and capability. The current work explores and evaluates why that positive narrative is unlikely to represent the actuality of coming events, at least within the foreseeable future.","PeriodicalId":22852,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science","volume":"24 1","pages":"111 - 128"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44739136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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