Credible oil palm certification assessments encompass much more than just auditing the planting, maintenance, harvesting, and milling practices and operations by accredited third party auditors. In the context of the Malaysian palm oil industry, presently there are at least three certification schemes under which a management unit or entity can be certified to provide assurance of compliance to agreed sustainability standards. The three main schemes are: (i) the Malaysian Sustainable Palm Oil (MSPO) Certification Scheme, (ii) the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) Scheme and (iii) the International Sustainability and Carbon Certification (ISCC) Scheme. The MSPO Certification Scheme was developed as the national scheme in Malaysia for oil palm plantations, independent and organised smallholdings, and palm oil processing facilities which can be certified against the requirements of the MSPO Standards. MPOCC is the scheme owner and governing body for the MSPO Certification Scheme. The MSPO Standards used under the scheme cover a range of Principles and Criteria that consider the environmental, social and economic aspects in oil palm plantation management, palm oil milling and supply chain traceability systems. However, the depth and level of details in the MSPO Principles, Criteria, Indicators and its requirements vary in consideration of plantings by independent smallholders and organised smallholders. To complete the value chain of the Malaysian palm oil sector, the MSPO Supply Chain Certification Standard (SCCS) was launched on 1 October 2018. This paper reviews the establishment of MPOCC, the institutional set-up of the MSPO Certification Scheme, and the development and key compliance requirements of the MSPO Standards. The paper also highlights some of the issues and challenges faced by the scheme. Keywords: MSPO, MPOCC, certification scheme, oil palm, sustainability standards.
{"title":"MALAYSIAN SUSTAINABLE PALM OIL CERTIFICATION STANDARDS","authors":"S. K, Mohd Hasbollah Suparyono","doi":"10.56333/tp.2019.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56333/tp.2019.005","url":null,"abstract":"Credible oil palm certification assessments encompass much more than just auditing the planting, maintenance, harvesting, and milling practices and operations by accredited third party auditors. In the context of the Malaysian palm oil industry, presently there are at least three certification schemes under which a management unit or entity can be certified to provide assurance of compliance to agreed sustainability standards. The three main schemes are: (i) the Malaysian Sustainable Palm Oil (MSPO) Certification Scheme, (ii) the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) Scheme and (iii) the International Sustainability and Carbon Certification (ISCC) Scheme. The MSPO Certification Scheme was developed as the national scheme in Malaysia for oil palm plantations, independent and organised smallholdings, and palm oil processing facilities which can be certified against the requirements of the MSPO Standards. MPOCC is the scheme owner and governing body for the MSPO Certification Scheme. The MSPO Standards used under the scheme cover a range of Principles and Criteria that consider the environmental, social and economic aspects in oil palm plantation management, palm oil milling and supply chain traceability systems. However, the depth and level of details in the MSPO Principles, Criteria, Indicators and its requirements vary in consideration of plantings by independent smallholders and organised smallholders. To complete the value chain of the Malaysian palm oil sector, the MSPO Supply Chain Certification Standard (SCCS) was launched on 1 October 2018. This paper reviews the establishment of MPOCC, the institutional set-up of the MSPO Certification Scheme, and the development and key compliance requirements of the MSPO Standards. The paper also highlights some of the issues and challenges faced by the scheme. Keywords: MSPO, MPOCC, certification scheme, oil palm, sustainability standards.","PeriodicalId":22956,"journal":{"name":"The Planter","volume":"52 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72574728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Sustainable Development Goals (SD Gs) are desgined to achieve a better and more sustainable future for mankind. The SDGs focus on the three dimensions of sustainable development: economic prosperity, social inclusion and environmental sustainability. The SDGs aim to eradicate poverty, hunger and inequality; to improve welfare and fulfilment of livelihood; to create peace and social participation; to prevent the planet from environmental degradation and to promote partnership to attain SDGs by 2030. The SDGs encourage countries and the private sector to support and advance these goals. SDGs provide the framework for guiding and gauging a corporations business action and set benchmarks against which they will be held accountable. The palm oil industry is made up of large, medium and small sized entities. They all have different capabilities to commit to these strict sustainability standards. This paper reviews the sustainable practices of the large oil palm plantations and the palm oil industry matching them against the SDGs with the objective to examine and identify where farther advancement can be made by the industry to move forward. Gaps are identified and presented in this paper. Keywords: UN SDG, palm oil, sustainable development.
{"title":"SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS-BENCHMARK FOR THE PALM OIL INDUSTRY","authors":"L. T. Gan","doi":"10.56333/tp.2019.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56333/tp.2019.004","url":null,"abstract":"The Sustainable Development Goals (SD Gs) are desgined to achieve a better and more sustainable future for mankind. The SDGs focus on the three dimensions of sustainable development: economic prosperity, social inclusion and environmental sustainability. The SDGs aim to eradicate poverty, hunger and inequality; to improve welfare and fulfilment of livelihood; to create peace and social participation; to prevent the planet from environmental degradation and to promote partnership to attain SDGs by 2030. The SDGs encourage countries and the private sector to support and advance these goals. SDGs provide the framework for guiding and gauging a corporations business action and set benchmarks against which they will be held accountable. The palm oil industry is made up of large, medium and small sized entities. They all have different capabilities to commit to these strict sustainability standards. This paper reviews the sustainable practices of the large oil palm plantations and the palm oil industry matching them against the SDGs with the objective to examine and identify where farther advancement can be made by the industry to move forward. Gaps are identified and presented in this paper. Keywords: UN SDG, palm oil, sustainable development.","PeriodicalId":22956,"journal":{"name":"The Planter","volume":"74 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83218679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chin Tui Lee, S. Selvaraja, Kim Yaw Soh, S. S, S. S, S. Bador
Malaysian palm oil production contributes significantly to the local economy as well as providing many job opportunities. Yield records of crude palm oil (CPO) over the last 7 years (2012-2018) hovered at less than 20 million tonnes per year. The main reason resulting in such dismal performances was due to the inability of plantations to achieve their expected yields. This was mainly due to:(i) inadequacy of harvesters;(ii) climatic influence particularly during significantly lower rainfall periods i.e. El Nino in 2015/16 and;(iii) fertiliser input strategies during low CPO prices. Past experiments revealed that the cessation of fertilisers can result in yields dropping over 40 per cent which translates to about 14.5 tonnes per hectare per year. In another fertiliser experiment of 15 years, high yields of over 30 tonnes per hectare per year is not sustainable without proper fertiliser inputs. Therefore, impact of fertiliser cessation in relation to palm age and inherent soil fertility on oil palm yields will be discussed in this paper. Keywords: Cease manuring, yield, oil palm.
{"title":"IMPACT OF CEASED MANURING ON OIL PALM YIELD","authors":"Chin Tui Lee, S. Selvaraja, Kim Yaw Soh, S. S, S. S, S. Bador","doi":"10.56333/tp.2019.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56333/tp.2019.003","url":null,"abstract":"Malaysian palm oil production contributes significantly to the local economy as well as providing many job opportunities. Yield records of crude palm oil (CPO) over the last 7 years (2012-2018) hovered at less than 20 million tonnes per year. The main reason resulting in such dismal performances was due to the inability of plantations to achieve their expected yields. This was mainly due to:(i) inadequacy of harvesters;(ii) climatic influence particularly during significantly lower rainfall periods i.e. El Nino in 2015/16 and;(iii) fertiliser input strategies during low CPO prices. Past experiments revealed that the cessation of fertilisers can result in yields dropping over 40 per cent which translates to about 14.5 tonnes per hectare per year. In another fertiliser experiment of 15 years, high yields of over 30 tonnes per hectare per year is not sustainable without proper fertiliser inputs. Therefore, impact of fertiliser cessation in relation to palm age and inherent soil fertility on oil palm yields will be discussed in this paper. Keywords: Cease manuring, yield, oil palm.","PeriodicalId":22956,"journal":{"name":"The Planter","volume":"109 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83443860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Currently modern tractor with autopilot steering system has become one of the classy modes in tractor operations system. However, specialized assessment of this system on areas, which are different from its county of origin are of prime interest to be further investigated. Therefore, this preliminary study was conducted to assess the straight-line accuracy of autopilot tractor running at various specified levels of speed on Malaysia’s flat terrain conditions. The new tractor equipped with an autopilot mechanism was evaluated on flat terrain that was overgrown with grasses at the UiTM (Universiti Teknologi MARA) farm in Jasin, Melaka. This automation is employed to offer high-accuracy steering for the operator while driving a tractor and improve safety in the field. Three levels of autopilot tractor engine speeds, i.e. 1000 rpm, 1500 rpm, 2000 rpm (equivalent to 3.4, 4.2, 5.5 km per hour speed) were selected as the parameters in assessing straight-line accuracy of the tractor. This study found that there is a significant difference between straight-line accuracy of each of the tested speeds. It also showed that there is a relationship between the tested speeds and straight-line accuracy. Thus is it worthwhile to pursue further evaluation of its usefulness in selected field operations. Keyword: Farm machinery, autopilot tractor, auto-guidance, auto-steering, mechanisation.
目前，现代拖拉机采用自动驾驶转向系统已成为拖拉机操作系统中的经典模式之一。然而，对这一制度在不同于其原产国的地区的专门评估是值得进一步研究的重点。因此，本初步研究旨在评估自动驾驶拖拉机在马来西亚平坦地形条件下以各种指定速度运行的直线精度。在马六甲Jasin的UiTM (Universiti teknologii MARA)农场，对配备自动驾驶机构的新型拖拉机在长满草的平坦地形上进行了评估。这种自动化技术可以在驾驶拖拉机时为操作人员提供高精度转向，并提高现场的安全性。选取自动驾驶拖拉机发动机转速1000 rpm、1500 rpm、2000 rpm三个等级(相当于3.4、4.2、5.5 km / h)作为评估拖拉机直线精度的参数。本研究发现，各测试速度的直线精度存在显著差异。结果还表明，被测速度与直线精度之间存在一定的关系。因此，值得进一步评价它在某些外地行动中的作用。关键词:农业机械，自动驾驶拖拉机，自动导向，自动转向，机械化。
{"title":"PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT ON THE POTENTIAL FOR USE OF AN AUTOPILOT TRACTOR ON MALAYSIA’S FLAT TERRAIN","authors":"M. H. Hamdan, D. E. Pebrian","doi":"10.56333/tp.2019.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56333/tp.2019.002","url":null,"abstract":"Currently modern tractor with autopilot steering system has become one of the classy modes in tractor operations system. However, specialized assessment of this system on areas, which are different from its county of origin are of prime interest to be further investigated. Therefore, this preliminary study was conducted to assess the straight-line accuracy of autopilot tractor running at various specified levels of speed on Malaysia’s flat terrain conditions. The new tractor equipped with an autopilot mechanism was evaluated on flat terrain that was overgrown with grasses at the UiTM (Universiti Teknologi MARA) farm in Jasin, Melaka. This automation is employed to offer high-accuracy steering for the operator while driving a tractor and improve safety in the field. Three levels of autopilot tractor engine speeds, i.e. 1000 rpm, 1500 rpm, 2000 rpm (equivalent to 3.4, 4.2, 5.5 km per hour speed) were selected as the parameters in assessing straight-line accuracy of the tractor. This study found that there is a significant difference between straight-line accuracy of each of the tested speeds. It also showed that there is a relationship between the tested speeds and straight-line accuracy. Thus is it worthwhile to pursue further evaluation of its usefulness in selected field operations. Keyword: Farm machinery, autopilot tractor, auto-guidance, auto-steering, mechanisation.","PeriodicalId":22956,"journal":{"name":"The Planter","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82339410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rugose spiraling whitefly incidence is becoming a serious issue in the plantation crops of West and East Godavari districts of Andhra Pradesh, India in the recent years. In oil palm nutrient draining due to continuous sucking of the cell sap by the nymphs and adults is the prime reason for loss of yield. Depending on the severity of the pest incidence, fresh fruit bunch (FFB) yield losses varying between 20 – 45 per cent in the farmers’ fields at village levels and 30-42 per cent at mandal (an administrative division in the state of Andhra Pradesh, India) levels was observed at twelve months after the initiation of the incidence. Sooty mould fungus development on the honeydew secretions made the leaves become black and unfit for photosynthetic activity which could also be one of the causes for yield loss. Keywords: Rugose spiraling whitefly, Godavari districts, Andhra Pradesh, oil palm, sooty mould, honeydew.
{"title":"THE INFERENCE OF THE IMPACT OF RUGOSE SPIRALING WHITEFLY ON OIL PALM FRESH FRUIT BUNCH YIELD IN INDIA","authors":"P. Kalidas","doi":"10.56333/tp.2019.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56333/tp.2019.001","url":null,"abstract":"Rugose spiraling whitefly incidence is becoming a serious issue in the plantation crops of West and East Godavari districts of Andhra Pradesh, India in the recent years. In oil palm nutrient draining due to continuous sucking of the cell sap by the nymphs and adults is the prime reason for loss of yield. Depending on the severity of the pest incidence, fresh fruit bunch (FFB) yield losses varying between 20 – 45 per cent in the farmers’ fields at village levels and 30-42 per cent at mandal (an administrative division in the state of Andhra Pradesh, India) levels was observed at twelve months after the initiation of the incidence. Sooty mould fungus development on the honeydew secretions made the leaves become black and unfit for photosynthetic activity which could also be one of the causes for yield loss. Keywords: Rugose spiraling whitefly, Godavari districts, Andhra Pradesh, oil palm, sooty mould, honeydew.","PeriodicalId":22956,"journal":{"name":"The Planter","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74510126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The anti-palm oil lobby apparently has tried various means to discredit the product. Initially, the objections were supposedly based on adverse effect on health. When this claim was found to be false, the objections shifted to clearing of jungle including peat land resulting in adverse environmental impact - including killing of orangutans! Then there was a demand for certification to prove that the production of palm oil was done sustainably. Malaysian producers moved in that direction, including making a decision on no further clearing of jungle etc. Not only the non-governmental organisations (NGOs), individuals but also a supermarket chain and even the governments [in European Union (EU)] now say "no to palm oil" -even though it meets the requirements demanded earlier. The anti-palm campaign ignores the direct dependence on oil palm cultivation and palm oil production of over 10 per cent of the country’s population including smallholders and workers. Yet there is no objection to the rampant clearing of jungle for soya bean, animal production etc. in other continents - possibly because of the involvement of western investments? Additionally, there appears to be no concern of the production of other vegetable oils being more harmful to the environment. Is this justice? Keywords: Vegetable oils, palm oil environment friendly, sustainability, small farmers, false claims.
{"title":"THE UNFAIR AND HURTING ATTACKS ON OIL PALM -AN ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY CROP","authors":"P. E","doi":"10.56333/tp.2018.017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56333/tp.2018.017","url":null,"abstract":"The anti-palm oil lobby apparently has tried various means to discredit the product. Initially, the objections were supposedly based on adverse effect on health. When this claim was found to be false, the objections shifted to clearing of jungle including peat land resulting in adverse environmental impact - including killing of orangutans! Then there was a demand for certification to prove that the production of palm oil was done sustainably. Malaysian producers moved in that direction, including making a decision on no further clearing of jungle etc. Not only the non-governmental organisations (NGOs), individuals but also a supermarket chain and even the governments [in European Union (EU)] now say \"no to palm oil\" -even though it meets the requirements demanded earlier. The anti-palm campaign ignores the direct dependence on oil palm cultivation and palm oil production of over 10 per cent of the country’s population including smallholders and workers. Yet there is no objection to the rampant clearing of jungle for soya bean, animal production etc. in other continents - possibly because of the involvement of western investments? Additionally, there appears to be no concern of the production of other vegetable oils being more harmful to the environment. Is this justice? Keywords: Vegetable oils, palm oil environment friendly, sustainability, small farmers, false claims.","PeriodicalId":22956,"journal":{"name":"The Planter","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77220842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rat is an important pest of oil palm. These rats include Rattus tiomanicus (Malayan or Malaysian wood rat /Tikus belukar), Rattus argentiventer (Rice field rat/Tikus sawah), Rattus exulans (Pacific rat/Tikus rumah kechil), Rattus rattus diardii (Malaysian house rat/Tikus rumah), Sundamys muelleri (Swamp giant rat/ Tikus ayer) and Bandicota indica (Greater bandicoot rat/Tikus wirok). Rats can be found in oil palm nurseries, new plantings, replants, immature and mature plantings. They attack all stages of oil palm from germinated seeds planted in plastic cells or in polybags to mature palms. They chew on frond bases and subsequently feed on the succulent apical growing point, "cabbage/palm heart", of immature palms, feed on unopened inflorescence of both sexes, unripe and ripe fruits and post anthesis male inflorescence (PAMI) of mature palms. Observation on rat damage in immature oil palm is described briefly with reference to two incidences near Lahad Datu and Tawau, Sabah, including the importance of rat control. Crop losses and rat control in immature oil palm including the implications of other animals feeding on commercial rat baits are also discussed. Keywords: Rat species, oil palm, damage, rat control.
{"title":"TWO INCIDENCES OF RAT DAMAGE IN SABAH AND IMPORTANCE OF RAT CONTROL IN IMMATURE OIL PALM","authors":"G. F. Chung","doi":"10.56333/tp.2018.016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56333/tp.2018.016","url":null,"abstract":"Rat is an important pest of oil palm. These rats include Rattus tiomanicus (Malayan or Malaysian wood rat /Tikus belukar), Rattus argentiventer (Rice field rat/Tikus sawah), Rattus exulans (Pacific rat/Tikus rumah kechil), Rattus rattus diardii (Malaysian house rat/Tikus rumah), Sundamys muelleri (Swamp giant rat/ Tikus ayer) and Bandicota indica (Greater bandicoot rat/Tikus wirok). Rats can be found in oil palm nurseries, new plantings, replants, immature and mature plantings. They attack all stages of oil palm from germinated seeds planted in plastic cells or in polybags to mature palms. They chew on frond bases and subsequently feed on the succulent apical growing point, \"cabbage/palm heart\", of immature palms, feed on unopened inflorescence of both sexes, unripe and ripe fruits and post anthesis male inflorescence (PAMI) of mature palms. Observation on rat damage in immature oil palm is described briefly with reference to two incidences near Lahad Datu and Tawau, Sabah, including the importance of rat control. Crop losses and rat control in immature oil palm including the implications of other animals feeding on commercial rat baits are also discussed. Keywords: Rat species, oil palm, damage, rat control.","PeriodicalId":22956,"journal":{"name":"The Planter","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83278716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Empty fruit bunches and palm oil mill effluent are the major and bulky by-products in palm oil mill after extraction of palm oil, both facing practical difficulties in direct soil application. In this experiment, the objective was to standardise an efficient and ecofriendly technique of utilising the nutrient potential of palm oil mill by-products for nutrient recycling. Bunch waste was mixed with raw effluent and digested effluent with and without urea as starter. Both were mixed based on the proportionate availability of the residues from the palm oil mill. A combination of digested slurry from a biogas plant and bunch wastes took only 90 days for maturity of compost whereas the fresh palm oil mill effluent (POME) mixed with bunch waste took 150 days. The final compost was rich in both nitrogen and potassium, for which the palm requirement also is high. Hence the nutrient potential of these by-products can be exploited in an integrated nutrient management approach in oil palm plantations. The nutrients recovered from compost expected from the by-products from a hectare of plantation could meet almost 30 per cent requirement of nitrogen and the full requirement of potassium. The biogas produced during the process is an added advantage of this technique which can be utilised as a fuel source in the mill. Keywords: Biological oxygen demand, composting, empty fruit bunches, nutrient recycling, oil palm, palm oil mill effluent.
{"title":"NUTRIENT RECYCLING OF EMPTY FRUIT BUNCHES AND PALM OIL MILL EFFLUENT- A CO-COMPOSTING TECHNIQUE","authors":"S. Sunitha, M. M. Shareef, N. Sujathakumari","doi":"10.56333/tp.2018.015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56333/tp.2018.015","url":null,"abstract":"Empty fruit bunches and palm oil mill effluent are the major and bulky by-products in palm oil mill after extraction of palm oil, both facing practical difficulties in direct soil application. In this experiment, the objective was to standardise an efficient and ecofriendly technique of utilising the nutrient potential of palm oil mill by-products for nutrient recycling. Bunch waste was mixed with raw effluent and digested effluent with and without urea as starter. Both were mixed based on the proportionate availability of the residues from the palm oil mill. A combination of digested slurry from a biogas plant and bunch wastes took only 90 days for maturity of compost whereas the fresh palm oil mill effluent (POME) mixed with bunch waste took 150 days. The final compost was rich in both nitrogen and potassium, for which the palm requirement also is high. Hence the nutrient potential of these by-products can be exploited in an integrated nutrient management approach in oil palm plantations. The nutrients recovered from compost expected from the by-products from a hectare of plantation could meet almost 30 per cent requirement of nitrogen and the full requirement of potassium. The biogas produced during the process is an added advantage of this technique which can be utilised as a fuel source in the mill. Keywords: Biological oxygen demand, composting, empty fruit bunches, nutrient recycling, oil palm, palm oil mill effluent.","PeriodicalId":22956,"journal":{"name":"The Planter","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81593901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. T. Gan, F. Parish, Henry Cai, Javin Tan, Devaladevi Sivaceyon
Accounting for potential GHG emissions from the palm oil production is essential to demonstrate partly how responsible palm oil production can be carried out. Results of the GHG emission calculation from certified RSPO members using the RSPO PalmGHG Calculator are collated and reported. The potential sources of GHG emission that result directly from production of palm oil are enumerated. The cumulative impact, which affects the final carbon balance in the production of crude palm oil (CPO), is quantified. The analysis helps to identify GHG emission hotspots so that mitigation plans can be developed and implemented. The aim is to minimise and reduce GHG emissions that result from production of palm oil. The emission from planting on peat, land conversion, and POME are the major sources of emission in CPO production. Peat is the most dominant contributing factor to GHG emission. Land conversion emission is dependent on the type of land cover which was converted to oil palm. Converting land cover with higher carbon stocks such as secondary forest to oil palm will cause higher GHG emission than converting land cover with lower carbon stocks such as shrubland. Emission from POME is significant and construction of methane capture can reduce the POME emission significantly. Sequestration from conservation areas and emission credit from export of biomass and electricity has a moderate positive impact on the GHG emission. Emission from existing certified RSPO plantations during the period of January 2015 to August 2017 is 3.33 tCO2e/tCPO for peat area and 0.94 tCO2e/tCPO for non-peat area. This is lower compared to average GHG emissions of the oil palm industry of 10. 6 tCO2e/tCPO for peat area and 1. 73 tCO2e/tCPO for non-peat area. Keywords: LCA, RSPO, PalmGHG, GHG emissions, palm oil.
{"title":"RSPO’S APPROACH IN CALCULATING GHG EMISSION IN PALM OIL PRODUCTION","authors":"L. T. Gan, F. Parish, Henry Cai, Javin Tan, Devaladevi Sivaceyon","doi":"10.56333/tp.2018.014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56333/tp.2018.014","url":null,"abstract":"Accounting for potential GHG emissions from the palm oil production is essential to demonstrate partly how responsible palm oil production can be carried out. Results of the GHG emission calculation from certified RSPO members using the RSPO PalmGHG Calculator are collated and reported. The potential sources of GHG emission that result directly from production of palm oil are enumerated. The cumulative impact, which affects the final carbon balance in the production of crude palm oil (CPO), is quantified. The analysis helps to identify GHG emission hotspots so that mitigation plans can be developed and implemented. The aim is to minimise and reduce GHG emissions that result from production of palm oil. The emission from planting on peat, land conversion, and POME are the major sources of emission in CPO production. Peat is the most dominant contributing factor to GHG emission. Land conversion emission is dependent on the type of land cover which was converted to oil palm. Converting land cover with higher carbon stocks such as secondary forest to oil palm will cause higher GHG emission than converting land cover with lower carbon stocks such as shrubland. Emission from POME is significant and construction of methane capture can reduce the POME emission significantly. Sequestration from conservation areas and emission credit from export of biomass and electricity has a moderate positive impact on the GHG emission. Emission from existing certified RSPO plantations during the period of January 2015 to August 2017 is 3.33 tCO2e/tCPO for peat area and 0.94 tCO2e/tCPO for non-peat area. This is lower compared to average GHG emissions of the oil palm industry of 10. 6 tCO2e/tCPO for peat area and 1. 73 tCO2e/tCPO for non-peat area. Keywords: LCA, RSPO, PalmGHG, GHG emissions, palm oil.","PeriodicalId":22956,"journal":{"name":"The Planter","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82055340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Muhammad Idrus Shukor, Cik Mohd Rizuan Zainal Abidin, N. H. Hamid
Greater bandicoot rat (Bandicota indica) is a mammalian pest from the family Muridae. It is mainly found in the field or crop area. This species can weigh between 330- 875 g. They exhibit aggressive behaviour by grunting and "puffing up" their far when threatened. Studies in India showed Bandicota attacked crops such as wheat, rice, groundnut and sugarcane. A study in an oil palm plantation converted from sugarcane plantation in Chuping, Perlis, Malaysia recorded heavy infestations of B.indica. The damage symptoms include prominent feeding marks on fruitlets, inflorescences and even premature palms. To date, there is no control programme on B. indica infestation in oil palm plantation. In this light a study was conducted to find a suitable programme to control the population. Morphological measurements revealed a skull length ranging from 50 - 70 mm; the largest among Bandicota species. They have 12 mammae. Diet preference study showed they preferred sugarcane with an average consumption of 78.99 g per day, followed by oil palm fruitlets of young fruit bunch (67.65 g) and young oil palm meristem (61.05 g). This provides an indication they can potentially shift their diet to oil palm and cause high damage. Laboratory study on B. indica mortality showed that 0.005 per cent bromadiolone had the highest efficacy because it resulted in a high mortality rate of 80 per cent at one bait per rat, 90 per cent at two baits per rat and 100 per cent at three baits per rat (10 g per bait). The result suggest a control method on B. indica by applying three baits per palm at 0.005 per cent w/w bromadiolone with campaigns and rounds adjusted for different stages of palm. Keywords: Bandicota indica, bromadiolone, morphology, diet preference, oil palm.
{"title":"GREATER BANDICOOT RAT, Bandicota indica INFESTATION IN OIL PALM PLANTATION AND ITS MANAGEMENT","authors":"Muhammad Idrus Shukor, Cik Mohd Rizuan Zainal Abidin, N. H. Hamid","doi":"10.56333/tp.2018.013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56333/tp.2018.013","url":null,"abstract":"Greater bandicoot rat (Bandicota indica) is a mammalian pest from the family Muridae. It is mainly found in the field or crop area. This species can weigh between 330- 875 g. They exhibit aggressive behaviour by grunting and \"puffing up\" their far when threatened. Studies in India showed Bandicota attacked crops such as wheat, rice, groundnut and sugarcane. A study in an oil palm plantation converted from sugarcane plantation in Chuping, Perlis, Malaysia recorded heavy infestations of B.indica. The damage symptoms include prominent feeding marks on fruitlets, inflorescences and even premature palms. To date, there is no control programme on B. indica infestation in oil palm plantation. In this light a study was conducted to find a suitable programme to control the population. Morphological measurements revealed a skull length ranging from 50 - 70 mm; the largest among Bandicota species. They have 12 mammae. Diet preference study showed they preferred sugarcane with an average consumption of 78.99 g per day, followed by oil palm fruitlets of young fruit bunch (67.65 g) and young oil palm meristem (61.05 g). This provides an indication they can potentially shift their diet to oil palm and cause high damage. Laboratory study on B. indica mortality showed that 0.005 per cent bromadiolone had the highest efficacy because it resulted in a high mortality rate of 80 per cent at one bait per rat, 90 per cent at two baits per rat and 100 per cent at three baits per rat (10 g per bait). The result suggest a control method on B. indica by applying three baits per palm at 0.005 per cent w/w bromadiolone with campaigns and rounds adjusted for different stages of palm. Keywords: Bandicota indica, bromadiolone, morphology, diet preference, oil palm.","PeriodicalId":22956,"journal":{"name":"The Planter","volume":"101 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80434749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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