Pub Date : 2024-05-08DOI: 10.2174/0118741231264873231207105744
R. Kassymbek, A. Iztayev, Tahir Balevi, U. Chomanov, Muhtar Tultabayev, Gulzhan Zhumaliyeva, G. Aktokalova, Asiya Shoman
The aim of the study was to regulate the fat content based on the optimization of technological processing modes. A promising method of preparing grain for animal feeding is its preliminary germination. Sprouted grain is a dietary food product, as it increases the content of proteins, essential amino acids, and macro- and microelements in comparison with non-sprouted grain. The purpose of this study was to regulate the fat content based on the optimization of technological processing modes. Regression equations describing the dependences of the quality indicators of the triticale grain germination modes on the factors tw, τ, w and tg affecting them were investigated and obtained. During the study of triticale grains, it was found that the most significant parameter affecting the germination process is the fat content. The optimization of the germination modes of triticale Leather grain was carried out by the method of nonlinear programming. During the study, it was found that the maximum fat content during germination of triticale grain was observed with the following technological parameters of germination: grain temperature = 30°C; germination time = 24 h; grain moisture = 13%; and grain temperature = 26°C. When controlling the fat content in triticale based on the optimization of technological modes, the target function was 2.83%. The presented results and conclusion will allow to regulate the fat content in triticale grain during germination.
{"title":"Regulation of Fat Content in Triticale Based on Optimization of Technological Processing Modes","authors":"R. Kassymbek, A. Iztayev, Tahir Balevi, U. Chomanov, Muhtar Tultabayev, Gulzhan Zhumaliyeva, G. Aktokalova, Asiya Shoman","doi":"10.2174/0118741231264873231207105744","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0118741231264873231207105744","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 The aim of the study was to regulate the fat content based on the optimization of technological processing modes. A promising method of preparing grain for animal feeding is its preliminary germination. Sprouted grain is a dietary food product, as it increases the content of proteins, essential amino acids, and macro- and microelements in comparison with non-sprouted grain.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The purpose of this study was to regulate the fat content based on the optimization of technological processing modes. Regression equations describing the dependences of the quality indicators of the triticale grain germination modes on the factors tw, τ, w and tg affecting them were investigated and obtained. During the study of triticale grains, it was found that the most significant parameter affecting the germination process is the fat content. The optimization of the germination modes of triticale Leather grain was carried out by the method of nonlinear programming.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 During the study, it was found that the maximum fat content during germination of triticale grain was observed with the following technological parameters of germination: grain temperature = 30°C; germination time = 24 h; grain moisture = 13%; and grain temperature = 26°C. When controlling the fat content in triticale based on the optimization of technological modes, the target function was 2.83%.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The presented results and conclusion will allow to regulate the fat content in triticale grain during germination.\u0000","PeriodicalId":22933,"journal":{"name":"The Open Chemical Engineering Journal","volume":" 66","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141000624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-02DOI: 10.2174/0118741231301420240306092952
Irazú Pérez-Camacho, N. Chavarría‐Hernández, Ma. del Rocío López-Cuellar, C. Guerrero-Barajas, A. Ordaz
Poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates) (PHA) is a biodegradable polyester synthesized by various bacteria, including Cupriavidus necator. The composition of PHA is influenced by the type of microorganism, cultivation conditions, and carbon substrate. The selection of a carbon source is critical for PHA production, significantly impacting process costs. Therefore, the common goal is scalability, with the design and optimization of PHA production relying on experimental determination of constitutive parameters. In this work, a two-stage process for PHA production was conducted in shaking flasks functioning as mini reactors with the bacteria Cupriavidus necator. During the first stage, fructose was used as the sole carbon source. Once fructose was exhausted, a second stage commenced with a new carbon source, either peanut oil or propionate, to enhance PHA production. Ex-situ pulse respirometry approach was employed during the two-stage process to follow the kinetics of substrate consumption. The results indicated that the use of peanut oil would be advantageous over propionate, resulting in 12.2% more biomass and 13.9% more PHA. Additionally, the growth rate was 88.9% higher with peanut oil. The characterization by pulse respirometry applied in microreactors, i.e., micro respirometry, allowed for the performance of up to 216 biological experiments to determine four important kinetic and stoichiometric parameters, namely maximum oxygen uptake (rO2max), substrate affinity constant (KS), growth yield (YX/S), and substrate oxidation yield (YO2/S). The values of these parameters indicated that peanut oil would be the best carbon source to promote PHA production during the second stage. The implementation of the microrespirometry technique during the screening of carbon sources for PHA production provided reliable information within a short period and with significantly less experimental effort.
{"title":"Microrespirometric Validation of a Two-stage Process for Polyhydroxyalkanoates Production from Peanut Oil and Propionate with Cupriavidus necator","authors":"Irazú Pérez-Camacho, N. Chavarría‐Hernández, Ma. del Rocío López-Cuellar, C. Guerrero-Barajas, A. Ordaz","doi":"10.2174/0118741231301420240306092952","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0118741231301420240306092952","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates) (PHA) is a biodegradable polyester synthesized by various bacteria, including Cupriavidus necator. The composition of PHA is influenced by the type of microorganism, cultivation conditions, and carbon substrate. The selection of a carbon source is critical for PHA production, significantly impacting process costs. Therefore, the common goal is scalability, with the design and optimization of PHA production relying on experimental determination of constitutive parameters.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 In this work, a two-stage process for PHA production was conducted in shaking flasks functioning as mini reactors with the bacteria Cupriavidus necator. During the first stage, fructose was used as the sole carbon source. Once fructose was exhausted, a second stage commenced with a new carbon source, either peanut oil or propionate, to enhance PHA production. Ex-situ pulse respirometry approach was employed during the two-stage process to follow the kinetics of substrate consumption.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The results indicated that the use of peanut oil would be advantageous over propionate, resulting in 12.2% more biomass and 13.9% more PHA.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Additionally, the growth rate was 88.9% higher with peanut oil. The characterization by pulse respirometry applied in microreactors, i.e., micro respirometry, allowed for the performance of up to 216 biological experiments to determine four important kinetic and stoichiometric parameters, namely maximum oxygen uptake (rO2max), substrate affinity constant (KS), growth yield (YX/S), and substrate oxidation yield (YO2/S). The values of these parameters indicated that peanut oil would be the best carbon source to promote PHA production during the second stage. The implementation of the microrespirometry technique during the screening of carbon sources for PHA production provided reliable information within a short period and with significantly less experimental effort.\u0000","PeriodicalId":22933,"journal":{"name":"The Open Chemical Engineering Journal","volume":"93 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140752087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction: The two-dimensional mixed convection of nanofluid over a vertical expanding surface is analysed in the current discussion. The expanding surface is embedded in a permeable medium. Methods: In advance, Darcy Forchheimer inertial drag is considered along with the influence of Brownian and thermophoresis, which enriches the study. The novelty of the study is due to the mass concentration along with the role of volume concentration in the flow phenomena. The proposed model is designed in association with a characterizing parameter, which is attained by the use of appropriate similarity conversion. Further, the system of first-order differential equations is resolved by employing a shooting-based numerical method, in particular, the Runge-Kutta fourth-order technique. Results: The simulated results for the said parameters and their behaviour are deployed through graphs and in tabular form. Conclusion: The physical description of each parameter is deliberated briefly. Finally, the important outcomes of the proposed study reported a remarkable hike in the temperature profile that is observed for the enhanced thermophoresis and Brownian motion. Further, the shear rate also increases for the enhanced mixed convection parameter.
{"title":"The Analytical Scheme on the Inertial Drag for Buoyancy-driven Nanofluid Flow Under Convective Thermal Surface with the Soret Effect","authors":"P.K. Pattnaik, Subhajit Panda, S.R. Mishra, Krushna K.P.N. Nayak","doi":"10.2174/0118741231267495230922112334","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0118741231267495230922112334","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: The two-dimensional mixed convection of nanofluid over a vertical expanding surface is analysed in the current discussion. The expanding surface is embedded in a permeable medium. Methods: In advance, Darcy Forchheimer inertial drag is considered along with the influence of Brownian and thermophoresis, which enriches the study. The novelty of the study is due to the mass concentration along with the role of volume concentration in the flow phenomena. The proposed model is designed in association with a characterizing parameter, which is attained by the use of appropriate similarity conversion. Further, the system of first-order differential equations is resolved by employing a shooting-based numerical method, in particular, the Runge-Kutta fourth-order technique. Results: The simulated results for the said parameters and their behaviour are deployed through graphs and in tabular form. Conclusion: The physical description of each parameter is deliberated briefly. Finally, the important outcomes of the proposed study reported a remarkable hike in the temperature profile that is observed for the enhanced thermophoresis and Brownian motion. Further, the shear rate also increases for the enhanced mixed convection parameter.","PeriodicalId":22933,"journal":{"name":"The Open Chemical Engineering Journal","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135923085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-04DOI: 10.2174/18741231-v17-230828-2023-4
A. Eswari, JG Manjunatha
Introduction: Crop development and yield are both influenced by the weather. This study has developed and analytically resolved a general agro-climatic model for grapes. Methods: In the field of mathematical biology, researchers, professors, and academics will find this model useful. To create the final version of the model for yield prediction, the CDY model and asymptotic analyses have been performed. Climate, disease, and grape production have been taken into consideration as dependent characteristics during the model construction process. The frequency of infection, the occurrence of disease, seasonality, and the elimination of grape output throughout each harvest cycle have been viewed as distinct qualities. Moreover, the model has been examined, and field-level data have been used to estimate the parameters collected between 2016-2021 from the nearby villages of GRS and Theni. Results: A description of this model’s stability analysis has also been provided. An association has been determined between the numerical validity and stability of the given analytical solution analyses. In addition, the developed Android mobile app for grapes has been validated using the proposed model under the climatic scenario. Conclusion: It is advised to apply the created model to estimate grape yield based on the findings obtained. A useful technique for forecasting crop yield has thus been proposed in this study.
{"title":"Developing a CDY Model for Grapes and Experimentally Validating it with an Android App that Focuses on Agro-climatic and Disease Prevention Aspects","authors":"A. Eswari, JG Manjunatha","doi":"10.2174/18741231-v17-230828-2023-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/18741231-v17-230828-2023-4","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Crop development and yield are both influenced by the weather. This study has developed and analytically resolved a general agro-climatic model for grapes. Methods: In the field of mathematical biology, researchers, professors, and academics will find this model useful. To create the final version of the model for yield prediction, the CDY model and asymptotic analyses have been performed. Climate, disease, and grape production have been taken into consideration as dependent characteristics during the model construction process. The frequency of infection, the occurrence of disease, seasonality, and the elimination of grape output throughout each harvest cycle have been viewed as distinct qualities. Moreover, the model has been examined, and field-level data have been used to estimate the parameters collected between 2016-2021 from the nearby villages of GRS and Theni. Results: A description of this model’s stability analysis has also been provided. An association has been determined between the numerical validity and stability of the given analytical solution analyses. In addition, the developed Android mobile app for grapes has been validated using the proposed model under the climatic scenario. Conclusion: It is advised to apply the created model to estimate grape yield based on the findings obtained. A useful technique for forecasting crop yield has thus been proposed in this study.","PeriodicalId":22933,"journal":{"name":"The Open Chemical Engineering Journal","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135453155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-22DOI: 10.2174/18741231-v17-e230505-2022-ht24-4379-1
Gopal Arora, A. Gupta
Guar gum is a non-ionic polysaccharide extracted from the endosperm of Cyamopsistetragonalobus. Guar gum and its derivatives are water-soluble hydrophilic polysaccharides, and hydrophobic modification is required to increase its compatibility in a polymer matrix. The present study investigates the synthesis of allyl-modified guar gum (AGG) and epoxy resin composites. The mechanical properties of the prepared composites with varying concentrations of filler (allyl guar gum) in the range of 0.5-4.5 wt% have been evaluated. The mechanical and structural properties of the prepared composites have been investigated using Universal Testing Machine (UTM) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), respectively. The epoxy composites were prepared by casting technique using allyl guar gum as the filler. The polymer-filler interactions varied with the contents of the filler. The tensile strength was found to be enhanced up to 13% at 0.5% concentration of AGG. The % elongation at break values followed an opposite trend as compared to the tensile strength data of the composites. The observed mechanical properties have been correlated with the fracture morphology of the composites. A better dispersion, that is, polymer-filler interactions, improved the tensile strength of composites, while poor interactions declined the tensile strength. It is reported that max tensile strength can be obtained at 0.5% concentration of allyl guar gum (AGG1). The maximum increase in % elongation at break was 25% for AGG2-based epoxy composite at 3% of filler concentration.
{"title":"Mechanical and Structural Properties of Epoxy Resin-Allyl Guar Gum Composites","authors":"Gopal Arora, A. Gupta","doi":"10.2174/18741231-v17-e230505-2022-ht24-4379-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/18741231-v17-e230505-2022-ht24-4379-1","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Guar gum is a non-ionic polysaccharide extracted from the endosperm of Cyamopsistetragonalobus. Guar gum and its derivatives are water-soluble hydrophilic polysaccharides, and hydrophobic modification is required to increase its compatibility in a polymer matrix.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The present study investigates the synthesis of allyl-modified guar gum (AGG) and epoxy resin composites. The mechanical properties of the prepared composites with varying concentrations of filler (allyl guar gum) in the range of 0.5-4.5 wt% have been evaluated. The mechanical and structural properties of the prepared composites have been investigated using Universal Testing Machine (UTM) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), respectively.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The epoxy composites were prepared by casting technique using allyl guar gum as the filler. The polymer-filler interactions varied with the contents of the filler.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The tensile strength was found to be enhanced up to 13% at 0.5% concentration of AGG. The % elongation at break values followed an opposite trend as compared to the tensile strength data of the composites. The observed mechanical properties have been correlated with the fracture morphology of the composites.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 A better dispersion, that is, polymer-filler interactions, improved the tensile strength of composites, while poor interactions declined the tensile strength. It is reported that max tensile strength can be obtained at 0.5% concentration of allyl guar gum (AGG1). The maximum increase in % elongation at break was 25% for AGG2-based epoxy composite at 3% of filler concentration.\u0000","PeriodicalId":22933,"journal":{"name":"The Open Chemical Engineering Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82921627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-11DOI: 10.2174/18741231-v17-e230111-2022-9
Bitchikh Karima, Smakghi Nabil, M. Abdeslam-Hassen
The experimental measurement of the solubility of a solute in a given solvent is a difficult task, hence the need of reliable thermodynamic models for its prediction. However, these models require either molecular or group interaction parameters which are not always available. The objective of the present study is to measure experimentally the solubility of different solutes in solvents selected from pharmaceutical or food fields, on the basis that not all the required model interaction parameters are available to use the obtained experimental data for their determination. The experimental study of solid-liquid equilibrium for chosen binary and ternary systems at different temperatures was carried out using the Differential Scanning Calorimetry to determine the essential thermo physical properties like melting temperature and enthalpy. The modeling of these phase equilibrium data was performed by means of thermodynamic models like Random Two Liquids (NRTL) and Universal Functional Activity Coefficient (UNIFAC). The required NRTL interaction parameters were determined by minimizing a well-defined objective function, using the simplex method. The solubilities of the solutes in the different considered solvents at different temperatures obtained experimentally provided the required NRTL molecular interaction parameters. Solute solubilities were obtained by means of NRTL, UNIFAC, and ideal models. The comparisons showed an excellent agreement between the experimental values and the NRTL results, contrary to UNIFAC and ideal case models. This study shows the importance of thermodynamic modeling to predict solubility data that may be difficult, time consuming, and costly to obtain experimentally.
实验测量溶质在给定溶剂中的溶解度是一项困难的任务，因此需要可靠的热力学模型来预测溶质的溶解度。然而，这些模型需要分子或基团相互作用参数，而这些参数并不总是可用的。本研究的目的是通过实验测量不同溶质在选定的制药或食品领域溶剂中的溶解度，在此基础上，并非所有所需的模型相互作用参数都可用来使用获得的实验数据进行测定。采用差示扫描量热法对选定的二元和三元体系在不同温度下的固液平衡进行了实验研究，确定了其熔融温度和焓等基本热物性。采用随机两液(Random Two fluids, NRTL)和通用功能活度系数(Universal Functional Activity Coefficient, UNIFAC)等热力学模型对相平衡数据进行了建模。使用单纯形法，通过最小化定义良好的目标函数来确定所需的NRTL相互作用参数。实验得到的溶质在不同温度下在不同溶剂中的溶解度提供了所需的NRTL分子相互作用参数。溶质溶解度通过NRTL、UNIFAC和理想模型得到。比较表明，实验值与NRTL结果非常吻合，与UNIFAC和理想情况模型相反。这项研究表明，热力学建模的重要性，以预测溶解度数据，可能是困难的，耗时的，和昂贵的实验获得。
{"title":"Experimental Study and Modeling of Solid – Liquid Equilibrium for Binary and Ternary Pharmaceutical and Food Systems","authors":"Bitchikh Karima, Smakghi Nabil, M. Abdeslam-Hassen","doi":"10.2174/18741231-v17-e230111-2022-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/18741231-v17-e230111-2022-9","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 The experimental measurement of the solubility of a solute in a given solvent is a difficult task, hence the need of reliable thermodynamic models for its prediction. However, these models require either molecular or group interaction parameters which are not always available. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The objective of the present study is to measure experimentally the solubility of different solutes in solvents selected from pharmaceutical or food fields, on the basis that not all the required model interaction parameters are available to use the obtained experimental data for their determination.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The experimental study of solid-liquid equilibrium for chosen binary and ternary systems at different temperatures was carried out using the Differential Scanning Calorimetry to determine the essential thermo physical properties like melting temperature and enthalpy. The modeling of these phase equilibrium data was performed by means of thermodynamic models like Random Two Liquids (NRTL) and Universal Functional Activity Coefficient (UNIFAC). \u0000 \u0000 The required NRTL interaction parameters were determined by minimizing a well-defined objective function, using the simplex method. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The solubilities of the solutes in the different considered solvents at different temperatures obtained experimentally provided the required NRTL molecular interaction parameters. Solute solubilities were obtained by means of NRTL, UNIFAC, and ideal models. The comparisons showed an excellent agreement between the experimental values and the NRTL results, contrary to UNIFAC and ideal case models. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 This study shows the importance of thermodynamic modeling to predict solubility data that may be difficult, time consuming, and costly to obtain experimentally.\u0000","PeriodicalId":22933,"journal":{"name":"The Open Chemical Engineering Journal","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80735956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-07DOI: 10.2174/18741231-v16-e221207-2022-11
Mahy M. Abdelhamid, Shaza H. Saleh, M. Radwan, M. A. Sadek, Sohair A. Darwish
Hydrogels are relatively newly developed materials that has piqued the curiosity of scientists in various fields, particularly for wastewater treatment applications. Heavy metal ions and dye removal hydrogels is becoming more popular due to its ease of use, low cost, increased effectiveness, biodegradability, and reusability. Evaluate and study the adsorption behaviour of different hydrogel materials towards heavy metal ions and dyes. The hydrogels investigated are Poly(2-Acrylamido-2-Methylpropane Sulphonic Acid) (PAMPS) hydrogels, commercial sodium polyacrylates (Na-PA), chitosan (CH), along with their binary and ternary mixtures. A semi-interpenetrating network (IPN) based on PAMPS and Na-PA was also investigated. The performance of each hydrogel towards six different heavy metals (Co+2, Cu+2, Ni+2, Cd+2, Zn+2, and Mn+2), cationic Methylene Blue (MB) dye, and anionic Methyl Orange (MO) dye, was studied and analysed. It was found that the Na-PA/CH hydrogel was the best performing hydrogel for heavy metal removal, removing more than 84% of all metals, followed by PAMPS/Na-PA which removed up to 70%. The best hydrogel mixture with both cationic and anionic dyes is PAMPS/CH, removing 90.1% and 85%, respectively. The proposed dye removal mechanism is electrostatic attraction between the dyes and the charged functional groups on the hydrogel’s surface. It is concluded that the use of Na-PA with CH for heavy metal removal yields better results than when using each hydrogel separately. For dye removal, it was found that combining PAMPS with CH creates a very promising hydrogel suitable for removing both anionic and cationic dyes, which is critical for industrial applications.
{"title":"Trends of Dye Removal and Heavy Metal Removal of Different Hydrogel-Based Materials and Their Mixtures","authors":"Mahy M. Abdelhamid, Shaza H. Saleh, M. Radwan, M. A. Sadek, Sohair A. Darwish","doi":"10.2174/18741231-v16-e221207-2022-11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/18741231-v16-e221207-2022-11","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Hydrogels are relatively newly developed materials that has piqued the curiosity of scientists in various fields, particularly for wastewater treatment applications. Heavy metal ions and dye removal hydrogels is becoming more popular due to its ease of use, low cost, increased effectiveness, biodegradability, and reusability.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Evaluate and study the adsorption behaviour of different hydrogel materials towards heavy metal ions and dyes. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The hydrogels investigated are Poly(2-Acrylamido-2-Methylpropane Sulphonic Acid) (PAMPS) hydrogels, commercial sodium polyacrylates (Na-PA), chitosan (CH), along with their binary and ternary mixtures. A semi-interpenetrating network (IPN) based on PAMPS and Na-PA was also investigated. The performance of each hydrogel towards six different heavy metals (Co+2, Cu+2, Ni+2, Cd+2, Zn+2, and Mn+2), cationic Methylene Blue (MB) dye, and anionic Methyl Orange (MO) dye, was studied and analysed. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 It was found that the Na-PA/CH hydrogel was the best performing hydrogel for heavy metal removal, removing more than 84% of all metals, followed by PAMPS/Na-PA which removed up to 70%. The best hydrogel mixture with both cationic and anionic dyes is PAMPS/CH, removing 90.1% and 85%, respectively. The proposed dye removal mechanism is electrostatic attraction between the dyes and the charged functional groups on the hydrogel’s surface.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 It is concluded that the use of Na-PA with CH for heavy metal removal yields better results than when using each hydrogel separately. For dye removal, it was found that combining PAMPS with CH creates a very promising hydrogel suitable for removing both anionic and cationic dyes, which is critical for industrial applications. \u0000","PeriodicalId":22933,"journal":{"name":"The Open Chemical Engineering Journal","volume":"112 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80802597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-28DOI: 10.2174/18741231-v16-e221128-2022-10
I. Ibrahim, M. Radwan, M. A. Sadek, Sohair A. Darwish, N. Mostafa
The use of hydrogel materials as adsorbents for heavy metal ions removal has grabbed the attention of several researchers due to its high removal capacity and generatability, thus providing both operational and economic efficiency. The design phase of fabricating the hydrogel material is a very critical step. A full knowledge of the effect of different potential functional groups and their interactions together can surely save resources and time. This study evaluates the removal capacity of different hydrogels whose functional groups remove via ion-exchange versus electrostatic interactions. The removal of Poly(2-Acrylamido-2-Methylpropane Sulphonic Acid) (PAMPS) was compared to that of sodium polyacrylate (NA-PA) hydrogels, which remove metals through electrostatic attraction and ion exchange respectively. It was found that the removal capacity of PAMPS, which has two anionic functional groups, is almost as good as one salt group available for ion exchange, reaching up to 92% and 87% respectively. A semi-interpenetrating network (IPN) based on both hydrogels showed slightly decreased removal capacity, almost to 80%, which was interpreted due to the loss of some active sites due to the inevitable attraction between PAMPS’s anionic functional groups and Na-PA’s salt group. The obtained results encourage the use of hydrogel materials with salt groups employing ion-exchange mechanism.
{"title":"A Comparative Study on Heavy Metal Removal Capacity of Different Hydrogels through Electrostatic Interactions and Ion-Exchange Mechanisms","authors":"I. Ibrahim, M. Radwan, M. A. Sadek, Sohair A. Darwish, N. Mostafa","doi":"10.2174/18741231-v16-e221128-2022-10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/18741231-v16-e221128-2022-10","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 The use of hydrogel materials as adsorbents for heavy metal ions removal has grabbed the attention of several researchers due to its high removal capacity and generatability, thus providing both operational and economic efficiency.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The design phase of fabricating the hydrogel material is a very critical step. A full knowledge of the effect of different potential functional groups and their interactions together can surely save resources and time.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 This study evaluates the removal capacity of different hydrogels whose functional groups remove via ion-exchange versus electrostatic interactions.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The removal of Poly(2-Acrylamido-2-Methylpropane Sulphonic Acid) (PAMPS) was compared to that of sodium polyacrylate (NA-PA) hydrogels, which remove metals through electrostatic attraction and ion exchange respectively.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 It was found that the removal capacity of PAMPS, which has two anionic functional groups, is almost as good as one salt group available for ion exchange, reaching up to 92% and 87% respectively. A semi-interpenetrating network (IPN) based on both hydrogels showed slightly decreased removal capacity, almost to 80%, which was interpreted due to the loss of some active sites due to the inevitable attraction between PAMPS’s anionic functional groups and Na-PA’s salt group.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The obtained results encourage the use of hydrogel materials with salt groups employing ion-exchange mechanism.\u0000","PeriodicalId":22933,"journal":{"name":"The Open Chemical Engineering Journal","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78814456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-16DOI: 10.2174/18741231-v16-e2208220
K. K. Prusty, S. Sahoo, S. Mishra
The current analysis deals with the flow of time-independent conducting micropolar fluid past a stretching sheet. Furthermore, the influences of magnetic field strength and heat sources are also discussed in this study. The current study is important for the growing applications of magnetism in various chemical systems like pumping, transportation, trapping, sorting, separation, etc. In addition, the objective of the present exploration is the consideration of Newtonian heating conditions. Transformation of nonlinear PDEs of the flow phenomena into nonlinear coupled ODEs is done using suitable similarity variables, and these are handled by employing the “Runge-Kutta fourth-order” scheme in association with the “shooting technique”. The influence of flow characteristics proposed in this study is analyzed via graphs. The engineering coefficients for various parameters are simulated numerically and deployed through the table. Finally, it was found that the rotational viscosity dominates over the fluid viscosity and enhances the momentum profile. An augmentation in the Prandtl number retards the fluid temperature and the application of applied magnetic field built up the resistance that retards fluid momentum.
{"title":"Impact of Newtonian Heating on MHD Micropolar Fluid for the Influence of Heat Source","authors":"K. K. Prusty, S. Sahoo, S. Mishra","doi":"10.2174/18741231-v16-e2208220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/18741231-v16-e2208220","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 The current analysis deals with the flow of time-independent conducting micropolar fluid past a stretching sheet. Furthermore, the influences of magnetic field strength and heat sources are also discussed in this study. The current study is important for the growing applications of magnetism in various chemical systems like pumping, transportation, trapping, sorting, separation, etc.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 In addition, the objective of the present exploration is the consideration of Newtonian heating conditions.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Transformation of nonlinear PDEs of the flow phenomena into nonlinear coupled ODEs is done using suitable similarity variables, and these are handled by employing the “Runge-Kutta fourth-order” scheme in association with the “shooting technique”. The influence of flow characteristics proposed in this study is analyzed via graphs. The engineering coefficients for various parameters are simulated numerically and deployed through the table.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Finally, it was found that the rotational viscosity dominates over the fluid viscosity and enhances the momentum profile.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 An augmentation in the Prandtl number retards the fluid temperature and the application of applied magnetic field built up the resistance that retards fluid momentum.\u0000","PeriodicalId":22933,"journal":{"name":"The Open Chemical Engineering Journal","volume":"96 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80180038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-01DOI: 10.2174/18741231-v16-e2209260
F. Hjouj, M. Jouini
This paper is an improvement of a previous work on the problem recovering a function or probability density function from a finite number of its geometric moments, [1]. The previous worked solved the problem with the help of the B-Spline theory which is a great approach as long as the resulting linear system is not very large. In this work, two solution algorithms based on the approximate representation of the target probability distribution function via an orthogonal expansion are provided. One primary application of this theory is the reconstruction of the Particle Size Distribution (PSD), occurring in chemical engineering applications. Another application of this theory is the reconstruction of the Radon transform of an image at an unknown angle using the moments of the transform at known angles which leads to the reconstruction of the image form limited data. The aim is to recover a probability density function from a finite number of its geometric moments. The tool is the orthogonal expansion approach. The Shifted-Legendre Polynomials and the Chebyshev Polynomials as bases for the orthogonal expansion are used in this study. A high degree of accuracy has been obtained in recovering a function without facing a possible ill-conditioned linear system, which is the case with many typical approaches of solving the problem. In fact, for a normalized template function f on the interval [0, 1], and a reconstructed function ; the reconstruction accuracy is measured in two domains. One is the moment domain, in which the error (difference between the moments of f and the moments of ) is zero. The other measure is the standard difference in the norm -space ||f- || which can be ≈ 10-6 or less. This paper discusses the problem of recovering a function from a finite number of its geometric moments for the PSD application. Linear transformations were used, as needed, so that the function is supported on the unit interval [0, 1], or on [0, α] for some choice of α. This transformation forces the sequence of moments to vanish. Then, an orthogonal expansion of the Scaled Shifted Legendre Polynomials, as well as the Chebyshev Polynomials, are developed. The result shows good accuracy in recovering different types of synthetic functions. It is believed that up to fifteen moments, this approach is safe and reliable.
{"title":"On Orthogonal Polynomials and Finite Moment Problem","authors":"F. Hjouj, M. Jouini","doi":"10.2174/18741231-v16-e2209260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/18741231-v16-e2209260","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 This paper is an improvement of a previous work on the problem recovering a function or probability density function from a finite number of its geometric moments, [1]. The previous worked solved the problem with the help of the B-Spline theory which is a great approach as long as the resulting linear system is not very large. In this work, two solution algorithms based on the approximate representation of the target probability distribution function via an orthogonal expansion are provided. One primary application of this theory is the reconstruction of the Particle Size Distribution (PSD), occurring in chemical engineering applications. Another application of this theory is the reconstruction of the Radon transform of an image at an unknown angle using the moments of the transform at known angles which leads to the reconstruction of the image form limited data.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The aim is to recover a probability density function from a finite number of its geometric moments.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The tool is the orthogonal expansion approach. The Shifted-Legendre Polynomials and the Chebyshev Polynomials as bases for the orthogonal expansion are used in this study.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 A high degree of accuracy has been obtained in recovering a function without facing a possible ill-conditioned linear system, which is the case with many typical approaches of solving the problem. In fact, for a normalized template function f on the interval [0, 1], and a reconstructed function ; the reconstruction accuracy is measured in two domains. One is the moment domain, in which the error (difference between the moments of f and the moments of ) is zero. The other measure is the standard difference in the norm -space ||f- || which can be ≈ 10-6 or less.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 This paper discusses the problem of recovering a function from a finite number of its geometric moments for the PSD application. Linear transformations were used, as needed, so that the function is supported on the unit interval [0, 1], or on [0, α] for some choice of α. This transformation forces the sequence of moments to vanish. Then, an orthogonal expansion of the Scaled Shifted Legendre Polynomials, as well as the Chebyshev Polynomials, are developed. The result shows good accuracy in recovering different types of synthetic functions. It is believed that up to fifteen moments, this approach is safe and reliable.\u0000","PeriodicalId":22933,"journal":{"name":"The Open Chemical Engineering Journal","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81926977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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