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Selection of vetch (Vicia sativa l.) genotypes resistant to abiotic environmental factors in the agrocoenoses with various supporting crops 不同配套作物农园中抗非生物环境因子基因型的选择
Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.31867/2523-4544/0179
S. Orlov, A. Hahin, S. V. Syniohub, S. M. Brovko
Artificial selection of spring vetch began with hybrid materials selected from the nursery of the F1 hybrids. When studying spring vetch on different backgrounds, there was a significant difference between the offspring in terms of plant survival rate: against the background of oats, its values ranged from 21.8 to 34.4 % with an average of 27.5 %, and after white mustard - from 40 .2 to 53.35 % at - 47.2 %. Stabilization of the competitiveness of spring vetch in mixed sowing with oats was not observed, but there was a decrease in the share of full-fledged plants of the artificial population F4 from 0.5 to 7.9% compared to F3. There were more full-fledged spring vetch plants against the background of mustard, it was indicates that mustard has much lower competitiveness compared to oats. It was found that in each population plants with low productivity prevailed both after oats and after white mustard. The selection coefficient (per a sheaf) averaged from 19 % against background oats and up to 34.1 % - after white mustard, a total of 2240 elite plants were selected. Thus, at the first stage, spring vetch plants survived under cultivation with a supporting crop were selected. The survival rate of spring vetch in the agrocenosis with oats varied from 17.3 to 31.3 %. 2054 elite plants were obtained. The second stage of the artificial selection nursery was formed from the material of spring vetch which was tested for resistance to the competitive background of the previous year. The survival rate of spring vetch plants varied from 17.6 % to 24.5 %, 2432 elite plants were obtained. At the third stage, the offspring of spring vetch in mixed sowing with oat and white mustard was studied: 546 elite plants against the background of oat and 1694 against the background of white mustard were selected, with a total of 2240 elite plants selected. The percentage of selected plants indicates that spring vetch genotypes which cannot compete with the supporting crops and between themselves are eliminated from the population. Purposeful selection of artificial hybrid population of spring vetch promotes the formation of genetically balanced lines with increased resistance to abiotic environmental factors. Key words: spring vetch, hybrid, selection, productivity, mixed sowing.
春野豌豆的人工选育从F1杂交苗圃选育材料开始。不同背景下春野豌豆后代植株成活率差异显著:燕麦背景下,其成活率为21.8% ~ 34.4%,平均为27.5%;白芥菜背景下,其成活率为40.2% ~ 53.35%,平均为- 47.2%。春野豌豆与燕麦混播的竞争力未见稳定,但人工群体F4的成熟株占比较F3下降了0.5 ~ 7.9%。在芥菜的背景下,春豌豆的成熟植株较多,表明芥菜的竞争力远低于燕麦。结果表明,各种群在燕麦和白芥菜后均以低生产力植物为主。选择系数(每捆)平均从背景燕麦的19%到白芥菜的34.1%,总共选择了2240个优良植株。因此,在第一阶段,选择在栽培下存活的春豌豆植株和配套作物。春野豌豆在有燕麦的农田中成活率为17.3% ~ 31.3%。获得优质植株2054株。第二阶段人工选育苗圃以春野豌豆为材料,对前一年的竞争背景进行抗性试验。春野豌豆植株成活率为17.6% ~ 24.5%,获得优良植株2432株。第三阶段,对春野豌豆与燕麦、白芥菜混播后代进行研究,在燕麦和白芥菜背景下,分别筛选出546株和1694株,共筛选出2240株。选择植株的比例表明,不能与配套作物竞争的春野豌豆基因型在种群中被淘汰。有目的地选择春野豌豆人工杂交种,有利于形成遗传平衡系,增强对非生物环境因子的抗性。关键词:春豌豆,杂交,选择,产量,混播。
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引用次数: 0
Influence density and sowing method of grain sorghum on the formation of assimilation surface and grain productivity of plants 高粱籽粒密度和播种法对植株同化面形成和籽粒产量的影响
Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.31867/2523-4544/0189
A. Gyrka, Ya.V. Alieksieiev, Yu. Ya. Sydorenko, O. V. Bochevar
In the course of conducted researches it was found that the leaf surface area of sorghum crops was directly proportional to the plant density. It was determined that the largest area of the assimilation apparatus forms in the panicle initiation stage. It was found that each increase in plant density by 20 thousand/ha leads to a decrease in the individual leaf surface area of the plant by 8.8–9.0 % (128–137 cm2) relative to the previous plant density. The row-width spacing was no influenced to this indicator. The largest grain weight per the panicle was formed at a plant density of 80 thousand pcs/ha. Crowdedness of crop (by 20 thousand/ha) led to a decrease in this indicator by 4.8–22.0 % compared to the previous one. An increase in agrocenosis density caused to decrease in grain weight and grain size of the panicle, but the 1000 grain weight was relatively stable. The optimal values of the 1000 grain weight in varieties and hybrids were obtained at plant density of 120–140 thousand/ha. The structure of the yield was significantly influenced by the genetic features of sorghum and the sowing density. The influence of the method of sowing was insignificant. On average, over the years of research, the highest yield of grain sorghum was in trials with a row spacing of 45 cm: Prime hybrid – 5.89 t/ha, Dniprovskyi 39 variety – 4.62 t/ha (plant density of 140 thousand/ha) and Vinets variety – 3.70 t/ha (160 thousand/ha). The grain yield of the Prime hybrid at growing with 70 cm row spacing was 5.70–5.71 t/ha at a plant density of 120–140 thousand/ha, respectively. The Dniprovskyi 39 variety had the same yield indicators (4.57 t/ha) at plant density of 120 and 140 thousand/ha. The grain yield of the Vinets variety at a plant density of 160 thousand/ha and a row spacing of 70 cm was 3.83 t/ha. Crowdedness of plants above the specified density caused a decrease in grain productivity. Key words: grain sorghum, plant density, leaf area, individual area of the assimilation apparatus, agrocenosis density, grain productivity.
在进行研究过程中发现,高粱作物的叶表面积与植株密度成正比。结果表明,同化器在穗萌发期形成的面积最大。结果表明,密度每增加2万株/ha,单株叶表面积相对于原密度减少8.8 ~ 9.0% (128 ~ 137 cm2)。行宽间距对该指标无影响。每穗粒重在密度为8万株/公顷时最大。作物拥挤(2万株/公顷)导致该指标较前一指标下降4.8 - 22.0%。籽粒重和穗粒大小随着籽粒密度的增加而下降,但千粒重相对稳定。品种和杂交种千粒重的最佳值为种植密度12 ~ 14万株/公顷。高粱的遗传特征和播种密度对产量结构有显著影响。播种方式的影响不显著。在多年的研究中,平均而言,籽粒高粱的最高产量是在行间距为45 cm的试验中:Prime杂交种5.89 t/ha, Dniprovskyi 39品种4.62 t/ha(株密度14万/ha)和Vinets品种3.70 t/ha(16万/ha)。在种植密度为12 ~ 14万株/公顷的条件下,70 cm行距条件下优质杂交种籽粒产量分别为5.70 ~ 5.71 t/公顷。Dniprovskyi 39在种植密度为12万和14万株/ha时产量指标相同,均为4.57 t/ha。在16万株/ha、行距70 cm条件下,葡萄品种籽粒产量为3.83 t/ha。超过规定密度的植物拥挤造成了粮食产量的下降。关键词:谷物高粱,植株密度,叶面积,同化器单株面积,农病密度,粮食产量。
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引用次数: 0
Chemical protection of soft winter wheat against root rots 软质冬小麦防根腐的化学防护研究
Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.31867/2523-4544/0199
N. V. Kuzmenko, S. Avramenko, О. M. Hlubokyi
We are given research results of the effectiveness of pre-sowing treatment of soft winter wheat seeds with combined chemical fungicides against root rot and its influence on grain yield in the eastern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. The research results shown that development degree of root rots as Helminthosporium (Bіpolarіs so-rokіnіana Shoemaker) and Fusarіum (Fusarіum Lіnk.) in control variant without fertilizers and protection at the spring tillering stage was 10.1 % with a prevalence of 22.6 %. In meteorological and phytosanitary con-ditions of research years, the intensity of root rots development in the spring tillering stage was reduced with pre-sowing seed treatment from 3.9 (Vitavax 200 FF standard) to 0.1% (Lamardor Pro). The technical effi-ciency of the pesticides was for Insure Perform - 69.7 %; Scenic - 77.4 %; Vincit Forte - 77.9 %; Lamardor 400 and Lamardor Pro - at the level of 78.3-78.8 %; Vitavax 200 FF standard - 50.0%, compared to the un-fertilized control. In the grain dough stage, pesticides were ineffective. Grain yield in unfertilized control was 6.64 t/ha, and in the fertilized control - 7.37 t/ha, which is 10 % more. The combined action of fertilizers and pre-sowing seed treatment significantly increased grain yield gain - from 0.78 (Vitavax 200 FF) to 1.15 t/ha (Scenik), or by 11.7–17.3 %. Seed dressing with Vincit Forte, Insure Perform, Lamardor 400, Lamardor Pro and Scenic resulted to obtain the relatively net profit of 795, 687, 763, 139 and 857 UAH/ha, respectively. Lamardor 400, Insure Perform and Vincit Forte provided the highest profitability of 119 %, 93 % and 78 %, respectively. Keywords: soft winter wheat, root rots, systemic seed dresser, technical effectiveness, yield.
本文介绍了乌克兰东部森林草原软质冬小麦种子播前配施化学杀菌剂防治根腐病的效果及其对粮食产量影响的研究结果。研究结果表明:春分蘖期,无施肥和保护的对照变异株的根腐发育程度为Helminthosporium (b polarso - rokshoemaker)和fusar(fusarl)为10.1%,流行率为22.6%。在研究年份的气象和植物检疫条件下,播前种子处理使春分蘖期根系腐烂发育强度从3.9% (Vitavax 200 FF标准)降低到0.1% (Lamardor Pro标准)。农药的技术效率为69.7%;风景优美——77.4%;文森特·福特- 77.9%;Lamardor 400和Lamardor Pro -在78.3- 78.8%的水平;与未受精对照相比,Vitavax 200 FF标准- 50.0%。在稻谷生面团期,农药无效。未施肥对照产量为6.64 t/ hm2,施肥对照产量为7.37 t/ hm2,增产10%。化肥和播前种子处理的联合作用显著提高了籽粒产量,从0.78吨/公顷(Vitavax 200 FF)增加到1.15吨/公顷(Scenik),增幅为11.7 - 17.3%。使用Vincit Forte、Insure Perform、Lamardor 400、Lamardor Pro和Scenic进行种子拌种,相对净利润分别为795、687、763、139和857 UAH/ha。Lamardor 400、Insure Perform和Vincit Forte的利润率最高,分别为119%、93%和78%。关键词:软质冬小麦,根系腐烂,系统除种器,技术效果,产量
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引用次数: 0
Path analysis of the relationships between the performance and its constituents in corn lines 玉米品系生产性能与其成分关系的通径分析
Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.31867/2523-4544/0180
S. Ponurenko, V. Kolomatska, L. Chernobay
The article presents the results of studying the genotypic variability parameters and relationships between traits affecting the performance in corn lines. In a series of three-year trials in 2006–2020, genotypic levels of the performance and its constituents in mid-early and mid-ripening corn lines, which were bred in the Laboratory of Corn Breeding and Seed Production of the Plant Production Institute named after V. Ya. Yuriev and became a part of its working collection, were determined. It was found that the average group performance of mid-ripening lines was higher than that of mid-early ones with differences depending on kernel type. Path analysis of genotypic correlations between the performance and its constituents allowed for evaluation of direct and side effects. It was found that the coefficients of pair correlation between the performance and its constituents were positive and mostly low or moderate, ranging 0.327 for "kernel number per ear" trait to 0.656 for "ear diameter" trait. However, when the correlations between the studied traits were divided into direct and side effects, the direct path coefficients were only high for the impact of "kernel number per ear" and "1000-kernel weight" traits (0.835 and 0.812, respectively) on the performance. Such traits as the "ear diameter", "number of kernel rows" and "kernel number per row" had very low values of the direct path coefficients (0.041 – 0.098), but affected the performance indirectly through the “kernel number per ear” trait. The "number of kernel rows" (0.622) and "kernel number per row" (0.544) exerted the greatest indirect impact on the performance through the "kernel number per ear" trait. As to the “1000-kernel weight” trait, there were significant negative indirect effects of the "kernel number per ear" and "number of kernel rows" traits, with the path coefficients of -0.350 and -0.362, respectively. It was shown that "ear diameter"-, "number of kernel rows"-, and "kernel number per row"-oriented selections were indirect, as they are components of the "kernel number per ear" trait and are at another level in the performance module. The “kernel number per ear”- and “1000-kernel weight”-oriented direct selections for performance can be most effective, but regarding the latter, one should take into account the negative side effects of the "kernel number per ear" and "number of kernel rows" traits, which can be achieved by building up aggregated indexes. Keywords: corn, inbred line, performance, correlation analysis, path analysis.
本文介绍了影响玉米品系生产性能的基因型变异、参数及性状间关系的研究结果。在2006-2020年为期3年的一系列试验中,对植物生产研究所玉米育种与制种实验室选育的中、早熟玉米品系的性能及其成分的基因型水平进行了研究。尤里耶夫,并成为其工作收藏品的一部分,决心。结果表明,中熟系的平均群体产量高于中早熟系,但因籽型不同而存在差异。性能与其成分之间基因型相关性的通径分析允许评估直接和副作用。结果表明,各性状的对相关系数均为正相关,且多为低相关或中等相关,“穗粒数”性状为0.327,“穗径”性状为0.656。然而,当将性状间的相关性分为直接效应和副效应时,只有“穗粒数”和“千粒重”性状的直接通径系数较高(分别为0.835和0.812)。“穗径”、“粒行数”和“行粒数”等性状的直接通径系数值很低(0.041 ~ 0.098),但通过“穗粒数”性状间接影响了产量。通过“穗粒数”性状,“核行数”(0.622)和“行粒数”(0.544)对性能的间接影响最大。在“千粒重”性状上,“穗粒数”和“粒行数”性状的间接负向效应显著,通径系数分别为-0.350和-0.362。结果表明,“穗径”-、“核行数”-和“每行核数”定向选择是间接的,因为它们是“每穗核数”性状的组成部分,在性能模块中处于另一个层次。面向“每穗核数”和“1000个核权”的性能直接选择可能是最有效的,但对于后者,应该考虑到“每穗核数”和“内核行数”特征的负面影响,这可以通过构建聚合索引来实现。关键词:玉米,自交系,生产性能,相关分析,通径分析
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引用次数: 0
The yield of Hungarian sainfoin (Onobrychis are-naria L.) in the Right-Bank Steppe of Ukraine 乌克兰右岸草原匈牙利红豆草(Onobrychis are-naria L.)产量
Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.31867/2523-4544/0188
O. N. Hrygorieva, T. M. Almaieva, N. Umrykhin
The results of scientific research conducted in 2017–2019 by the Institute of Agriculture of the Steppe NAAS in the nursery of competitive variety trial under the selection and seed crop rotation with 12 breeding numbers of Hungarian sainfoin are presented. All these samples were analyzed for fresh mass yield, seed yield and dry matter content. It was found that a cultivar No. 12 (breeding material of Kostiantyn variety) provided a stable significant increase at 3.2–12.4 t/ha, or 28.3–23.8 % compared to the Smarahd standard variety during three years study. On average, over the years of research, the dry matter yield of this selection number was maximal. The increase to the indicator of the Smarahd standard variety was 1.31 t/ha, or 12.00 %. The Hungarian sainfoin spread depends largely on the development of new more productive varieties with high quality and at the same time well adapted to different growing conditions. Proper selection of varieties is extremely important to solve the problem of increase in the yield and Hungarian sainfoin resistance to adverse environmental conditions. The research results revealed that seed productivity of cultivar No. 12 (breeding material of Kostiantyn variety) in the competitive variety trial was significantly higher, and the seed yield exceeded the standard variety by 0.31 t/ha, or 26.3 %. According to the research results of competitive variety trial on fodder and seed productivity of selection numbers, which were sown in 2017, it was selected the cultivar No. 12 (breeding material of Kostiantyn variety), which was characterized by high yields of fresh mass and seeds, and increased indicator of dry matter yield. Keywords: sainfoin, selection numbers, cultivar, competitive variety trail, yield, dry matter yield, seeds.
介绍了草原科学院农业研究所2017-2019年在12个匈牙利红豆选种和轮作选种条件下的苗圃竞争品种试验的科研成果。对这些样品的鲜质量产量、种子产量和干物质含量进行了分析。结果表明,在3年的研究中,12号品种(科斯廷品种的选育材料)与斯玛哈标准品种相比,在3.2 ~ 12.4 t/ha的水平上实现了稳定的显著增长,增幅为28.3 ~ 23.8%。平均而言,在研究的年份中,该选择数的干物质产量最大。标准品种增产1.31 t/公顷,增产12.00%。匈牙利红豆的推广在很大程度上取决于开发新的高产品种,这些品种具有高质量,同时也能很好地适应不同的生长条件。正确的品种选择对于解决产量提高和匈牙利红豆抗恶劣环境条件的问题至关重要。研究结果表明,在竞争品种试验中,12号品种(科斯汀品种选育材料)的种子产量显著高于标准品种,种子产量高出标准品种0.31 t/ha,高出26.3%。根据2017年播种的选育号饲料和种子生产力竞争品种试验研究结果,选择了鲜质量和种子产量高、干物质产量指标提高的品种12号(科斯廷品种选育材料)。关键词:红豆,选择数量,品种,竞争品种,产量,干物质产量,种子
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引用次数: 0
Results and perspectives of selection of naked oat varieties in the Northern Steppe of Ukraine 乌克兰北部草原裸燕麦品种选择的结果与展望
Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.31867/2523-4544/0152
V. Solodushko
The results and prospects of selection of naked oat varieties in the conditions of the Northern Steppe of Ukraine were given. The problems and main directions of creating of new initial material were determined. The high-yielding, large-grain genotypes (Thousand Grain Weight was to 25.3–29.1 g) such as Abel, Rhea, Nuprime, Plater, Adam, Biloruskyi, Pushkinskyi, Hosha, Kriepysh resistant to abiotic factors were used in hybridization, and allowed to create a new hybrid combinations of naked oats. We established that the cultivars significantly differed from each other in the spikelets and grains number per plant, however not always these features quite affected the plant productivity. Thus, it is proved that the set of features such as number of spikelets in the panicle, number of grains in the spikelet and the grain size determines the plant productivity. The best initial forms of naked oats by biological and economic features were specified. The characteristics of the new initial material were highlighted, and the results of breeding work were presented. The naked oat cultivars were selected in the control nursery: Ск 1024/10, Рс 72/09, Сс 732/10, their grain yield (2.59–2.66 t/ha) significantly exceeded the standard variety (by 0, 35–0.42 t/ha) on average for 3 years. The most productive cultivars by protein content (15.9–16.2 %) were Рс 72/09, СС 1136/09, Сс 732/10 and Сп 234/10. The average yield (2.58 t/ha) of Rodonit naked oat variety exceeded the Skarb Ukrainy national standard variety by 0.33 t/ha or by 14.7 % according to the three-year competitive variety test. Since 2019, Rodonit has been understate variety testing. The protein content of 16.1 % and the starch of 49.0 % were in the grain, and the number of hulled grains did not exceed 3.0 %. The growing season of Rodonit variety was 91 days which was three days longer than the standard variety. Key words: oat, variety, hybridization, selection, yield, hybrid combinations.
给出了在乌克兰北部草原条件下裸燕麦品种选育的结果和前景。确定了新型初始材料制备中存在的问题和主要方向。利用抗非生物因子的Abel、Rhea、Nuprime、Plater、Adam、Biloruskyi、Pushkinskyi、Hosha、Kriepysh等高产、大粒基因型(千粒重25.3 ~ 29.1 g)进行杂交,创造出新的裸燕麦杂交组合。结果表明,各品种在单株颖花数和籽粒数上存在显著差异,但这些差异并不一定影响植株产量。由此证明,穗粒数、小穗粒数、籽粒大小等性状的集合决定了植株的生产力。从生物学和经济学的角度确定了莜麦的最佳初始形态。重点介绍了新原料的特点,并介绍了选育工作的成果。对照苗圃选用裸燕麦品种Ск 1024/10、Рс 72/09、Сс 732/10, 3年平均产量(2.59 ~ 2.66 t/ha)显著高于标准品种(0.35 ~ 0.42 t/ha)。蛋白质含量最高的品种为Рс 72/09、СС 1136/09、Сс 732/10和Сп 234/10(15.9% ~ 16.2%)。经3年竞品种试验,罗多尼特裸燕麦品种平均产量(2.58 t/ha)比乌克兰Skarb国家标准品种高出0.33 t/ha,高出14.7%。自2019年以来,Rodonit一直在低估品种测试。籽粒中蛋白质含量为16.1%,淀粉含量为49.0%,脱壳粒数不超过3.0%。Rodonit品种的生长季节为91天,比标准品种长3天。关键词:燕麦,品种,杂交,选择,产量,杂交组合。
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引用次数: 0
Features of accumulation and consumption of soluble carbohydrates by plants of soft winter wheat varieties 软质冬小麦品种可溶性碳水化合物积累与消耗特征
Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.31867/2523-4544/0158
O. M. Drumova
The results of three-year research (2016–2019) conducted in the fields of the State Enterprise Experimental Farm "Dnipro" of the SЕ Institute of Grain Crops of NAAS of Ukraine with soft winter wheat was presented. The soft winter wheat was placed on black fallow (on background of N30P60K30) and after sunflower (on background of N60P60K60). It was found that winter wheat plants had a not the same ability to accumulate soluble carbohydrates in years with different weather conditions. The analysis of plant samples showed that the largest number of these substances had synthesized in the autumn 2017. It was found that in the plots with black fallow during the period from November 20, 2017 to January 10, 2018, the amount of soluble carbohydrates (total amount of mono- and disaccharides) in the tillering nodes of winter wheat plants of Uzhynok variety decreased from 41.2 % to 34.7 % (by 6.5 %), Nyva Odeska variety – from 43.9 % to 32.7 % (by 11.2 %), Kokhanka variety – from 45.0 % to 42.6 % (only by 2.4 %). From January 10 until the resumption of spring vegetation, the carbohydrates were consumed most intensively by plants of the Uzhynok and Kokhanka varieties. It was found that despite the lower doses of mineral fertilizers applied to presowing cultivation, winter wheat plants accumulated more soluble carbohydrates in all years after black fallow than after sunflower. On average for three years of research, the highest consumption of sugars during the winter both in leaves and in tillering nodes, regardless of the forecrop, was observed in plants of the Uzhynok variety. It was found that the winter wheat plants of Kokhanka variety consumed soluble carbohydrates more economically than the Uzhynok and Nyva Odeska varieties, and grew more intensively in early spring. The content of sugars in the tillering nodes of Kokhanka variety during resumption of spring vegetation was 28.4 % for black fallow and 25.9 % after non-fallow forecrop. Key words: winter wheat, variety, soluble carbohydrates, forecrop, background of nutrition.
介绍了在乌克兰国家农业科学院SЕ粮食作物研究所“第聂伯罗”国营企业实验农场进行的为期三年(2016-2019)的软冬小麦研究成果。软冬小麦置于黑色休耕地(N30P60K30为背景),向日葵置于软冬小麦之后(N60P60K60为背景)。研究发现,不同气候条件下冬小麦植株可溶性碳水化合物积累能力不同。对植物样本的分析表明,这些物质在2017年秋季合成的数量最多。结果表明,在2017年11月20日至2018年1月10日黑色休耕地中,乌日诺克品种冬小麦分蘖节可溶性碳水化合物(单糖和双糖总量)从41.2%下降到34.7%(下降6.5%),尼瓦·奥德斯卡品种从43.9%下降到32.7%(下降11.2%),科汉卡品种从45.0%下降到42.6%(仅下降2.4%)。从1月10日到恢复春季植被,碳水化合物消耗最多的是Uzhynok和Kokhanka品种。结果表明,尽管播前栽培矿质肥用量较低,但黑色休耕后冬小麦植株可溶性碳水化合物的累积量均高于向日葵后。在三年的平均研究中,无论前茬如何,在Uzhynok品种的植物中观察到冬季叶片和分蘖节的糖消耗量最高。结果表明,科汉卡品种冬小麦植株对可溶性碳水化合物的消耗比乌日诺克和奈瓦·奥德斯卡品种更经济,早春生长更密集。在春季植被恢复期间,可可卡品种分蘖节的糖含量在黑色休耕期间为28.4%,在非休耕后为25.9%。关键词:冬小麦,品种,可溶性碳水化合物,作物,营养背景。
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引用次数: 0
Maize grain yield formation depending on macro- and microfertilizers 玉米籽粒产量的形成取决于宏量和微量肥料
Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.31867/2523-4544/0157
M. Dudka, O. P. Yakunin, O. Kovtun, O. Hladkyi
The research results of the foliar fertilization influence with different levels of mineral nutrition on the maize grain yield were presented, and the economic efficiency of growing of grain products was clarified. It was found that when increasing the mineral fertilizer dose from N30P30K30 to N45P45K45 and N60P60K60, the height of plants increased by 3 and 7 cm, the leaf surface area of one plant – by 4.8 and 10.9 %, respectively. Due to foliar fertilization, the height of plants increased by 2–5 cm, and the leaf area changed insignificantly. Depending on the background of mineral nutrition, it was accounted 98–99 ears per 100 maize plants, and in the case of foliar fertilization – 98–100 ears. The maize grain yield on the background of N30P30K30 was 7.56 t/ha, on the background of N45P45K45 and N60P60K60 – 8.65 and 8.68 t/ha, respectively. In the control variant (without spraying) the yield was 7.77 t/ha, and when plants fertilizing with urea (15 kg/ha) – 8.09 t/ha. The grain yield in the variants with maize plant fertilizing with a mixture of urea and micronutrients reached to 8.30–8.78 t/ha. The prime cost of 1 ton of maize grain when growing on the background of N30P30K30 was 1808 UAH, with increasing the fertilizer dose to N45P45K45 and N60P60K60 – 1781 and 1903 UAH, respectively. In the control variant, it was equal to 1828 UAH, in the variants under maize fertilization with urea (15 kg/ha) or a mixture of urea and micronutrients – 1827–1836 UAH. The conditional profit on the background of N30P30K30 was 21878 UAH/ha, it enlarged to 24264–25265 UAH/ha in the case of fertilizer dose increasing. In the control variant (without spraying) the conditional profit was equal to 22310 UAH/ha, when plants were fertilized with urea (15 kg/ha) – 23257 UAH/ha, with a mixture of urea and micronutrients – 23823–25155 UAH/ha. The highest level of profitability (163.9 %) was on the background of N45P45K45; the impact of foliar fertilization on this indicator was insignificant. Key words: maize, fertilizers, foliar fertilization, grain yield, economic efficiency.
介绍了不同矿质营养水平下叶面施肥对玉米籽粒产量影响的研究结果,阐明了籽粒生产的经济效益。结果表明,从N30P30K30到N45P45K45和N60P60K60,随着矿肥用量的增加,植株高度分别增加3 cm和7 cm,单株叶表面积分别增加4.8%和10.9%。由于叶面施肥,植株高度增加了2 ~ 5 cm,叶面积变化不显著。在不同的矿质营养背景下,每100株玉米的穗数为98 ~ 99穗,叶面施肥的穗数为98 ~ 100穗。N30P30K30、N45P45K45和N60P60K60背景下玉米籽粒产量分别为7.56 t/ha、8.65 t/ha和8.68 t/ha。对照变异(不喷施)产量为7.77 t/ hm2,施尿素(15 kg/ hm2) - 8.09 t/ hm2。尿素和微量元素混合施肥玉米植株的籽粒产量达到8.30 ~ 8.78 t/ hm2。在N30P30K30背景下,每吨玉米的主要成本为1808 UAH,随着施肥剂量的增加,分别为N45P45K45和N60P60K60 - 1781和1903 UAH。在对照变异中,它等于1828 UAH,在玉米施尿素(15 kg/ hm2)或尿素和微量元素混合施肥的变异中,它等于1827-1836 UAH。在N30P30K30背景下,条件利润为21878 UAH/ha,随着施肥剂量的增加,条件利润增大至24264 ~ 25265 UAH/ha。在对照变种(不喷洒)中,当植物施肥尿素(15公斤/公顷)- 23257 UAH/公顷,尿素和微量营养素混合物- 23823-25155 UAH/公顷时,条件利润等于22310 UAH/公顷。在N45P45K45的背景下,利润率最高(163.9%);叶面施肥对该指标的影响不显著。关键词:玉米,肥料,叶面施肥,产量,经济效益。
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引用次数: 1
Resistance of modern maize hybrids to smut diseases in the conditions of the Northern Steppe of Ukraine 乌克兰北部草原条件下现代玉米杂交种对黑穗病的抗性
Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.31867/2523-4544/0170
T. M. Pedash, V. Sudak, T. V. Gyrka, M. P. Yavdoshchenko
The research results of the resistance determination of the maize hybrids (Zea mays L.) of different maturity groups to the affection by boil (Ustilago zeae (Beckm.) Unger) and kernel (Sphacelotheca reiliana (Ruhn) Clint) smuts in the Northern Steppe of Ukraine were provided. During 2016–2018, the experiments were conducted in the fields of the State Enterprise “Experimental Farm “Dnipro” of the State Enterprise Institute of Grain Crops of NAAS. The assessment scale of maize hybrids resistance to smut was given. Over the years of research, 52 samples were analyzed. It was found that the common boil smut was widely distributed in 2016, when the hybrids disease average was 2.7 %; only on plants of DN Burshtyn medium-ripe hybrid the infection was not detected. 2017 was unfavorable for the spread of the disease: only 23 % of maize hybrids of medium-ripe and medium-late ripening groups had smut tumor, the average disease degree was 0.4 %. In 2018, half of the studied samples showed no boil smut symptoms, the average degree of disease was 0.9 %, and DN Galateia middle-early hybrid had a maximum degree of disease – 6.7 %. The analysis of the received data testifies that for years of researches there were most resistant to affection by boil smut such hybrids as: DB Lada, DN Rubin, Dniprovskyi 181 SV, DN Adzhamka, DN Burshtyn, DN Veles, DN Astra, DN Sarmat, DN Bulat, DN Palanok and DN Dnipro, and they belonged to different maturity groups. According to the hybrids resistance scale to boil smut, all studied samples were highly resistant and resistant. The tumor was the most often found on the ears, less often on the stems and other parts of the plant. Regarding kernel smut, the survey results indicated a tendency to increase of the disease spread level in the Northern Steppe. In 2016 a 40 % of hybrid samples was affected by kernel smut with an average affection of 0.9 %; in 2017 these indicators were 71.0 and 3.7 %, and in 2018 – 86.0 and 5.9 %, respectively. Over the years of research, it was determined that the DN Astra middle-early hybrid is the most resistant to kernel smut compared to plants of DN Palanok, DN Vesta, DN Demetra, DN Bulat and Pochaivskyi 190 MV hybrids, which were affected annually. According to the hybrids resistance scale to kernel smut, it was found that in 2016 all samples were in the highly resistant group, and the disease degree did not exceed 10 %. In 2017, more than 10 % of plants of DN Adzhamka, DN Vesta, DN Hetera and DN Nazar hybrids were affected, so they were classified as resistant forms, other samples – as highly resistant. In 2018, only the DN Palanok hybrid was estimated as medium-resistant, 6 hybrids (DB Lada, Pochaiivskyi 190 MV, Nur, Korund, DN Galateia, DN Dnipro) belonged to the resistant group, the rest – to the highly resistant group. Regarding the affected hybrid plants, kernel smut was mainly detected on the ears and partly on the panicles (sometimes simultaneously). It was found that 2016 was favorable for the
不同成熟度群体玉米杂交种(Zea mays L.)对玉米黑穗病病菌(bekkm .)抗性测定的研究结果提供了乌克兰北部草原的Unger和kernel (Sphacelotheca reiliana (Ruhn) Clint) smuts。2016-2018年,在国家农业科学院粮食作物研究所国有企业“第聂伯罗”实验农场进行试验。给出了玉米杂交种抗黑穗病的评价标准。在多年的研究中,分析了52个样本。结果发现,2016年普通煮黑穗病分布较广,杂交病害平均为2.7%;仅在DN - Burshtyn中熟杂交种上未检测到侵染。2017年对黑穗病的传播不利:中熟组和中晚熟组玉米杂交种中只有23%发生黑穗病,平均发病程度为0.4%。2018年,一半的研究样本没有出现煮沸黑穗病症状,平均发病程度为0.9%,DN Galateia中早期杂交种的发病程度最高,为6.7%。通过对已有资料的分析,发现多年来对黑穗病抗性最强的杂交品种有:DB Lada、DN Rubin、Dniprovskyi 181 SV、DN Adzhamka、DN Burshtyn、DN Veles、DN Astra、DN sarmarat、DN Bulat、DN Palanok和DN Dnipro,它们属于不同的成熟期群体。根据杂交种对煮黑穗病的抗性等级,所研究的杂交种均具有高抗性和高抗性。肿瘤最常见于耳朵,较少见于茎和植物的其他部位。在黑穗病方面,调查结果表明,黑穗病在北方草原的传播水平有上升的趋势。2016年,40%的杂交种受到穗黑穗病的影响,平均影响率为0.9%;2017年这些指标分别为71.0%和3.7%,2018年分别为86.0%和5.9%。通过多年的研究,确定了与DN Palanok、DN Vesta、DN Demetra、DN Bulat和Pochaivskyi 190 MV杂交种相比,DN Astra中早杂交种对谷粒黑穗病的抗性最强。根据杂交种对粒黑穗病的抗性量表,发现2016年所有样品均为高抗性组,病害程度不超过10%。2017年,DN Adzhamka、DN Vesta、DN Hetera和DN Nazar杂交种超过10%的植株受到影响,因此它们被归类为抗性品种,其他样品被归类为高度抗性品种。2018年,只有DN Palanok杂交种被估计为中等耐药,6个杂交种(DB Lada、Pochaiivskyi 190 MV、Nur、Korund、DN Galateia、DN Dnipro)属于耐药组,其余为高耐药组。在受影响的杂交植株中,穗部主要检出黑穗病,穗部部分检出黑穗病(有时同时检出)。结果表明,2016年对玉米杂交种有利,2018年对玉米籽粒黑穗病不利。发现黑穗病对植株的影响程度不依赖于杂交品种的成熟期。所有测试的样品对两种类型的黑穗病都具有高度的抗性。关键词:杂交种,玉米,情感,粒黑穗病,煮黑穗病。
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引用次数: 0
Productivity of grain sorghum at application of post-emergence herbicides 苗期除草剂对高粱产量的影响
Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.31867/2523-4544/0159
Ya.V. Alieksieiev, S. Semenov, A. G. Lyubchich, R. E. Grishchenko, O. Glieva
During the four-year field experiments, the influence of post-emergence herbicides such as Pik, Prima and Grantox on the phytosanitary state of grain sorghum crops and the formation the grain productivity of plants was established. It was found that the applied chemicals did not affect the main stages of ontogenesis by sorghum plants. The use of the active ingredient of Prima and Grantox led to a decrease the linear growth of plants. The height of sorghum plants with increasing the application dose of Prima decreased from 101.7 to 98.5 cm. When increasing the dose of Grantox, the toxic effect of the active ingredient on sorghum plants increased, as a result their height decreased significantly from 103.1 to 98.1 cm. With regard to the Pik herbicide, with increasing of application doze, the plant height increased from 105.5 to 107.9 cm. Due to the use of the application dose of 20 g/ha, the highest grain yield of sorghum was obtained (4.04 t/ha). It is only 0.22 t/ha less compared to the variants where weeds were removed manually. These results indicate a significant effect of the Pik herbicide on weeds and weak phytotoxicity against sorghum plants. When using the Prima herbicide, it was observed activation of tillering with a slight decrease in the number of panicles. All studied herbicides were characterized by high efficiency against dicotyledonous weeds: Grantox – 78.0–86.2 %, Prima – 75.4–83.1 %, Pik – 80.6–89.3 %. Despite the different phytotoxic effect on plants, grain productivity of grain sorghum increased due to the application of post-emergence herbicides compared to plots with natural weed infestation: Prima – by 0.66–0.92 t/ha, Grantox – by 0.60–0.97 t/ha, Pik – by 1.02–1.40 t/ha . Based on the research, it was found that the application of Pik herbicide in dose of 15–20 g/ha at the 4–5 leaf stage of sorghum was safest for plants and the most effective for the control of dicotyledonous weeds. Key words: grain sorghum, growth and development, weeds, herbicide, yield.
通过4年的田间试验,确定了Pik、Prima和Grantox等出苗后除草剂对高粱作物植物检疫状态和植株籽粒生产力形成的影响。结果表明,施用药剂对高粱植株个体发生的主要阶段没有影响。Prima和Grantox有效成分的使用导致植物线性生长下降。随着施用剂量的增加,高粱株高由101.7 cm下降到98.5 cm。随着Grantox剂量的增加,有效成分对高粱植株的毒性作用增强,使其株高从103.1 cm显著降低到98.1 cm。对于Pik除草剂,随着施用剂量的增加,株高由105.5 cm增加到107.9 cm。由于施用剂量为20 g/ha,高粱的籽粒产量最高(4.04 t/ha)。与手动清除杂草的变体相比,它只减少了0.22吨/公顷。这些结果表明,Pik除草剂对杂草有显著的除草效果,对高粱的植物毒性较弱。当使用Prima除草剂时,观察到分蘖被激活,穗数略有减少。所有除草剂对双子叶杂草的除效分别为Grantox - 78.0 ~ 86.2%、Prima - 75.4 ~ 83.1%、Pik - 80.6 ~ 89.3%。尽管对植物有不同的植物毒性作用,但与自然杂草侵害的小区相比,施用出苗期除草剂提高了高粱的产量:Prima提高了0.66-0.92 t/公顷,Grantox提高了0.60-0.97 t/公顷,Pik提高了1.02-1.40 t/公顷。通过研究发现,在高粱4 ~ 5叶期施用15 ~ 20 g/ha的Pik除草剂对植株最安全,对防治双子叶杂草最有效。关键词:谷物高粱,生长发育,杂草,除草剂,产量
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引用次数: 0
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