Thermal Science and Engineering Progress最新文献

{"title":"Experimental and numerical analysis of water condensation in a condensing economiser for heat recovery","authors":"F. Orlandi ,&nbsp;K. Račkaitis ,&nbsp;L. Montorsi ,&nbsp;R. Poškas ,&nbsp;H. Jouhara","doi":"10.1016/j.tsep.2026.104535","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tsep.2026.104535","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Condensing heat exchangers play a key role in industrial processes to enable high efficiency waste heat recovery. Various designs exist and they depend on the primary heat source, pollution level, installation location, etc. The physics involved in these components is very complex and usually difficult to investigate experimentally. Therefore, numerical methods, such as CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics), prove to be a useful tool for investigating specific phenomena. In particular, the condensation phenomenon is probably the most complex since it implies the co-existence of different phases, their mutual interaction and the variations in concentration of these phases. Focusing on these phenomena, a simplified case study was conducted by considering an infinite pipe geometry and investigated by means of the STAR-CCM + software to develop a novel methodology for the detailed external condensation pro. The geometry considered represents the first tube section of an existing heat exchanger, and the condensation of hot humified air impinging on the cold pipe was analysed using a multiphase multicomponent approach based on VOF (Volume of Fluid Method). A specific optimum mesh was tested with two different flow regimes for the fluid film defined on the condensation surface. Since no condensation regime is known in advance, the Resolved Fluid Film model was used to trigger the condensation on the pipe wall, starting by means of the Fluid Film model, in order to predict the amount of condensate phase and its diffusion into the background region. After that, the VOF condensation model was used to trigger the condensation between the vapor phase and the newly formed water liquid phase. The condensation regime is then controlled by means of three main parameters being the two condensation models (film and VOF) under relaxation factors and the transition threshold, generally raging from 0 to 1 and here fixed to an optimal value. Finally, the total amount of condensate phase was compared with extrapolated values from experimental results. The simulation proved to be a reliable simplified prediction of the average condensation production related to the actual experimental setup, with the spatial distribution showing a net separation between the film and the VOF regimes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23062,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Science and Engineering Progress","volume":"70 ","pages":"Article 104535"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146079296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The macrostructure and stability of lean stratified methane-air flames","authors":"Mohammad Raghib Shakeel ,&nbsp;Zubairu Abubakar ,&nbsp;Esmail M.A. Mokheimer","doi":"10.1016/j.tsep.2026.104542","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tsep.2026.104542","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Stratified flames have received increased attention due to their enhanced flame stability and resilience to high turbulence. In the present study, the flame macrostructure, stability, and emissions of stratified diffusion (jet) flames produced using a dual annular burner are investigated. Stratified flames with a rich mixture in the inner annulus (stratification ratio, SR &gt; 1) were found to exhibit improved stability, resulting in delayed blowoff (higher lean blowoff limit (LBO)) compared to flames with the same mixture composition in both annuli (conventional premixed flames). These flames showed an improvement in the lean blowoff limit by 19–55% relative to non-stratified flames, allowing for the combustion of leaner mixtures and driving all the benefits that entail. This enhancement in stability is attributed to the diffusion of heat and radicals from the rich mixture at the centre of the flame outward toward the extra lean mixture from the outer annulus. Structurally more compact, shorter flames produced by the favoured stratified flames were observed from the Abel deconvoluted images captured using CH* chemiluminescence. However, stratified jet flames with a rich inner annulus also exhibited higher thermal NOx emissions due to the elevated temperatures in the rich inner mixture forming localized hot spots. One way to fully reap the benefits of the stratified flames is to enhance the mixing of the streams by the use of a swirler. Conversely, jet flames with a leaner inner annulus (SR &lt; 1) demonstrated poor stability with lifted flames but lower NOx emissions and poorer combustion efficiency. For cases where SR &lt; 1, there is an unrecovered loss of heat and radicals away from the flame from the outer richer stream, which explains the poorer stability and efficiency. In fact, the lean blowoff limit in these cases decreased only by 2–10% compared to non-stratified flames. Additionally, higher NOx emissions were observed at higher equivalence ratios, owing to the elevated temperatures in rich flames. However, as a consequence of better mixing and reduced hot spots, thermal NOx emissions were found to decrease with increasing Reynolds number.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23062,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Science and Engineering Progress","volume":"70 ","pages":"Article 104542"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146079363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical simulation of the particle trajectory under the free vortex situation: A differential quadrature method","authors":"Sina Gouran","doi":"10.1016/j.tsep.2026.104531","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tsep.2026.104531","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Eliminating small, hazardous residuals in catalysts used in chemical reactions and reducing particle sedimentation, the present paper aims to employ a rotational procedure under the free vortex condition. After deriving the governing equations for particle motion in polar coordinates, the well-known Differential Quadrature Method (DQM) is applied to solve nonlinear equations. Reasonable agreement is observed between the obtained findings and existing studies. To investigate the role of different parameters on particle behavior under various operating conditions, parameters ranging from the particle’s initial radius to the angular velocity of the domain are varied. Increasing the drag-to-inertia coefficient from 0.06 to 0.24 results in a decrease in particle radial velocity by 14%. Changing the particle initial radius results in a 36% reduction in particle position. Moreover, an innovative insight into the tangential velocity of the particle is reported by varying parameters in the governing equations. The particle’s tangential velocity tends to increase with increasing particle initial radius, while it tends to decrease with increasing particle initial velocity. The effect of initial angular velocities on particle position, radial velocity, and tangential velocity is also remarkable.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23062,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Science and Engineering Progress","volume":"70 ","pages":"Article 104531"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146079383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adaptive differential evolution approaches in real-time optimization of co-generation systems for enhanced energy minimization","authors":"Fakhrony Sholahudin Rohman ,&nbsp;Sharifah Rafidah Wan Alwi ,&nbsp;Siti Nor Azreen Ahmad Termizi ,&nbsp;Hong An Er ,&nbsp;Dinie Muhammad ,&nbsp;Ashraf Azmi","doi":"10.1016/j.tsep.2026.104534","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tsep.2026.104534","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper examines Real Time Optimization (RTO) for an industrial cogeneration plant featuring a tightly coupled multi boiler turbine network, in which fluctuating steam and power demands and fuel price volatility necessitate continual economic re optimization while preserving closed loop stability. Three evolutionary optimizers are Differential Evolution (DE), Hybrid Differential Evolution (HDE), and Adaptive Differential Evolution (ADE) deployed as the supervisory RTO layer above the regulatory controllers, with Model Predictive Control (MPC) regulating boiler pressure (Control Variable 1, CV1) and drum level CV2 and PI or PI loops regulating turbine power. A deterministic, repeatable stress test is introduced through sequential step changes in high pressure steam demand, medium pressure steam demand, power demand, and natural gas price, enabling systematic evaluation of transient adaptability and robustness. Over five boilers and the turbine network, multi run mean and deviation results show that ADE delivers the most consistent overall behavior, yielding smoother operating trajectories, improved tracking, and lower energy usage. Specifically, the total integrated energy consumption is approximately 895 MWh with ADE, compared to 926 MWh with DE and 1259 MWh with HDE, equivalent to reductions of about 3 percent versus DE and 29 percent versus HDE. Control performance improves in parallel the mean boiler pressure (Integral Square Error) ISE CV1 drops by roughly 68 percent relative to DE and 71 percent relative to HDE, while turbine regulation shows substantial enhancement with turbine ISE reduced by about 98 percent compared with DE. Overall, the results demonstrate that adaptive evolutionary optimization strengthens coordination between the RTO and control layers, providing a robust and energy efficient strategy for real time cogeneration operation under dynamic demand and price disturbances.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23062,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Science and Engineering Progress","volume":"71 ","pages":"Article 104534"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146081781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design optimization and performance comparison of green hydrogen production via PEM, alkaline, and solid oxide electrolyzers coupled with a geothermal power system","authors":"Mohammad Zoghi,&nbsp;Saleh Gharaie,&nbsp;Nasser Hosseinzadeh,&nbsp;Ali Zare","doi":"10.1016/j.tsep.2026.104540","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tsep.2026.104540","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Integrating renewable energy sources with various electrolyzer technologies presents a flexible and promising route toward achieving green hydrogen production and supporting net-zero emission goals. This study conducts a parametric investigation and multi-objective optimization of hydrogen generation using three types of electrolyzers—proton exchange membrane (PEME), alkaline (AE), and solid oxide (SOE)—in combination with a geothermal power generation system. Because the SOE requires high operating temperatures, a solar plant is incorporated to preheat the water before it enters the electrolyzer, and the output power of the geothermal plant is supplied to the electrolyzer for hydrogen production in all configurations. The main feature of this study relies on considering key operational parameters, including temperature, current density, and electrolyte thickness, which are examined to assess their influence on system efficiency and cost performance. Then, a combination of artificial neural networks and genetic algorithms is employed to optimize energy, exergy, and exergoeconomic outcomes. The results show that the SOE-based configuration achieves the highest exergy efficiency, reaching 18.23%. In terms of economic performance, the AE system is the most cost-effective, with a total cost rate of 19.84 $/h and a hydrogen production cost of 11 $/GJ (1.32 $/kg). These results underscore the efficiency–cost trade-offs and provide guidance for optimizing geothermal-integrated hydrogen production systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23062,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Science and Engineering Progress","volume":"71 ","pages":"Article 104540"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146070870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pyramid-shaped solar still desalination systems performance assessment and optimisation using sequential neural networks and genetic algorithms","authors":"Jafar Zanganeh,&nbsp;Hajir Karimi,&nbsp;Behdad Moghtaderi","doi":"10.1016/j.tsep.2026.104532","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tsep.2026.104532","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Freshwater scarcity in many regions underscores the urgent need for efficient and sustainable Freshwater production methods. This study presents a sequential artificial neural network (ANN) model, integrated with a genetic algorithm (GA) optimisation, to predict and maximise the freshwater output of a pyramid solar still (PSS). By modelling thermal and mass-transfer stages, the sequential ANN accurately captured complex nonlinear interactions among meteorological, design, and operational parameters, without relying on simplifying assumptions. The ANN model achieved high predictive accuracy (MAE = 0.04, R = 0.98), aligning well with experimental data. Applying importance analysis to the ANN process model, indicated solar irradiance, daytime, and temperature differences have the highest impact, accounting for 70% of the variance in productivity. Optimisation results indicated that the ideal operating conditions were achieved at water depths of 3.5  cm and 3.6  cm, with temperature differential of 11.7 °C for GA. These conditions yielded peak hourly productivity of 0.720  L/m².hr. The optimal water depths slightly exceed the acceptable range of 1–3  cm reported in the literature, which may be due to differing control conditions in those studies. This hybrid modelling framework provides a powerful tool for improving PSS design and accelerating the commercialisation of solar desalination systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23062,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Science and Engineering Progress","volume":"71 ","pages":"Article 104532"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146081779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel comparative analysis of heat transfer in a PCM-based heatsink integrated with metal foam under rectangular and trapezoidal pulsed heat fluxes","authors":"Razie Hasanzahraei,&nbsp;Habib-ollah Sayehvand","doi":"10.1016/j.tsep.2026.104526","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tsep.2026.104526","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work provides an in-depth numerical investigation of how phase change material (PCM) thermally behaves in a PCM-metal-foam heat sink when exposed to time-varying rectangular and trapezoidal pulsed heat fluxes. The PCM undergoes repeated melting and solidifying as the exterior wall is cooled by convective heat transfer. The enthalpy-porosity approach is used to simulate the phase transition, while natural convection effects are treated through the Darcy-Brinkman model. The non-dimensional equations were treated using a finite element discretization and solved in COMSOL Multiphysics. The numerical scheme and resulting outputs were validated through detailed comparisons with available benchmark results, each confirming high accuracy. It was observed that the completion of the first rectangular-pulse cycle corresponds to a 3 K increase in the battery surface temperature relative to its baseline state. At the onset of the second cycle, the PCM has returned to its initial thermal state within that same time frame. Based on these observations, it was found that the total cycle time is approximately 4.5 times longer than the pulse time itself, and the cycles that followed exhibited consistent behavior. In addition, the heatsink behavior was evaluated under a hypothetical scenario in which the thermal pulse followed a trapezoidal shape, while maintaining the same total heat input as the equivalent rectangular pulse. The results showed that when a trapezoidal pulse is applied, the onset of heat-related effects is delayed, the battery surface temperature decreases at each instant, and the period during which the temperature remains at its peak is significantly shorter. In addition, by lowering the maximum and raising the minimum efficiency, the trapezoidal flux limited efficiency fluctuations and yielded a more stable thermal response. Comparison of trapezoidal heat pulses with different decline slopes showed that reducing the pulse slope shortened the dwell time at the peak temperature, thereby enhancing battery safety and prolonging its lifespan. Furthermore, minimizing efficiency fluctuations contributed to improved performance and stability of the heatsink. Lower Biot numbers increased both the average battery surface temperature during the pre-stabilization phase and the dwell time at the peak temperature under rectangular and trapezoidal pulsed heat fluxes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23062,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Science and Engineering Progress","volume":"71 ","pages":"Article 104526"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146081782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-dimensional signal evolution and heat transfer for thermal runaway propagation of large-capacity lithium-ion battery under overheating","authors":"Tao Long ,&nbsp;Chuang He ,&nbsp;Situo Li ,&nbsp;Yunfeng Jia ,&nbsp;Zhirong Wang ,&nbsp;Junling Wang ,&nbsp;Yajun Huang ,&nbsp;Wei Wang ,&nbsp;Tao Zhao ,&nbsp;Hao Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.tsep.2026.104524","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tsep.2026.104524","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Existing studies have mostly focused on thermal runaway (TR) of lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries under various abuse conditions such as overheating, overcharge, and puncturing, with insufficient attention on thermal runaway propagation (TRP) mechanism. To address this, this study has conducted experiments on TRP of 314 Ah LFP batteries under various heating powers (400, 600, 800, 1000 W), acquiring and analyzing parameters including temperature, voltage, heat transfer, gas production, mass loss, and expansion force. As revealed, the heating power significantly affects the occurrence and propagation of TR. Higher power leads to shorter TR onset time, faster TR rate, and more rapid voltage drop. Meanwhile, TRP speed decreases with the increasing of power. Heat from Battery 1# to 2# rises with heating power, yet low-power settings (e.g., 400 W) enable Battery 2# to pre-accumulate heat and lower its TR trigger threshold. In addition, lower power causes more uniform heating and nearly simultaneous TR of cores, leading to higher H₂ and CO yields. Heating power mainly impacts TR onset time rather than severity, as mass loss and expansion force peaks remain basically consistent, indicating the stable reaction intensity once TR initiates. This study clarifies the TRP mechanism of large-capacity LFP batteries under overheating, linking heating power to key TR characteristics. The obtained results will deepen the understanding towards TRP mechanism of large-capacity LFP batteries and support the design of fire prevention and emergency disposal for energy storage system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23062,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Science and Engineering Progress","volume":"70 ","pages":"Article 104524"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146024409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis and modeling of thermal behavior and grain morphology in laser powder bed fusion of Ti-Cu alloys","authors":"Rui Fang ,&nbsp;Jiaming Ding ,&nbsp;Xia Ji ,&nbsp;Steven Y. Liang","doi":"10.1016/j.tsep.2026.104492","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tsep.2026.104492","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The microstructure and service properties of laser powder bed fusion components are critically determined by complex thermal cycles. This study presents a<!--> <!-->computational thermal-modeling framework<!--> <!-->to predict grain evolution in Ti-Cu alloys during laser powder bed fusion. The framework incorporates key effects, including solute redistribution, Marangoni convection, and in-situ thermal cycling, within a defined semi-infinite domain accounting for conductive heat dissipation and the solute boundary layer. The transient temperature field and thermal history were calculated using a moving point heat source model. Nucleation undercooling of Ti-Cu alloys was evaluated via a free-growth model, and the initial partition coefficient was refined by incorporating the Marangoni effect. The initial grain size was predicted based on the interdependence theory, and the final grain size evolution during thermal cycling was governed by the Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-Kolmogorov model coupled with a refinement function.<!--> <!-->Results indicated that<!--> <!-->the initial grain size exhibits a distinct U-shaped distribution across the molten pool width, while the final grain size shows a peak trend along the scan path after thermal cycling. Sensitivity analysis showed that the solidification rate, impurity diffusion coefficient, and nucleation undercooling are the dominant factors influencing the grain size. This work provides an efficient<!--> <!-->numerical tool<!--> <!-->for understanding and predicting the<!--> <!-->thermal-process-microstructure relationship<!--> <!-->in metal additive manufacturing, facilitating thermal-related process optimization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23062,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Science and Engineering Progress","volume":"70 ","pages":"Article 104492"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146024406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling and simulations of a contaminated still water tank drying under solar radiation","authors":"Quentin Royer ,&nbsp;Romain Guibert ,&nbsp;Pierre Horgue ,&nbsp;Adam Swadling ,&nbsp;Gérald Debenest","doi":"10.1016/j.tsep.2026.104514","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tsep.2026.104514","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present work aims to numerically study the evolution of the water vapor flux of a contaminated still water tank heated by a chronicle of solar radiation flux inside a wind tunnel where the air flow properties are controlled. Solving this problem involves solving a multiphase flow coupled with radiation. To simplify the numerical model, the liquid inside the tank is considered as a purely diffusive system thanks to its stillness and is assumed to be compatible with the view factors radiation model thanks to the impurity of the water. Then, an incompressible multi-region solver is used to solve the mass, momentum and vapor concentration conservation equations in the air flow and the energy conservation is solved in both air and water. The relevance of the variation of the radiative properties of the liquid as well as the intensity of the solar flux to enhance the vapor flux is studied. Results show that the maximum reachable vapor flux scales linearly with the radiative properties of the liquid. Additionally, the effect of the tank depth on its drying performance when heated by an external flux similar to a solar chronic is studied, providing the main finding from this work:the minimum daily integrated vapor flux is reached when the tank depth is close to the theoretical one-dimensional radiative flux penetration length inside a solid.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23062,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Science and Engineering Progress","volume":"70 ","pages":"Article 104514"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146023964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}