Thermal Science and Engineering Progress最新文献_第3页

How well did the evaporative passive cooling blanket preserve fresh produce in Kenya, Uganda and Nigeria? 在肯尼亚、乌干达和尼日利亚，蒸发式被动冷却毯保存新鲜农产品的效果如何？

IF 5.4 3区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Thermal Science and Engineering Progress

Pub Date : 2026-01-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.tsep.2026.104522

Daniel Onwude , Sofia Felicioni , Theresa Wittkamp , Michael Omodara , Opeyemi Akomolafe , Thijs Defraeye

This study evaluates the effectiveness of evaporative passive cooling blankets (PCBs) in reducing postharvest losses and extending the shelf life of fruits and vegetables in Kenya, Uganda, and Nigeria. Using locally available natural materials such as sawdust and charcoal, PCBs were deployed under diverse climatic conditions to assess their capacity for temperature reduction and humidity control. In Kenya, PCBs achieved temperature reductions of up to 10 °C and maintained relative humidity near 95 %, reducing postharvest losses of vegetables by up to 45 % and extending shelf life by 3–4 days. In Uganda, PCB application along the local tomato supply chain lowered average air temperatures by up to 2 °C, with peak reductions of up to 20 °C. This intervention extended tomato shelf life by 2 days and improved market outcomes, although performance was moderated by rainy-season conditions. In Nigeria, PCBs reduced average air temperature by 5 °C, increased relative humidity by 25 %, and decreased tomato weight loss and rot by 32 % and 20 %, respectively. Overall, the use of PCBs reduced postharvest losses by approximately 30 % across the three countries. These findings demonstrate a scalable, low-cost, electricity-free cooling solution suitable for smallholder farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa. By validating PCB performance under real field conditions, this study highlights the potential of passive evaporative cooling technologies to enhance food preservation, reduce waste, and improve food security in resource-limited settings.

本研究在肯尼亚、乌干达和尼日利亚评估了蒸发被动冷却毯（PCBs）在减少采后损失和延长水果和蔬菜保质期方面的有效性。多氯联苯使用当地可获得的天然材料，如锯末和木炭，在不同的气候条件下部署，以评估其降温和控制湿度的能力。在肯尼亚，多氯联苯使温度降低了10°C，并保持了接近95%的相对湿度，使蔬菜的采后损失减少了45%，并将保质期延长了3-4天。在乌干达，PCB在当地番茄供应链上的应用使平均气温降低了2°C，最高可降低20°C。这种干预延长了番茄的保质期2天，并改善了市场结果，尽管表现受到雨季条件的影响。在尼日利亚，多氯联苯使平均气温降低了5°C，使相对湿度增加了25%，使番茄失重和腐烂率分别降低了32%和20%。总体而言，多氯联苯的使用使这三个国家的采后损失减少了约30%。这些发现证明了一种适用于撒哈拉以南非洲小农的可扩展、低成本、无电的冷却解决方案。通过验证PCB在实际现场条件下的性能，本研究强调了被动蒸发冷却技术在资源有限环境下增强食品保存、减少浪费和改善食品安全方面的潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Flow and thermal performance analysis of an oscillating jet nozzle in a flat double-wall optimized via the response surface method 响应面法优化的平面双壁振荡射流喷嘴流动与热性能分析

IF 5.4 3区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Thermal Science and Engineering Progress

Pub Date : 2026-01-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.tsep.2026.104518

Yu Sun , Xiaojun Fan , Jiao Wang , Yijun Wang , Junlin Cheng , Lu luo , Yueru Li

To enhance the heat transfer uniformity of double-wall cooling, this study proposes a novel structure integrating self-excited oscillating jet nozzles with double-wall cooling. The cooling performance of a single oscillating jet nozzle was first investigated using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM). By predicting the average Nusselt number on the impingement target surface and the maximum jet deflection angle, the geometric dimensions were optimized, and the optimized configuration was applied to a flat-plate double-wall system. Under identical operating conditions, the thermal performance of three configurations—Inline Impingement Jet (IIJ), Inline Oscillating Jet (IOJ), and Staggered Oscillating Jet (SOJ)—was experimentally compared. Numerical simulations analyzed the flow and heat transfer characteristics at different Reynolds numbers. Results show that under experimental conditions, the average target surface temperature of IOJ is lower than that of IIJ, while the heat transfer capacity of SOJ is significantly enhanced compared to IOJ. At Re = 70,000, compared to IIJ, IOJ and SOJ improved heat transfer by 10.8 % and 36.7 %, respectively. However, the oscillating jet configurations exhibit higher flow resistance coefficients. Although the staggered arrangement (SOJ) significantly reduces the resistance coefficient compared to the in-line arrangement (IOJ), its overall comprehensive cooling effectiveness remains relatively low. The oscillating jet device notably improves heat transfer uniformity: as the Reynolds number increases, the temperature non-uniformity factor decreases for all models. At Re = 140,000, the TR values for IIJ, IOJ, and SOJ are 0.082, 0.074, and 0.068, respectively, indicating that the SOJ configuration achieves the best temperature uniformity.

为了提高双壁冷却的换热均匀性，本文提出了一种将自激振荡射流喷嘴与双壁冷却相结合的新型结构。本文首次采用响应面法（RSM）研究了单振荡射流喷嘴的冷却性能。通过预测撞击目标表面的平均努塞尔数和最大射流偏转角，对几何尺寸进行优化，并将优化后的构型应用于平板双壁系统。在相同的工作条件下，实验比较了三种构型——直列冲击射流（IIJ）、直列振荡射流（IOJ）和交错振荡射流（SOJ）的热性能。数值模拟分析了不同雷诺数下的流动和换热特性。结果表明，在实验条件下，IOJ的平均靶表面温度低于IIJ，而SOJ的换热能力明显强于IOJ。在Re = 70000时，与IIJ相比，IOJ和SOJ的换热性能分别提高了10.8%和36.7%。然而，振荡射流构型表现出更高的流动阻力系数。虽然交错布置（SOJ）与直线布置（IOJ）相比显著降低了阻力系数，但其整体综合冷却效率仍然相对较低。振荡射流装置显著提高了换热均匀性：随着雷诺数的增加，所有模型的温度不均匀系数都减小。在Re = 140,000时，IIJ、IOJ和SOJ的TR值分别为0.082、0.074和0.068，表明SOJ结构的温度均匀性最好。

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引用次数: 0

Thermodynamic performance prediction of an advanced energy system integrated with a thermoelectric generator under various operating conditions 结合热电发电机的先进能源系统在不同工况下的热力学性能预测

IF 5.4 3区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Thermal Science and Engineering Progress

Pub Date : 2026-01-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.tsep.2026.104494

Mohammad Ali Sabbaghi , C. Ozgur Colpan , Hadi Genceli

This study presents a comprehensive thermo-economic analysis of an integrated multi-generation energy system comprising a solar collector, a biomass-fueled boiler, a modified organic Rankine cycle, and a proton exchange membrane electrolyzer, with a thermoelectric generator (TEG) integrated to enhance system efficiency. The system was modeled and analyzed using thermodynamic and economic simulation techniques, with parametric studies conducted to assess the influence of key variables on system performance. The analysis identified turbine inlet and outlet pressures, solar radiation, and biomass flow rate as the most significant parameters affecting system outputs. The integrated system achieved energy and exergy efficiencies of 53.82% and 46.93%, respectively. Exergy destruction was primarily associated with the biomass boiler (46%) and the solar collector (23%). Although the TEG improved the system’s exergetic performance, it increased the total cost by 17%. The findings emphasize a trade-off between enhanced efficiency and higher capital expenditure when incorporating thermoelectric generation in multi-generation energy systems.

本研究对一个集成的多代能源系统进行了全面的热经济分析，该系统包括太阳能集热器、生物质燃料锅炉、改性有机朗肯循环和质子交换膜电解槽，并集成了热电发电机（TEG）以提高系统效率。利用热力学和经济模拟技术对系统进行建模和分析，并进行参数研究，以评估关键变量对系统性能的影响。分析确定涡轮进出口压力、太阳辐射和生物质流量是影响系统输出的最重要参数。综合系统的能源效率和火用效率分别达到53.82%和46.93%。火能破坏主要与生物质锅炉（46%）和太阳能集热器（23%）有关。虽然TEG提高了系统的工作性能，但总成本增加了17%。研究结果强调了在将热电发电纳入多发电系统时提高效率和增加资本支出之间的权衡。

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引用次数: 0

Magnetic confinement on fluctuating waves of heat radiations using ohmic heating around oscillatory fuel-sphere in fusion reactors: Energy dissipation model 核聚变反应堆振荡燃料球周围欧姆加热对热辐射波动波的磁约束：能量耗散模型

IF 5.4 3区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Thermal Science and Engineering Progress

Pub Date : 2026-01-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.tsep.2026.104513

Zia Ullah , Md. Mahbub Alam , Essam R. El-Zahar , Sana Shahab , Hanaa Abu-Zinadah , Y.M. Mahrous , Laila F. Seddek

Turbulent fluctuation and amplitude of heat transfer and magnetic nanoparticle motion around oscillating fuel sphere in fusion reactor systems is main objective of this analysis. Casson nanofluid, ohmic heating, viscous dissipation and mixed convection properties are applied. Oscillating thermo diffusion, nonlinear thermal radiation, magnetic field and Brownian diffusion aspects are used for fluctuating heat and mass improvement. The Buongiorno mathematical model of magnetic Casson nanofluid flow is developed. The model is transformed using dimensionless variables and oscillatory Stokes conditions over three π⁄6-rad, π⁄4-rad, and π⁄3-rad angles. Steady, real and imaginary models are used to find fluid velocity, temperature and concentration fields using primitive variables. Asymptotic results of streamlines, isothermal lines, steady skin friction, steady heat flux and steady mass transfer are obtained through FORTRAN tool. The implicit finite difference method is used to calculate the stability in turbulent waves of heat and mass rate with Gaussian elimination approach. The ohmic heating

J_{h}

, radiation

R_{d}

, Lorentz force

M_{f}

, thermophoresis

N_{T}

, Eckert number

E_{c}

, Brownian number

N_{B}

, and buoyancy

λ_{T}

are used to find oscillations and amplitudes of heat and mass rates. Significant increment in temperature distribution is found with maximum choice of ohmic heating at angle π⁄6-rad. Magnitude of streamlines and isothermal lines is increased as ohmic heating and Lorentz force enhances. Large velocity amplitude is noted for high ohmic heating. Large fluctuation and largeness in frictions and heat-mass is depicted for every choice of Lorentz force and ohmic heating. The measurement level of heating and mass flow is observed near 39 % and 31 % as Eckert number enhances. Large amplitude of heat oscillations and mass oscillations is detected as Ohmic heating and Lorentz force increases.

本文主要分析了核聚变反应堆系统中围绕振荡燃料球的热传递和磁性纳米粒子运动的湍流波动和振幅。应用了卡森纳米流体、欧姆加热、粘性耗散和混合对流特性。振荡热扩散、非线性热辐射、磁场和布朗扩散方面被用于波动热和质量的改进。建立了磁性卡森纳米流体流动的Buongiorno数学模型。该模型使用无量纲变量和振荡斯托克斯条件在三个π⁄6-rad， π⁄4-rad和π⁄3-rad角度上进行转换。用稳态模型、实模型和虚模型求解流体速度、温度和浓度场。通过FORTRAN工具得到了流线、等温线、稳态表面摩擦、稳态热流密度和稳态传质的渐近结果。采用隐式有限差分法，用高斯消去法计算了热和质量率紊流波的稳定性。利用欧姆加热Jh、辐射Rd、洛伦兹力Mf、热电泳NT、埃克特数Ec、布朗数NB和浮力λT计算了热和质量率的振荡和振幅。当欧姆加热的最大选择角为π⁄6-rad时，温度分布显著增加。流线和等温线的大小随着欧姆加热和洛伦兹力的增强而增大。高欧姆加热时速度振幅大。对于洛伦兹力和欧姆加热的每一种选择，都描述了摩擦和热质量的大波动和大波动。随着Eckert数的增加，加热和质量流的测量水平分别接近39%和31%。随着欧姆加热和洛伦兹力的增大，热振荡和质量振荡幅度较大。

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引用次数: 0

Thermal management properties of BN/paraffin/expanded graphite composite phase change materials for cylindrical 21700 Li-ion battery 圆柱形21700锂离子电池用BN/石蜡/膨胀石墨复合相变材料的热管理性能

IF 5.4 3区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Thermal Science and Engineering Progress

Pub Date : 2026-01-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.tsep.2026.104516

Jian Liu , Kai Zhuo , Bihui Chen , Xin Ge , Junjie Yu , Dahai Zeng , Yanfeng Li , Muchao Qu , Shuaibo Zeng , Songyi You , Xuntao Xie , Haotian Liu

Effective thermal management is critical for lithium-ion battery (LIB) performance, safety, and longevity in electric vehicles (EVs). This study develops novel composite phase change materials (CPCMs) using boron nitride (BN), paraffin (PA), and expanded graphite (EG). Following comprehensive characterization (SEM, XRD, DSC, TGA), 21700-type LIBs underwent charge/discharge tests at 2C/3C rates under 35 °C ambient conditions. Results show all CPCMs effectively regulate maximum temperature (T_max), maintaining it below critical thresholds (50 °C at 2C; 60 °C at 3C). The optimized formulation (1 wt% BN/89 wt% PA/10 wt% EG) demonstrates exceptional thermal regulation under harsh 3C discharge, limiting T_max to 50.9 °C—merely 0.9 °C above ideal—representing 7.3 % and 25.6 % reductions versus BN-free PA/EG (90/10) and natural air cooling, respectively. Remarkably, this CPCM achieves superior thermal homogeneity with a maximum temperature differential (ΔT_max) of 3.2 °C, outperforming the BN-free composite and natural convection by 69.5 % and 75 %. Cycling tests confirm operational stability, maintaining consistent T_max (52.3 °C) over six consecutive 3C cycles. These metrics reflect 24.2 % higher temperature regulation efficiency than conventional air-cooling systems, underscoring BN-enhanced CPCMs as high-performance, scalable solutions for next-generation EV battery thermal management systems (BTMS).

有效的热管理对于电动汽车锂离子电池（LIB）的性能、安全性和使用寿命至关重要。本研究以氮化硼（BN）、石蜡（PA）和膨胀石墨（EG）为原料，开发了新型复合相变材料（CPCMs）。综合表征（SEM， XRD， DSC， TGA）后，21700型lib在35°C环境条件下以2C/3C速率进行充放电测试。结果表明，所有cpcm都能有效调节最高温度（Tmax），使其保持在临界阈值（2C时50°C； 3C时60°C）以下。优化后的配方（1 wt% BN/89 wt% PA/10 wt% EG）在恶劣的3C放电条件下表现出卓越的热调节能力，将最大温度限制在50.9°C -仅比理想温度高0.9°C -与无BN的PA/EG（90/10）和自然空气冷却相比，分别降低了7.3%和25.6%。值得注意的是，该CPCM具有优异的热均匀性，最大温差（ΔTmax）为3.2°C，比无bn复合材料和自然对流的性能分别高出69.5%和75%。循环测试确认了操作稳定性，在连续六个3C循环中保持一致的Tmax（52.3°C）。这些指标反映了比传统空气冷却系统高24.2%的温度调节效率，强调bn增强型cpcm是下一代电动汽车电池热管理系统（BTMS）的高性能、可扩展解决方案。

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引用次数: 0

Pyrolysis of industrial black liquor-derived lignin: iso-conversional based kinetic triplet evaluation, thermodynamic assessment, and predictive modeling using artificial neural network (ANN) 工业黑液衍生木质素的热解：基于等转换的动力学三重态评价、热力学评价和人工神经网络预测建模

IF 5.4 3区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Thermal Science and Engineering Progress

Pub Date : 2026-01-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.tsep.2026.104511

Nitin Meena , Dipankar Saha , Patit Paban Kundu

This study investigates the pyrolytic behaviour of lignin using an integrated kinetic and thermodynamic framework based on thermogravimetric data. Four iso-conversional models-Friedman, Ozawa-Flynn-Wall (OFW), Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS), and Starink-were applied to monitor how the activation energy (

{Ea}_{α}

) evolves throughout the conversion (

α

= 0.1–0.9) range. The non-uniform activation energy (

Ea

) pattern confirmed that lignin does not decompose through a single mechanism but undergoes a multi-stage transformation. Among the evaluated methods, KAS and Starink generated the most consistent

Ea

profiles. The associated pre-exponential factor (

A

) and thermodynamic parameters- enthalpy (

Δ H

), Gibbs free energy (

Δ G

), and entropy (

Δ S

) further indicated that pyrolysis of lignin requires substantial energy input and proceeds in a non-spontaneous manner. A generalized masterplot interpretation revealed a clear shift in the dominant reaction mechanisms with conversion, transitioning sequentially through diffusion-controlled (D1), first-order (F1), and phase-boundary-controlled (R2) regimes, highlighting the coexistence of multiple kinetic pathways and the progressively evolving nature of lignin degradation. To complement the kinetic evaluation, an artificial neural network (ANN) was developed using temperature and heating rate as inputs and conversion as output to predict conversion behaviour. The ANN closely replicated the experimental conversion curves, demonstrating strong capability in capturing the nonlinear decomposition pattern with high predictive accuracy (

R^{2}

= 0.9998, mean square error = 2.2364 × 10⁻⁶) and reducing reliance on extensive experimental iterations. By coupling iso-conversional kinetic modelling with ANN-based prediction, this work delivers the first hybrid modelling framework specifically tailored to lignin derived from mixed-source industrial black liquor.

本研究利用基于热重数据的综合动力学和热力学框架研究了木质素的热解行为。采用friedman、Ozawa-Flynn-Wall （OFW）、Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose （KAS）和starink四个等转换模型来监测整个转换（α = 0.1-0.9）范围内活化能（Eaα）的演变。非均匀活化能（Ea）模式证实木质素不是通过单一机制分解，而是经过多阶段转化。在评价的方法中，KAS和Starink生成的Ea曲线最为一致。相关的指前因子(A)和热力学参数-焓（ΔH）、吉布斯自由能（ΔG）和熵（ΔS）进一步表明木质素的热解需要大量的能量输入，并以非自发的方式进行。一个广义的主图解释揭示了主导反应机制的明显转变，即转化，依次通过扩散控制（D1）、一阶（F1）和相边界控制（R2）机制过渡，突出了多种动力学途径的共存和木质素降解的逐步进化性质。为了补充动力学评估，开发了一个人工神经网络（ANN），以温度和加热速率为输入，以转换为输出来预测转换行为。该人工神经网络能够很好地复制实验转换曲线，具有较强的捕获非线性分解模式的能力，预测精度高（R2 = 0.9998，均方误差= 2.2364 × 10−6），减少了对大量实验迭代的依赖。通过将等转换动力学建模与基于人工神经网络的预测相结合，这项工作提供了第一个专门为来自混合源工业黑液的木质素量身定制的混合建模框架。

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引用次数: 0

Pyrolysis of low-rank coal under a CH4-rich atmosphere and combustion characteristics of derived char 富ch4气氛下低阶煤的热解及衍生焦的燃烧特性

IF 5.4 3区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Thermal Science and Engineering Progress

Pub Date : 2026-01-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.tsep.2026.104512

Cheng Ma , Ruoyu Wang , Yuzhen Zhao , Chong Zou , Zongcheng Miao

The CH₄ atmosphere exerts a significant impact on the pyrolysis characteristics of low-rank coal and the structural evolution of the resulting char. Thermogravimetric analysis–mass spectrometry (TG‑MS) was employed to characterize the evolution of volatile components during low‑rank coal pyrolysis under a CH₄‑rich atmosphere. The changes in chemical functional groups and the carbon microstructure of char were evaluated through infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), CO₂ adsorption, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and micro-Raman spectroscopy (MRS). Thermogravimetric analysis was employed to characterize the combustion reactivity of the char. The results show that the CH₄-rich atmosphere accelerated the pyrolytic conversion of raw coal prior to approximately 760 °C, enhancing the reactivity of CH• and H• radicals, which facilitates the formation of CH₄ and H₂. Conversely, CH₄ atmosphere suppresses the cleavage of carbonyl and carboxyl functional groups, thereby decreasing the generation of CO₂ and CO. The CH₄‑rich atmosphere facilitates aromatization and ordering of the char, increasing the degree of graphitization (I_G/I_All ratios rising from 12.11% to 13.55% as CH₄ concentration increases from 20% to 80%), while inhibiting pore development (specific surface areas declining from 360.8 to 293.4 m²/g). With increasing CH₄ concentration, the volatile matter content decreases, the carbon structure becomes more ordered, and the pore structure remains underdeveloped, leading to a reduction in the combustion reactivity of char-CH₄ (comprehensive combustion index S values are 4.05, 3.89, and 2.68 (10⁻⁹), respectively). The char produced under CH₄-rich pyrolysis conditions fulfills the grindability standards for blast‑furnace injection coal and the mechanical strength specifications for ferroalloy production.

CH4气氛对低阶煤的热解特性和生成的焦的结构演化有显著影响。采用热重-质谱法（TG - MS）对富CH4气氛下低阶煤热解过程中挥发性组分的演化进行了表征。通过红外光谱（FTIR）、CO2吸附、x射线衍射（XRD）和微拉曼光谱（MRS）分析了炭的化学官能团和碳微观结构的变化。用热重分析法对炭的燃烧反应性进行了表征。结果表明：在约760℃之前，富CH4气氛加速了原煤的热解转化，增强了CH•和H•自由基的反应活性，有利于CH4和H2的生成；相反，CH4气氛抑制羰基和羧基官能团的裂解，从而减少CO2和CO的生成。富CH4气氛有利于炭的芳构化和有序化，提高了石墨化程度（当CH4浓度从20%增加到80%时，IG/IAll比从12.11%增加到13.55%），同时抑制了孔隙发育（比表面积从360.8下降到293.4 m2/g）。随着CH4浓度的增加，挥发分含量降低，碳结构更加有序，孔隙结构不发达，导致炭-CH4的燃烧反应性降低（综合燃烧指数S值分别为4.05、3.89和2.68(10−9)）。富ch4热解条件下生成的焦满足高炉喷煤可磨性标准和铁合金生产机械强度指标。

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引用次数: 0

Candelilla Wax-Fatty acids eutectics as thermal energy storage materials: A comprehensive study for solar collector applications 小蜡烛蜡-脂肪酸共晶储热材料：太阳能集热器应用的综合研究

IF 5.4 3区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Thermal Science and Engineering Progress

Pub Date : 2026-01-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.tsep.2026.104509

Himanshu Mishra , Saurabh Pandey , Nguyen Vu Lan , Atul Sharma

The present study develops and characterises novel bio-based eutectic phase change materials (PCMs) by blending Candelilla wax (CW) with fatty acids (stearic, palmitic, and myristic acids) for medium-temperature thermal energy storage (TES) in solar flat plate collectors. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) revealed tuneable melting temperatures ranging from 48.3 °C to 65.5 °C and latent heat values between 113 and 192 kJ.kg⁻¹, depending on composition. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) confirmed thermal stability up to 170 °C, while FTIR and SEM analyses verified physical compatibility and smooth surface morphology favourable for cycling stability. The eutectics CS37 (CW-SA), CP37 (CW-PA), and CM55 (CW-MA) exhibited optimal thermophysical performance with thermal conductivity values of 0.111 Wm⁻¹K⁻¹, 0.108 Wm⁻¹K⁻¹, and 0.095 Wm⁻¹K⁻¹, respectively. Incorporation of these PCMs into a solar flat plate collector considering the airflow simulated in COMSOL Multiphysics. The Result showed the reduction in the absorber plate’s temperature and air temperature from 18 to 25 °C, 14 to 16 °C, respectively. The energy in the PCM rose to about 680 kJ for CS37, 530 kJ for CS47, and 440 kJ for CM55 during charging. So, these eutectics are promising consolidates for solar thermal energy storage applications.

本研究通过将蜡烛蜡（CW）与脂肪酸（硬脂酸、棕榈酸和肉豆酱酸）混合，开发和表征了新型生物基共晶相变材料（PCMs），用于太阳能平板集热器的中温热能储存（TES）。差示扫描量热法（DSC）显示熔融温度在48.3 ~ 65.5℃之间，潜热值在113 ~ 192kj之间。Kg−1，根据成分而定。热重分析（TGA）证实热稳定性可达170°C，而FTIR和SEM分析证实了物理相容性和光滑的表面形貌有利于循环稳定性。共晶CS37 （CW-SA）、CP37 （CW-PA）和CM55 （CW-MA）表现出最佳的热物理性能，导热系数分别为0.111 Wm−1K−1、0.108 Wm−1K−1和0.095 Wm−1K−1。考虑COMSOL Multiphysics中模拟的气流，将这些pcm集成到太阳能平板集热器中。结果表明，吸收板温度和空气温度分别从18°C降低到25°C和14°C降低到16°C。在充电过程中，CS37、CS47和CM55的能量分别上升到680 kJ、530 kJ和440 kJ左右。因此，这些共晶材料是太阳能热能储存应用的有希望的巩固材料。

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引用次数: 0

An integrated multi-scale structured heat sink for the efficient heat dissipation of two-phase immersion-cooled chips 一种集成多尺度结构散热器，用于两相浸没冷却芯片的高效散热

IF 5.4 3区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Thermal Science and Engineering Progress

Pub Date : 2026-01-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.tsep.2026.104495

Bin Li , Long Pan , Anqi Liu , Jingyang Hao , Bingyang Cao

Two-phase immersion cooling (TPIC) is positioned to become a critical thermal management solution for next-generation high-power chips. However, maintaining temperature uniformity remains challenging, with case temperatures often exceeding 70 °C under high power loads. This study introduces an integrated multi-scale structured heat sink, incorporating a vapor chamber (VC) as a heat spreader, to replace conventional cooling solutions. Experimental results demonstrate that this hybrid design achieves superior thermal performance: at a power input of 600 W, the maximum case temperature remains stable below 65 °C, with system thermal resistance below 0.026 °C/W. High-speed visualization reveals enhanced boiling dynamics achieved through multiscale surface engineering. Micro/nano-structured coatings promote bubble nucleation, while macro-scale pin–fin arrays augment the heat transfer area. This synergistic design significantly improves temperature uniformity, reducing the maximum temperature difference across the chip by 75 % (from 14.3 °C to 3.8 °C). Compared to baseline, the proposed architecture lowers the mean temperature by 22.1 %, and reduces the average thermal resistance by 6.4 %. This work presents a viable strategy for efficient thermal management of kilowatt-class chips, supporting the advancement of next-generation high-power computing systems.

两相浸入式冷却（TPIC）将成为下一代高功率芯片的关键热管理解决方案。然而，保持温度均匀性仍然具有挑战性，在高功率负载下，外壳温度通常超过70°C。本研究介绍了一种集成的多尺度结构散热器，将蒸汽室（VC）作为散热器，以取代传统的冷却解决方案。实验结果表明，该混合设计取得了优异的热性能：在输入功率为600 W时，外壳最高温度稳定在65℃以下，系统热阻低于0.026℃/W。高速可视化揭示了通过多尺度表面工程实现的增强沸腾动力学。微/纳米结构涂层促进气泡成核，而宏观尺度的鳍片阵列增加了传热面积。这种协同设计显著提高了温度均匀性，将芯片上的最大温差降低了75%（从14.3°C降至3.8°C）。与基线相比，该架构将平均温度降低22.1%，平均热阻降低6.4%。这项工作为千瓦级芯片的高效热管理提供了一种可行的策略，支持下一代高功率计算系统的发展。

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引用次数: 0

Electro–thermo–mechanical assessment of thermoelectric modules under dual boundary conditions 双边界条件下热电模块的电-热-力评价

IF 5.4 3区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Thermal Science and Engineering Progress

Pub Date : 2026-01-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.tsep.2026.104508

Xi Li , Xiangning Meng , Zhuang Miao , Boyang Liang

Efficient utilization of waste heat is essential for sustainable energy systems, yet the design of thermoelectric (TE) modules remains limited by fragmented assessments of their performance. Previous studies typically address either constant temperature (CT) or constant heat flux (CHF) conditions, with a primary focus on electrical output. Such simplifications overlook the combined influence of thermal boundary conditions and thermomechanical stresses, limiting the applicability of findings to practical environments. This study presents a comprehensive electro–thermal analysis of TE modules under both CT and CHF conditions, examining the effects of leg width, length, and number. Numerical simulations, validated by experiments, reveal that optimal design strongly depends on boundary conditions. Under CT, output power is governed by resistance–current trade-offs, whereas under CHF, voltage response and thermal saturation effects dominate. The thermomechanical analysis shows that CHF yields lower stress concentrations but larger deformations, indicating improved structural stability compared to CT. Experimental results confirm the accuracy of the model, with maximum deviations below 2.2 %. By integrating dual boundary conditions with coupled electro–thermal–mechanical evaluation, this work provides quantitative design guidelines for TE modules. The results offer direct engineering value for optimizing module geometry, enhancing efficiency and reliability in industrial waste heat recovery.

废热的有效利用对于可持续能源系统至关重要，但热电（TE）模块的设计仍然受到其性能评估的限制。以前的研究通常针对恒温（CT）或恒热流密度（CHF）条件，主要关注电输出。这种简化忽略了热边界条件和热机械应力的综合影响，限制了研究结果对实际环境的适用性。本研究在CT和CHF条件下对TE模块进行了全面的电热分析，检查了腿宽、长度和数量的影响。数值模拟结果表明，最优设计在很大程度上依赖于边界条件。在CT下，输出功率由电阻-电流权衡决定，而在CHF下，电压响应和热饱和效应占主导地位。热力学分析表明，CHF产生更低的应力集中，但更大的变形，表明与连续油管相比，CHF具有更好的结构稳定性。实验结果证实了模型的准确性，最大偏差小于2.2%。通过将双边界条件与耦合电-热-机械评估相结合，本研究为TE模块的定量设计提供了指导。研究结果为优化模块结构、提高工业余热回收效率和可靠性提供了直接的工程价值。

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引用次数: 0