Zhongyi Fang, Minggao Jiang, Yun Wang, Yiliu Zhou, Mei Zhang, Yunfeng Lin
In recent years, the incidence and complexity of autoimmune diseases (AIDs) have been steadily increasing, posing grim challenges to clinical management. These diseases often involve multi-organ dysfunction and impose a pronounced burden on patients' physical and mental health. Current therapeutic strategies remain suboptimal, frequently limited by poor specificity and severe systemic side effects. With the rapid advancement of nanotechnology, nanodrugs have emerged as a potential approach on account of their enhanced targeting capability, high therapeutic efficacy, and reduced toxicity. In particular, macrophage-targeted nanodrugs have gained considerable attention, given that macrophages act as a key mediator in the onset and progression of various AIDs. This review systematically summarizes the molecular basis of macrophage involvement in autoimmunity, the design strategies of nanodrugs, and their applications across different AIDs, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), multiple sclerosis (MS), psoriasis (PSO), and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). These nanodrugs exert their therapeutic effects primarily by modulating macrophage-mediated immune responses, specifically through reprogramming macrophage phenotypes to promote anti-inflammatory and tissue-reparative functions. By precisely reprogramming macrophage function, these nanotherapeutics offer a novel approach for AID treatment.
{"title":"Nanomedicine Strategies for Autoimmune Diseases: Targeting and Reprogramming Macrophages.","authors":"Zhongyi Fang, Minggao Jiang, Yun Wang, Yiliu Zhou, Mei Zhang, Yunfeng Lin","doi":"10.1002/smll.202513797","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202513797","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In recent years, the incidence and complexity of autoimmune diseases (AIDs) have been steadily increasing, posing grim challenges to clinical management. These diseases often involve multi-organ dysfunction and impose a pronounced burden on patients' physical and mental health. Current therapeutic strategies remain suboptimal, frequently limited by poor specificity and severe systemic side effects. With the rapid advancement of nanotechnology, nanodrugs have emerged as a potential approach on account of their enhanced targeting capability, high therapeutic efficacy, and reduced toxicity. In particular, macrophage-targeted nanodrugs have gained considerable attention, given that macrophages act as a key mediator in the onset and progression of various AIDs. This review systematically summarizes the molecular basis of macrophage involvement in autoimmunity, the design strategies of nanodrugs, and their applications across different AIDs, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), multiple sclerosis (MS), psoriasis (PSO), and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). These nanodrugs exert their therapeutic effects primarily by modulating macrophage-mediated immune responses, specifically through reprogramming macrophage phenotypes to promote anti-inflammatory and tissue-reparative functions. By precisely reprogramming macrophage function, these nanotherapeutics offer a novel approach for AID treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":" ","pages":"e13797"},"PeriodicalIF":12.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146123110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ruhul Amin, Vikalp Raj, Muhammad Mominur Rahman, Shafiul Islam, Dennis Nordlund, Ali Abouimrane, Jaswinder Sharma, Ilias Belharouak
Rechargeable zinc-air batteries are promising candidates for grid-scale energy storage; however, their practical deployment is limited by oxygen electrocatalysis inefficiencies and interfacial instabilities, particularly outside conventional alkaline electrolytes. In this work, zinc-air batteries operating under neutral electrolyte conditions using ZnCl2 soaked KC-PAA-PAM gel polymer electrolytes and electrochemically synthesized Ni/Fe layered double hydroxide electrocatalysts is investigated. Ni/Fe-LDH is intentionally employed as an OER-biased benchmark catalyst to diagnose electrolyte and interface driven limitations rather than as a bifunctional ORR/OER solution. Full cells exhibit highly stable cycling over hundreds of hours, yet operate at substantially suppressed charge and discharge voltages relative to the thermodynamic value. Electrochemical impedance analysis shows that ohmic losses contribute only minimally to this voltage suppression. Post-mortem X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveals metallic zinc accumulation on the air cathode and chloride-containing species on the anode, indicating parasitic interfacial processes. Synchrotron-based soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy confirms stable Ni2+ and Fe3+ oxidation states during cycling, consistent with OER-biased catalytic behavior, while neutral-electrolyte oxygen evolution measurements demonstrate strong electrolyte-induced suppression of oxygen kinetics. Together, these results show that electrolyte chemistry and cathode-side parasitic processes, rather than catalyst identity alone, dominate voltage losses in neutral zinc-air batteries, providing mechanistic insight into the fundamental challenges associated with neutral electrolyte operation.
{"title":"Interfacial and Kinetic Origins of Voltage Loss in Neutral Zinc-Air Batteries.","authors":"Ruhul Amin, Vikalp Raj, Muhammad Mominur Rahman, Shafiul Islam, Dennis Nordlund, Ali Abouimrane, Jaswinder Sharma, Ilias Belharouak","doi":"10.1002/smll.202512733","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202512733","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rechargeable zinc-air batteries are promising candidates for grid-scale energy storage; however, their practical deployment is limited by oxygen electrocatalysis inefficiencies and interfacial instabilities, particularly outside conventional alkaline electrolytes. In this work, zinc-air batteries operating under neutral electrolyte conditions using ZnCl<sub>2</sub> soaked KC-PAA-PAM gel polymer electrolytes and electrochemically synthesized Ni/Fe layered double hydroxide electrocatalysts is investigated. Ni/Fe-LDH is intentionally employed as an OER-biased benchmark catalyst to diagnose electrolyte and interface driven limitations rather than as a bifunctional ORR/OER solution. Full cells exhibit highly stable cycling over hundreds of hours, yet operate at substantially suppressed charge and discharge voltages relative to the thermodynamic value. Electrochemical impedance analysis shows that ohmic losses contribute only minimally to this voltage suppression. Post-mortem X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveals metallic zinc accumulation on the air cathode and chloride-containing species on the anode, indicating parasitic interfacial processes. Synchrotron-based soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy confirms stable Ni<sup>2+</sup> and Fe<sup>3+</sup> oxidation states during cycling, consistent with OER-biased catalytic behavior, while neutral-electrolyte oxygen evolution measurements demonstrate strong electrolyte-induced suppression of oxygen kinetics. Together, these results show that electrolyte chemistry and cathode-side parasitic processes, rather than catalyst identity alone, dominate voltage losses in neutral zinc-air batteries, providing mechanistic insight into the fundamental challenges associated with neutral electrolyte operation.</p>","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":" ","pages":"e12733"},"PeriodicalIF":12.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146122980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anti-icing coatings have gained significant attention to prevent ice accretion on infrastructure surfaces, particularly in aviation, power, and transportation sectors, owing to their energy-saving and satisfactory anti-icing performance. However, dust accumulation on anti-icing coating surfaces significantly weakens their protective performance. Dust particulates adsorbed on the coating surfaces via electrostatic interaction is challenging to remove by wind power or rain washing alone. Herein, the dust-induced icing process is clarified, and the process is effectively suppressed by a self-constraining lubricant (SCL) coating based on ionic liquids (ILs) and zwitterionic copolymers. ILs (EMIES), embedded into the PDMS matrix, enhance the coating's conductivity (≈2.04 S/m) to dissipate surface static electricity and prevent the electrostatic adsorption of charged dust particles. The zwitterionic copolymer in SCL coating is designed to constrain ILs via electrostatic interaction and provide hydrophilic segments to enhance anti-icing as well as deicing properties (heterogeneous ice nucleation temperature of −27.9°C, icing delay time of 1458 s, and ice adhesion strength of 8.1 kPa). This SCL coating presents dust-repellent performance and retains excellent anti-icing properties even when suffering from dust deposition. Meanwhile, it still maintained low ice adhesion strength after 30 icing-deicing cycles. This work establishes a new dust-repellent and anti-icing strategy for outdoor infrastructure.
{"title":"Zwitterionic Self-Constraining Lubricant Coating for Prevention of Dust-Induced Icing","authors":"Shu Tian, Lei Ye, Qingsi Li, Lei Zhang, Jing Yang","doi":"10.1002/smll.202512002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202512002","url":null,"abstract":"Anti-icing coatings have gained significant attention to prevent ice accretion on infrastructure surfaces, particularly in aviation, power, and transportation sectors, owing to their energy-saving and satisfactory anti-icing performance. However, dust accumulation on anti-icing coating surfaces significantly weakens their protective performance. Dust particulates adsorbed on the coating surfaces via electrostatic interaction is challenging to remove by wind power or rain washing alone. Herein, the dust-induced icing process is clarified, and the process is effectively suppressed by a self-constraining lubricant (SCL) coating based on ionic liquids (ILs) and zwitterionic copolymers. ILs (EMIES), embedded into the PDMS matrix, enhance the coating's conductivity (≈2.04 S/m) to dissipate surface static electricity and prevent the electrostatic adsorption of charged dust particles. The zwitterionic copolymer in SCL coating is designed to constrain ILs via electrostatic interaction and provide hydrophilic segments to enhance anti-icing as well as deicing properties (heterogeneous ice nucleation temperature of −27.9°C, icing delay time of 1458 s, and ice adhesion strength of 8.1 kPa). This SCL coating presents dust-repellent performance and retains excellent anti-icing properties even when suffering from dust deposition. Meanwhile, it still maintained low ice adhesion strength after 30 icing-deicing cycles. This work establishes a new dust-repellent and anti-icing strategy for outdoor infrastructure.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146122437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jin Suk Oh, Ho Jin Lee, Jun Young Choi, Kiran A. Nirmal, Dong Hyun Kim, Jong Min Joo, Tukaram D. Dongale, Tae Geun Kim
Phase-change random-access memory (PCRAM) is an emerging technology for next-generation memory owing to its high on/off ratio, simple fabrication, and excellent stability. However, its unipolar operation limits its ability to replicate the complex synaptic behaviors required for neuromorphic applications. Although unipolar PCRAM has been explored as a neuromorphic device, its performance is limited by the intricacies of peripheral circuit requirements. To achieve better bipolar operation, this study introduces a novel bipolar PCRAM structure by incorporating titanium interlayers into an SbTe-based PCRAM device. The integration of titanium as an atomic migration moderator reduces diffusion pathways, thereby stabilizing the operating voltage to approximately ±0.6 V while increasing endurance to more than 8 × 104 cycles. Furthermore, various synaptic behaviors such as potentiation, depression, and spike-timing-dependent plasticity were reliably mimicked. Neural network simulations performed with experimental data from the device achieved 88% classification accuracy on the Modified National Institute of Standards and Technology dataset, highlighting the feasibility of this architecture for real-world neuromorphic applications. The proposed bipolar PCRAM structure simplifies circuit design and offers a scalable approach for efficient neuromorphic computing.
{"title":"Bipolar Switching and Synaptic Behaviors Observed in Titanium-Constrained Phase-Change Heterostructures","authors":"Jin Suk Oh, Ho Jin Lee, Jun Young Choi, Kiran A. Nirmal, Dong Hyun Kim, Jong Min Joo, Tukaram D. Dongale, Tae Geun Kim","doi":"10.1002/smll.202514024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202514024","url":null,"abstract":"Phase-change random-access memory (PCRAM) is an emerging technology for next-generation memory owing to its high on/off ratio, simple fabrication, and excellent stability. However, its unipolar operation limits its ability to replicate the complex synaptic behaviors required for neuromorphic applications. Although unipolar PCRAM has been explored as a neuromorphic device, its performance is limited by the intricacies of peripheral circuit requirements. To achieve better bipolar operation, this study introduces a novel bipolar PCRAM structure by incorporating titanium interlayers into an SbTe-based PCRAM device. The integration of titanium as an atomic migration moderator reduces diffusion pathways, thereby stabilizing the operating voltage to approximately ±0.6 V while increasing endurance to more than 8 × 10<sup>4</sup> cycles. Furthermore, various synaptic behaviors such as potentiation, depression, and spike-timing-dependent plasticity were reliably mimicked. Neural network simulations performed with experimental data from the device achieved 88% classification accuracy on the Modified National Institute of Standards and Technology dataset, highlighting the feasibility of this architecture for real-world neuromorphic applications. The proposed bipolar PCRAM structure simplifies circuit design and offers a scalable approach for efficient neuromorphic computing.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"89 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146122477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T cell engineering is a transformative strategy for adoptive cell therapy, holding the key to treating a wide array of human diseases. However, clinical translation is limited by current intracellular delivery methods that compromise viability, induce stress responses, and restrict scalability. This study presents a microfluidic droplet mechanoporation system tailored for primary human T cells, enabling efficient, stable, and clinically scalable gene delivery. Delivery of 2000 kDa fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran achieves ∼98% efficiency and >90% post-treatment viability, even at high cell densities, supporting the rapid production of therapeutically relevant cell numbers. The platform efficiently delivers mRNA, achieving transfection efficiencies approaching 99%; further, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-encoding mRNA is successfully delivered to generate CAR-expressing T cells with tunable surface expression. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9 ribonucleoproteins are effectively delivered for both single and multiplex knockouts (TRAC and PDCD-1), achieving up to a 2.35-fold higher efficiency than electroporation. Longitudinal analyses confirm preserved viability, proliferation, genome integrity, and T cell phenotypic stability. Collectively, these results establish microfluidic droplet mechanoporation as a safe, efficient, and scalable platform for the clinical manufacturing of engineered T cell therapies.
{"title":"Safe and Efficient CRISPR Genome Editing of Primary Human T Cells Using a Droplet-Based Cell Mechanoporation Platform.","authors":"You-Jeong Kim, Sungwon Bang, Aram J Chung","doi":"10.1002/smll.202512553","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202512553","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>T cell engineering is a transformative strategy for adoptive cell therapy, holding the key to treating a wide array of human diseases. However, clinical translation is limited by current intracellular delivery methods that compromise viability, induce stress responses, and restrict scalability. This study presents a microfluidic droplet mechanoporation system tailored for primary human T cells, enabling efficient, stable, and clinically scalable gene delivery. Delivery of 2000 kDa fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran achieves ∼98% efficiency and >90% post-treatment viability, even at high cell densities, supporting the rapid production of therapeutically relevant cell numbers. The platform efficiently delivers mRNA, achieving transfection efficiencies approaching 99%; further, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-encoding mRNA is successfully delivered to generate CAR-expressing T cells with tunable surface expression. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9 ribonucleoproteins are effectively delivered for both single and multiplex knockouts (TRAC and PDCD-1), achieving up to a 2.35-fold higher efficiency than electroporation. Longitudinal analyses confirm preserved viability, proliferation, genome integrity, and T cell phenotypic stability. Collectively, these results establish microfluidic droplet mechanoporation as a safe, efficient, and scalable platform for the clinical manufacturing of engineered T cell therapies.</p>","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":" ","pages":"e12553"},"PeriodicalIF":12.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146117340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mijia Zhang, Hong Wang, Lihua Wu, Tao Ye, Yixuan Wang, Xianghui Duan, Qiwen Qin, Junjie Fan, Wei Ren, Pan Liang
Chronic wound management requires advanced dressings with sufficient adhesive properties and mechanical stress. Glycyrrhizic acid (GA)-derived hydrogels hold remarkable potential as biomaterials for diverse wound healing, however, their poor mechanical performance, limited stability, and inevitable cytotoxicity at high gelling concentrations severely restrict in vivo applications. Here, an innovative charred Trachycarpus-derived carbon dots (CT-CDs)-linked GA hybrid hydrogel (CT@GA-gel) was fabricated and imparted in injectable and self-healing properties for comprehensive therapy of diabetic wounds. Specially, the addition of CT-CDs with negative charge enabled the GA crosslinking to form hydrogels at very low concentrations (0.5% GA). Meanwhile, CT-CDs could significantly improve the mechanical properties and confer tissue adhesion of GA hydrogel for rapid hemostasis. Benefiting from the ROS scavenging activity of CT-CDs, the CT@GA-gel achieved immune microenvironment regulation, re-epithelialization and hair follicle hyperplasia, thereby facilitating chronic wound closure. Using transcriptomics analysis, we confirmed that the CT@GA-gel efficiently increased the gene expression associated with hemostasis, cell adhesion and extracellular matrix deposition, indicating the enhanced proliferation and remodeling during wound repair process. In the field of regenerative medicine, this work brings hope for the treatment of chronic tissue injury.
{"title":"Negatively Charged Carbon Dot-Linked Glycyrrhizic Acid Hydrogel Promoted Hemostasis, Immunoregulation and Re-Epithelialization of Wound Closure","authors":"Mijia Zhang, Hong Wang, Lihua Wu, Tao Ye, Yixuan Wang, Xianghui Duan, Qiwen Qin, Junjie Fan, Wei Ren, Pan Liang","doi":"10.1002/smll.202509153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202509153","url":null,"abstract":"Chronic wound management requires advanced dressings with sufficient adhesive properties and mechanical stress. Glycyrrhizic acid (GA)-derived hydrogels hold remarkable potential as biomaterials for diverse wound healing, however, their poor mechanical performance, limited stability, and inevitable cytotoxicity at high gelling concentrations severely restrict in vivo applications. Here, an innovative charred Trachycarpus-derived carbon dots (CT-CDs)-linked GA hybrid hydrogel (CT@GA-gel) was fabricated and imparted in injectable and self-healing properties for comprehensive therapy of diabetic wounds. Specially, the addition of CT-CDs with negative charge enabled the GA crosslinking to form hydrogels at very low concentrations (0.5% GA). Meanwhile, CT-CDs could significantly improve the mechanical properties and confer tissue adhesion of GA hydrogel for rapid hemostasis. Benefiting from the ROS scavenging activity of CT-CDs, the CT@GA-gel achieved immune microenvironment regulation, re-epithelialization and hair follicle hyperplasia, thereby facilitating chronic wound closure. Using transcriptomics analysis, we confirmed that the CT@GA-gel efficiently increased the gene expression associated with hemostasis, cell adhesion and extracellular matrix deposition, indicating the enhanced proliferation and remodeling during wound repair process. In the field of regenerative medicine, this work brings hope for the treatment of chronic tissue injury.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146122482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ensuring biosafety in indoor environments demands innovative and sustainable antimicrobial solutions against airborne pathogens. Inspired by nature's "trap-and-kill" phenomenon, we engineered an ambient light-activated antimicrobial polymer coating through molecular integration of quaternary ammonium salts (QAS) with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) photosensitizers on nonwoven fabrics (NWF). This strategy establishes a coherent and synergistic mechanism from bacterial capturing to light-bursting pathogen defense, effectively overcoming inherent limitations of conventional QAS systems including contact-dependent inactivation kinetics and compromised biofilm penetration. Under ambient light irradiation, the composite nonwoven fabric demonstrated rapid antimicrobial efficacy with 99.98% reduction against S. aureus and E. coli, alongside 99.93% inactivation of Influenza A virus (H1N1). Crucially, the integrated bactericidal-filtration system maintains biosafety in enclosed spaces under accelerated bioaerosol diffusion conditions, achieving 99.23% airborne pathogen interception efficiency through combined physical capture and on-contact inactivation. The screen windows made of "capturing and inactivating" dual-functional nonwoven fabrics serve as intelligent interfaces for next-generation building biosafety control systems.
{"title":"Bioinspired Dual-Pathogen Defense Through Electrostatic-Capturing and Light-Burst Sterilization for Smart Screen Windows.","authors":"Wei Yao, Xiaoling Pan, Yuan Gao, Wei Li","doi":"10.1002/smll.202510515","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202510515","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ensuring biosafety in indoor environments demands innovative and sustainable antimicrobial solutions against airborne pathogens. Inspired by nature's \"trap-and-kill\" phenomenon, we engineered an ambient light-activated antimicrobial polymer coating through molecular integration of quaternary ammonium salts (QAS) with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) photosensitizers on nonwoven fabrics (NWF). This strategy establishes a coherent and synergistic mechanism from bacterial capturing to light-bursting pathogen defense, effectively overcoming inherent limitations of conventional QAS systems including contact-dependent inactivation kinetics and compromised biofilm penetration. Under ambient light irradiation, the composite nonwoven fabric demonstrated rapid antimicrobial efficacy with 99.98% reduction against S. aureus and E. coli, alongside 99.93% inactivation of Influenza A virus (H1N1). Crucially, the integrated bactericidal-filtration system maintains biosafety in enclosed spaces under accelerated bioaerosol diffusion conditions, achieving 99.23% airborne pathogen interception efficiency through combined physical capture and on-contact inactivation. The screen windows made of \"capturing and inactivating\" dual-functional nonwoven fabrics serve as intelligent interfaces for next-generation building biosafety control systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":" ","pages":"e10515"},"PeriodicalIF":12.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146117336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Solar-driven ammonia synthesis via electrocatalytic nitrate reduction could disrupt the century-old Haber-Bosch process. However, current systems are limited to lab-scale prototypes due to the instability of photovoltaic-electrolysis (PV-EC) coupling under real-world solar fluctuations and unproven scalability. Here, we present a laboratory to megawatt (Lab-to-MW) framework, encompassing catalyst design and renewable energy-powered ammonia synthesis. A dual-functional CuP/CoF catalyst fabricated on cobalt foam enables efficient nitrate-to-ammonia conversion by modulating reactive hydrogen (*H) supply and reducing the kinetic barrier for the hydrogenation of nitrogenous intermediates. The catalyst achieves a high ammonia faradaic efficiency of 81.2% at low potential (-0.3 V vs. RHE) and long-term stability (>1000 h) in anion-exchange membrane (AEM) electrolyzers. Subsequently, a dynamic PV-EC system integrating >25%-efficiency silicon solar modules, operates stably for 50 h under simulated irradiance (air mass, AM 1.5G), delivering a 5.92% solar-to-fuel (STF) efficiency under natural ambient conditions. Capitalizing on this foundation, our solar-adaptive techno-economic modeling demonstrates a transformative levelized cost of ammonia (LCOA) at $0.93/kg NH3 for 1 MW-scale solar ammonia with real-world irradiance adaptability. This work provides a replicable blueprint for decarbonizing industrial ammonia production, redefining the scalability of solar-driven electrocatalysis for sustainable chemical manufacturing.
通过电催化硝酸还原的太阳能驱动氨合成可能会破坏已有百年历史的哈伯-博世过程。然而,由于光伏-电解(PV-EC)耦合在实际太阳波动下的不稳定性和未经证实的可扩展性,目前的系统仅限于实验室规模的原型。在这里,我们提出了一个实验室到兆瓦(实验室到兆瓦)的框架,包括催化剂设计和可再生能源驱动的氨合成。在泡沫钴上制备的双功能CuP/CoF催化剂通过调节活性氢(*H)供应和降低含氮中间体加氢的动力学屏障,实现了硝酸盐到氨的高效转化。该催化剂在低电位(-0.3 V vs. RHE)下的氨法达效率高达81.2%,在阴离子交换膜(AEM)电解槽中具有长期稳定性(bbb1000 h)。随后,在模拟辐照度(空气质量,AM 1.5G)下,动态PV-EC系统集成了25%效率的硅太阳能组件,稳定运行50小时,在自然环境条件下提供5.92%的太阳能到燃料(STF)效率。在此基础上,我们的太阳能自适应技术经济模型表明,对于具有真实辐照适应性的1兆瓦规模太阳能氨,氨的变革性平准化成本(LCOA)为0.93美元/千克NH3。这项工作为脱碳工业氨生产提供了一个可复制的蓝图,重新定义了可持续化学制造的太阳能驱动电催化的可扩展性。
{"title":"Dynamic Photovoltaic-Electrolysis Coupling of Stable (>1000 h) CuP/CoF Catalysts with 6% Solar-to-Fuel Efficiency.","authors":"Yu Bai, Qinghua Liu, Heng Guo, Jiahao Rao, Jian Yu, Qi Deng, Chun Tang, Chao Duan, Xin Tu, Guoxing Chen, Guidong Yang, Ying Zhou","doi":"10.1002/smll.202512466","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202512466","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Solar-driven ammonia synthesis via electrocatalytic nitrate reduction could disrupt the century-old Haber-Bosch process. However, current systems are limited to lab-scale prototypes due to the instability of photovoltaic-electrolysis (PV-EC) coupling under real-world solar fluctuations and unproven scalability. Here, we present a laboratory to megawatt (Lab-to-MW) framework, encompassing catalyst design and renewable energy-powered ammonia synthesis. A dual-functional CuP/CoF catalyst fabricated on cobalt foam enables efficient nitrate-to-ammonia conversion by modulating reactive hydrogen (<sup>*</sup>H) supply and reducing the kinetic barrier for the hydrogenation of nitrogenous intermediates. The catalyst achieves a high ammonia faradaic efficiency of 81.2% at low potential (-0.3 V vs. RHE) and long-term stability (>1000 h) in anion-exchange membrane (AEM) electrolyzers. Subsequently, a dynamic PV-EC system integrating >25%-efficiency silicon solar modules, operates stably for 50 h under simulated irradiance (air mass, AM 1.5G), delivering a 5.92% solar-to-fuel (STF) efficiency under natural ambient conditions. Capitalizing on this foundation, our solar-adaptive techno-economic modeling demonstrates a transformative levelized cost of ammonia (LCOA) at $0.93/kg NH<sub>3</sub> for 1 MW-scale solar ammonia with real-world irradiance adaptability. This work provides a replicable blueprint for decarbonizing industrial ammonia production, redefining the scalability of solar-driven electrocatalysis for sustainable chemical manufacturing.</p>","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":" ","pages":"e12466"},"PeriodicalIF":12.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146117282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) have emerged as a promising next-generation energy storage technology due to the abundance of potassium resources, low redox potential of K+/K, and compatibility with aluminum current collectors. Graphite, as a cost-effective and structurally stable anode, exhibits considerable potential for practical PIB applications. However, challenges such as sluggish K+ diffusion kinetics, significant volume expansion, and unstable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) hinder the full utilization of the graphite anode. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in understanding the K+ intercalation behavior and storage mechanism of graphite. Key strategies for enhancing graphite performance, including interlayer spacing regulation, morphological engineering, defect and heteroatom doping, and coating design, are thoroughly discussed. In addition, interface engineering approaches involving electrolyte component optimization, artificial SEI construction, and binder design are highlighted to address SEI instability. This review also compares the potassium storage characteristics of graphite with those in lithium/sodium systems and outlines current challenges under extreme conditions. Finally, future perspectives are provided to guide the rational design of graphite-based anodes for high-performance PIBs. This work aims to offer a comprehensive reference for the development of advanced graphite anode materials in emerging potassium-ion battery technologies.
{"title":"Nanostructure and Interface Engineering of Graphite Anodes for High-Performance Potassium-Ion Batteries: Mechanisms, Strategies, and Perspectives.","authors":"Chenran Zhang, Kaixuan Li, Jiali Wang, Yangtian Yan, Biao Zhang, Baohua Li, Dengyun Zhai, Feiyu Kang","doi":"10.1002/smll.202511225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202511225","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) have emerged as a promising next-generation energy storage technology due to the abundance of potassium resources, low redox potential of K<sup>+</sup>/K, and compatibility with aluminum current collectors. Graphite, as a cost-effective and structurally stable anode, exhibits considerable potential for practical PIB applications. However, challenges such as sluggish K<sup>+</sup> diffusion kinetics, significant volume expansion, and unstable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) hinder the full utilization of the graphite anode. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in understanding the K<sup>+</sup> intercalation behavior and storage mechanism of graphite. Key strategies for enhancing graphite performance, including interlayer spacing regulation, morphological engineering, defect and heteroatom doping, and coating design, are thoroughly discussed. In addition, interface engineering approaches involving electrolyte component optimization, artificial SEI construction, and binder design are highlighted to address SEI instability. This review also compares the potassium storage characteristics of graphite with those in lithium/sodium systems and outlines current challenges under extreme conditions. Finally, future perspectives are provided to guide the rational design of graphite-based anodes for high-performance PIBs. This work aims to offer a comprehensive reference for the development of advanced graphite anode materials in emerging potassium-ion battery technologies.</p>","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":" ","pages":"e11225"},"PeriodicalIF":12.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146117342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Metal halides have emerged as promising candidates for high-performance optoelectronic devices and radiation detectors. However, developing a single scintillator material sensitive to multiple types of ionizing radiation, such as X-rays, γ-rays and neutrons, remains challenging due to their vastly different absorption cross-sections. In this work, we report a 0D organic metal halide hybrid single crystal, Bmpip2PbBr4, which incorporates light organic cations and heavy inorganic frameworks at the molecular scale to enable multifarious ionizing radiation detection. This novel single crystal demonstrates remarkable optical transparency (98.90%) and outstanding luminescent performance (PLQY = 48.14, life time = 63.50). Under exposure to X-ray radiation and γ-rays from 22Na, the light yields reach 21,000± 800 (X-ray) and 16000 photons MeV−1 (22Na γ-ray), respectively. Moreover, the material demonstrates effective detection capabilities for α-particles, β-particles, γ-rays and neutrons. These results highlight the potential of Bmpip2PbBr4 single crystals as a versatile scintillator for detecting X-ray imaging and ionizing radiation detection.
{"title":"Highly Transparent Lead Halides Bmpip2PbBr4 Single Crystals for X-Ray Imaging and Versatile Ionizing Radiation Detection","authors":"Haitao Tang, Wusheng Zou, Yong Liu, Hailin Liu, Fangqi Liu, Zhiyuan Chen, Junqi Dong, Gaokui He, Zhu Wang, Qianqian Lin","doi":"10.1002/smll.202505662","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202505662","url":null,"abstract":"Metal halides have emerged as promising candidates for high-performance optoelectronic devices and radiation detectors. However, developing a single scintillator material sensitive to multiple types of ionizing radiation, such as X-rays, γ-rays and neutrons, remains challenging due to their vastly different absorption cross-sections. In this work, we report a 0D organic metal halide hybrid single crystal, Bmpip<sub>2</sub>PbBr<sub>4</sub>, which incorporates light organic cations and heavy inorganic frameworks at the molecular scale to enable multifarious ionizing radiation detection. This novel single crystal demonstrates remarkable optical transparency (98.90%) and outstanding luminescent performance (PLQY = 48.14, life time = 63.50). Under exposure to X-ray radiation and γ-rays from <sup>22</sup>Na, the light yields reach 21,000± 800 (X-ray) and 16000 photons MeV<sup>−1</sup> (<sup>22</sup>Na γ-ray), respectively. Moreover, the material demonstrates effective detection capabilities for α-particles, β-particles, γ-rays and neutrons. These results highlight the potential of Bmpip<sub>2</sub>PbBr<sub>4</sub> single crystals as a versatile scintillator for detecting X-ray imaging and ionizing radiation detection.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"89 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146122273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}