{"title":"Signature Distortion in Multi-generation Photocopy: A Review","authors":"Amrita Yadav","doi":"10.23880/ijfsc-16000262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/ijfsc-16000262","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":231200,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Forensic Sciences","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121815998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The knowledge of data regarding children's facial soft tissue thicknesses can contribute to performing improved forensic facial approximations in the process of identification of missing children by Forensic Medicine Institutes, thus contributing to a swifter recognition of these individuals. The aim of this study was to conduct an integrative review and a critical analysis on data regarding Brazilian children's facial soft tissue thickness, available in 2019 for forensic facial reconstruction purposes. The initial search for documents related to the forensic facial reconstruction of Brazilians was carried out in the electronic databases of the Brazilian Bibliography of Dentistry (BBO) and the Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences (LILACS). Extended research included US National Library of Medicine (PubMed) database and University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo State University (UNESP) and University of Campinas (UNICAMP) digital libraries. The terms searched were "forensic facial approximation," "forensic facial reconstruction", “facial reconstruction” and "forensic facial reconstitution", and the period surveyed was 1999 to 2019. Initially, the selected studies included data on facial soft tissue thicknesses of Brazilians in general. Only one study involving a child population was identified, specifically children from northeastern Brazil. Once there is a lack of other studies, a critical analysis was carried out at this one available. When comparing the data from this study with those from a study with a similar methodology on Japanese children, large discrepancies were observed among these ethnic groups regarding facial soft tissue thickness data. Because the only study available did not include the facial data of children from all regions of Brazil, its results cannot be extrapolated to the Brazilian child population as a whole. Considering the lack of other studies in the literature on the thicknesses of facial soft tissues of Brazilian children, it is important that further research on this subject be carried out, and includes data from the different Brazilian regions.
{"title":"Soft Tissue Thickness Assessment for Forensic Facial Reconstruction Purposes - Evaluation of Brazilian Children's Data","authors":"Baccarin Ls","doi":"10.23880/ijfsc-16000162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/ijfsc-16000162","url":null,"abstract":"The knowledge of data regarding children's facial soft tissue thicknesses can contribute to performing improved forensic facial approximations in the process of identification of missing children by Forensic Medicine Institutes, thus contributing to a swifter recognition of these individuals. The aim of this study was to conduct an integrative review and a critical analysis on data regarding Brazilian children's facial soft tissue thickness, available in 2019 for forensic facial reconstruction purposes. The initial search for documents related to the forensic facial reconstruction of Brazilians was carried out in the electronic databases of the Brazilian Bibliography of Dentistry (BBO) and the Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences (LILACS). Extended research included US National Library of Medicine (PubMed) database and University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo State University (UNESP) and University of Campinas (UNICAMP) digital libraries. The terms searched were \"forensic facial approximation,\" \"forensic facial reconstruction\", “facial reconstruction” and \"forensic facial reconstitution\", and the period surveyed was 1999 to 2019. Initially, the selected studies included data on facial soft tissue thicknesses of Brazilians in general. Only one study involving a child population was identified, specifically children from northeastern Brazil. Once there is a lack of other studies, a critical analysis was carried out at this one available. When comparing the data from this study with those from a study with a similar methodology on Japanese children, large discrepancies were observed among these ethnic groups regarding facial soft tissue thickness data. Because the only study available did not include the facial data of children from all regions of Brazil, its results cannot be extrapolated to the Brazilian child population as a whole. Considering the lack of other studies in the literature on the thicknesses of facial soft tissues of Brazilian children, it is important that further research on this subject be carried out, and includes data from the different Brazilian regions.","PeriodicalId":231200,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Forensic Sciences","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134242898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Protection of Intellectual Property of Computer Software Based on Computer Forensics","authors":"Y. Mai","doi":"10.23880/ijfsc-16000156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/ijfsc-16000156","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":231200,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Forensic Sciences","volume":"244 6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134326222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Touch DNA is an advanced technique widely employed in modern criminal justice systems in many developed countries. It aims to extract genetic information from biological substances, specifically the cells shed from the outermost layer of skin, that are left behind on touched objects. This method involves recovering trace amounts of DNA from the biological cells released during contact, even though the quantity is usually very low. The recovered DNA is further analyzed to generate a person's DNA profile. Since dead cells are not really visible to the naked eye, successfully locating and recovering them can be challenging. Performing DNA profiling from the samples that are just touched is quite difficult, hence, requires a highly sensitive approach to its proper recovery, extraction, and amplification of the segment. The methods which are used for the collection, sampling procedure, preservation, removal of contaminants, quantification of DNA, the amplifying of the genetic material, and the subsequent analysis and interpretation of the findings all play a role in how well touch DNA analysis works. Various techniques have been created over time to gather touch DNA. Reliable DNA profiles are produced thanks to the use of sophisticated kits, tools, and well-equipped forensic laboratories, which benefit the criminal justice system.
{"title":"Touch DNA: Revolutionizing Evidentiary DNA Forensics","authors":"Deepika Bhandari","doi":"10.23880/ijfsc-16000314","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/ijfsc-16000314","url":null,"abstract":"Touch DNA is an advanced technique widely employed in modern criminal justice systems in many developed countries. It aims to extract genetic information from biological substances, specifically the cells shed from the outermost layer of skin, that are left behind on touched objects. This method involves recovering trace amounts of DNA from the biological cells released during contact, even though the quantity is usually very low. The recovered DNA is further analyzed to generate a person's DNA profile. Since dead cells are not really visible to the naked eye, successfully locating and recovering them can be challenging. Performing DNA profiling from the samples that are just touched is quite difficult, hence, requires a highly sensitive approach to its proper recovery, extraction, and amplification of the segment. The methods which are used for the collection, sampling procedure, preservation, removal of contaminants, quantification of DNA, the amplifying of the genetic material, and the subsequent analysis and interpretation of the findings all play a role in how well touch DNA analysis works. Various techniques have been created over time to gather touch DNA. Reliable DNA profiles are produced thanks to the use of sophisticated kits, tools, and well-equipped forensic laboratories, which benefit the criminal justice system.","PeriodicalId":231200,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Forensic Sciences","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116858514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Forensic Aspects and Investigation of Death Due to Fall from Height- A Case Study","authors":"V. Dhingra","doi":"10.23880/ijfsc-16000192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/ijfsc-16000192","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":231200,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Forensic Sciences","volume":"34 5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123146754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Biomechanics and Methodology for the Analysis of Injuries Related to Forensic Technical Correlations","authors":"D. Otte","doi":"10.23880/ijfsc-16000155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/ijfsc-16000155","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":231200,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Forensic Sciences","volume":" 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113951305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This contribution is written from the perspective of a trial attorney with more than 20 years of experience representing clients in the California criminal justice system. Proper representation of the accused often requires a multidisciplinary approach in which legal care, medical care and mental health care work in conjunction with one another. Often, a client is laboring through layers of physical pain, fear, grief, and a possible myriad of mental health issues when his or her liberty is dependent on the ability to provide an accurate picture of their lives. In order to assist the client in providing the most comprehensive description of himself or herself, the defense team requires an empathic approach; one that is respectful of boundaries; and one willing to explore the context of the information uncovered during the course of investigation and representation.This contribution will detail the case of Marissa B , and how her investigation and advocacy wed her data to the context and circumstances surrounding her case to reveal information behind the human being in need of representation.
{"title":"The Human Component","authors":"Traci A Owens","doi":"10.23880/IJFSC-16000216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/IJFSC-16000216","url":null,"abstract":"This contribution is written from the perspective of a trial attorney with more than 20 years of experience representing clients in the California criminal justice system. Proper representation of the accused often requires a multidisciplinary approach in which legal care, medical care and mental health care work in conjunction with one another. Often, a client is laboring through layers of physical pain, fear, grief, and a possible myriad of mental health issues when his or her liberty is dependent on the ability to provide an accurate picture of their lives. In order to assist the client in providing the most comprehensive description of himself or herself, the defense team requires an empathic approach; one that is respectful of boundaries; and one willing to explore the context of the information uncovered during the course of investigation and representation.This contribution will detail the case of Marissa B , and how her investigation and advocacy wed her data to the context and circumstances surrounding her case to reveal information behind the human being in need of representation.","PeriodicalId":231200,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Forensic Sciences","volume":"363 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121378917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objectives: This article documents the correlation between age of estimated and observed age of fusion of sternum bone, particularly when evaluating skeletonized human remains. Methods: Soft tissues removed from the macerated sterna by blunt dissection and the fusion of body of sternum with manubrium sterni and xiphisternum are recorded. Results: On statistical analysis for correlation between actual and estimated age correlation coefficient is 0.908 and p-value is 0.0001 that is statistically significant. Conclusion: The correlation results indicate that there is statistically insignificant difference between the actual age of the subject and estimated age from fusion of sternal joints. None of studies assesses on determination of age from sternum has compared actual age of the individuals with estimated age devised from Sternal samples.
{"title":"Correlation between Estimated and Actual Age of Fusion of Mesosternum with Manubrium Sterni and Xiphisternum","authors":"S. Duchania","doi":"10.23880/ijfsc-16000271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/ijfsc-16000271","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: This article documents the correlation between age of estimated and observed age of fusion of sternum bone, particularly when evaluating skeletonized human remains. Methods: Soft tissues removed from the macerated sterna by blunt dissection and the fusion of body of sternum with manubrium sterni and xiphisternum are recorded. Results: On statistical analysis for correlation between actual and estimated age correlation coefficient is 0.908 and p-value is 0.0001 that is statistically significant. Conclusion: The correlation results indicate that there is statistically insignificant difference between the actual age of the subject and estimated age from fusion of sternal joints. None of studies assesses on determination of age from sternum has compared actual age of the individuals with estimated age devised from Sternal samples.","PeriodicalId":231200,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Forensic Sciences","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122261087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Paper documents have always been our primary means of transmitting and storing information. However, for better storage and processing, the majority of records are currently only available in electronic format. As a result of digitization, the field of forensic document analysis has improved and evolved to keep up with the times, as it has become relatively easy for anyone to change any type of document using various image modification tools. The current study focuses to examine documents that have been manipulated by computers using open-source image processing tools. Forensically beta, FotoForensics, and Adobe Photoshop tools were used to analyze the sample documents that had been altered. The results suggest that these image processing tools can be used to analyze digitally modified documents to detect manipulations and thus can help Forensic document examiners. The present work reveals that some minute characteristics are present in the transplanted documents which can be identified by careful analysis of soft copies of documents with tools present in Forensically beta, FotoForensics, and Adobe Photoshop.
{"title":"Forensic Document Examination Using Image Processing Tools","authors":"Shivam Chourasiya","doi":"10.23880/ijfsc-16000292","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/ijfsc-16000292","url":null,"abstract":"Paper documents have always been our primary means of transmitting and storing information. However, for better storage and processing, the majority of records are currently only available in electronic format. As a result of digitization, the field of forensic document analysis has improved and evolved to keep up with the times, as it has become relatively easy for anyone to change any type of document using various image modification tools. The current study focuses to examine documents that have been manipulated by computers using open-source image processing tools. Forensically beta, FotoForensics, and Adobe Photoshop tools were used to analyze the sample documents that had been altered. The results suggest that these image processing tools can be used to analyze digitally modified documents to detect manipulations and thus can help Forensic document examiners. The present work reveals that some minute characteristics are present in the transplanted documents which can be identified by careful analysis of soft copies of documents with tools present in Forensically beta, FotoForensics, and Adobe Photoshop.","PeriodicalId":231200,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Forensic Sciences","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120965211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Forensic Identification of Sindoor Stain on Cloth as Trace Evidence Analysis: A Case Study from Delhi, India","authors":"S. Sinha","doi":"10.23880/ijfsc-16000186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/ijfsc-16000186","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":231200,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Forensic Sciences","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127820381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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