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In recent years, the incidence and complexity of autoimmune diseases (AIDs) have been steadily increasing, posing grim challenges to clinical management. These diseases often involve multi-organ dysfunction and impose a pronounced burden on patients' physical and mental health. Current therapeutic strategies remain suboptimal, frequently limited by poor specificity and severe systemic side effects. With the rapid advancement of nanotechnology, nanodrugs have emerged as a potential approach on account of their enhanced targeting capability, high therapeutic efficacy, and reduced toxicity. In particular, macrophage-targeted nanodrugs have gained considerable attention, given that macrophages act as a key mediator in the onset and progression of various AIDs. This review systematically summarizes the molecular basis of macrophage involvement in autoimmunity, the design strategies of nanodrugs, and their applications across different AIDs, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), multiple sclerosis (MS), psoriasis (PSO), and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). These nanodrugs exert their therapeutic effects primarily by modulating macrophage-mediated immune responses, specifically through reprogramming macrophage phenotypes to promote anti-inflammatory and tissue-reparative functions. By precisely reprogramming macrophage function, these nanotherapeutics offer a novel approach for AID treatment.

Rechargeable zinc-air batteries are promising candidates for grid-scale energy storage; however, their practical deployment is limited by oxygen electrocatalysis inefficiencies and interfacial instabilities, particularly outside conventional alkaline electrolytes. In this work, zinc-air batteries operating under neutral electrolyte conditions using ZnCl₂ soaked KC-PAA-PAM gel polymer electrolytes and electrochemically synthesized Ni/Fe layered double hydroxide electrocatalysts is investigated. Ni/Fe-LDH is intentionally employed as an OER-biased benchmark catalyst to diagnose electrolyte and interface driven limitations rather than as a bifunctional ORR/OER solution. Full cells exhibit highly stable cycling over hundreds of hours, yet operate at substantially suppressed charge and discharge voltages relative to the thermodynamic value. Electrochemical impedance analysis shows that ohmic losses contribute only minimally to this voltage suppression. Post-mortem X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveals metallic zinc accumulation on the air cathode and chloride-containing species on the anode, indicating parasitic interfacial processes. Synchrotron-based soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy confirms stable Ni²⁺ and Fe³⁺ oxidation states during cycling, consistent with OER-biased catalytic behavior, while neutral-electrolyte oxygen evolution measurements demonstrate strong electrolyte-induced suppression of oxygen kinetics. Together, these results show that electrolyte chemistry and cathode-side parasitic processes, rather than catalyst identity alone, dominate voltage losses in neutral zinc-air batteries, providing mechanistic insight into the fundamental challenges associated with neutral electrolyte operation.

T cell engineering is a transformative strategy for adoptive cell therapy, holding the key to treating a wide array of human diseases. However, clinical translation is limited by current intracellular delivery methods that compromise viability, induce stress responses, and restrict scalability. This study presents a microfluidic droplet mechanoporation system tailored for primary human T cells, enabling efficient, stable, and clinically scalable gene delivery. Delivery of 2000 kDa fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran achieves ∼98% efficiency and >90% post-treatment viability, even at high cell densities, supporting the rapid production of therapeutically relevant cell numbers. The platform efficiently delivers mRNA, achieving transfection efficiencies approaching 99%; further, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-encoding mRNA is successfully delivered to generate CAR-expressing T cells with tunable surface expression. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9 ribonucleoproteins are effectively delivered for both single and multiplex knockouts (TRAC and PDCD-1), achieving up to a 2.35-fold higher efficiency than electroporation. Longitudinal analyses confirm preserved viability, proliferation, genome integrity, and T cell phenotypic stability. Collectively, these results establish microfluidic droplet mechanoporation as a safe, efficient, and scalable platform for the clinical manufacturing of engineered T cell therapies.

Ensuring biosafety in indoor environments demands innovative and sustainable antimicrobial solutions against airborne pathogens. Inspired by nature's "trap-and-kill" phenomenon, we engineered an ambient light-activated antimicrobial polymer coating through molecular integration of quaternary ammonium salts (QAS) with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) photosensitizers on nonwoven fabrics (NWF). This strategy establishes a coherent and synergistic mechanism from bacterial capturing to light-bursting pathogen defense, effectively overcoming inherent limitations of conventional QAS systems including contact-dependent inactivation kinetics and compromised biofilm penetration. Under ambient light irradiation, the composite nonwoven fabric demonstrated rapid antimicrobial efficacy with 99.98% reduction against S. aureus and E. coli, alongside 99.93% inactivation of Influenza A virus (H1N1). Crucially, the integrated bactericidal-filtration system maintains biosafety in enclosed spaces under accelerated bioaerosol diffusion conditions, achieving 99.23% airborne pathogen interception efficiency through combined physical capture and on-contact inactivation. The screen windows made of "capturing and inactivating" dual-functional nonwoven fabrics serve as intelligent interfaces for next-generation building biosafety control systems.

Solar-driven ammonia synthesis via electrocatalytic nitrate reduction could disrupt the century-old Haber-Bosch process. However, current systems are limited to lab-scale prototypes due to the instability of photovoltaic-electrolysis (PV-EC) coupling under real-world solar fluctuations and unproven scalability. Here, we present a laboratory to megawatt (Lab-to-MW) framework, encompassing catalyst design and renewable energy-powered ammonia synthesis. A dual-functional CuP/CoF catalyst fabricated on cobalt foam enables efficient nitrate-to-ammonia conversion by modulating reactive hydrogen (^*H) supply and reducing the kinetic barrier for the hydrogenation of nitrogenous intermediates. The catalyst achieves a high ammonia faradaic efficiency of 81.2% at low potential (-0.3 V vs. RHE) and long-term stability (>1000 h) in anion-exchange membrane (AEM) electrolyzers. Subsequently, a dynamic PV-EC system integrating >25%-efficiency silicon solar modules, operates stably for 50 h under simulated irradiance (air mass, AM 1.5G), delivering a 5.92% solar-to-fuel (STF) efficiency under natural ambient conditions. Capitalizing on this foundation, our solar-adaptive techno-economic modeling demonstrates a transformative levelized cost of ammonia (LCOA) at $0.93/kg NH₃ for 1 MW-scale solar ammonia with real-world irradiance adaptability. This work provides a replicable blueprint for decarbonizing industrial ammonia production, redefining the scalability of solar-driven electrocatalysis for sustainable chemical manufacturing.

Potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) have emerged as a promising next-generation energy storage technology due to the abundance of potassium resources, low redox potential of K⁺/K, and compatibility with aluminum current collectors. Graphite, as a cost-effective and structurally stable anode, exhibits considerable potential for practical PIB applications. However, challenges such as sluggish K⁺ diffusion kinetics, significant volume expansion, and unstable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) hinder the full utilization of the graphite anode. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in understanding the K⁺ intercalation behavior and storage mechanism of graphite. Key strategies for enhancing graphite performance, including interlayer spacing regulation, morphological engineering, defect and heteroatom doping, and coating design, are thoroughly discussed. In addition, interface engineering approaches involving electrolyte component optimization, artificial SEI construction, and binder design are highlighted to address SEI instability. This review also compares the potassium storage characteristics of graphite with those in lithium/sodium systems and outlines current challenges under extreme conditions. Finally, future perspectives are provided to guide the rational design of graphite-based anodes for high-performance PIBs. This work aims to offer a comprehensive reference for the development of advanced graphite anode materials in emerging potassium-ion battery technologies.