Lina M. Diaz-Contreras, Rani Puthukulangara Ramachandran, S. Cenkowski, J. Paliwal
Abstract. This study focuses on the modeling of sorption characteristics of three varieties of soybeans (Akras R2, Lono R2, and Podaga R2). Three pretreatments related to post-harvest conditions were tested on the soybean varieties: (1) freshly harvested soybeans, (2) soybeans subjected to three drying and wetting cycles, and (3) soybeans subjected to three freezing and thawing cycles. The adsorption and desorption experiments were conducted at 5°C, 10°C, 15°C, 20°C, 25°C, and 30°C using a dynamic equilibrium relative humidity (ERH) apparatus. Equilibrium moisture content (EMC) and the corresponding ERH were measured. The parameters calculated for the modified Halsey equation are applicable for storage temperatures above 10°C in the relative humidity (RH) ranges of 10% to 80% for desorption and 30% to 80% for adsorption. No significant differences were found in sorption isotherms among the soybean varieties. However, the soybean varieties responded differently to the different pretreatments (i.e., drying/wetting and freezing/thawing cycles). The adsorption isotherms of Akras and Lono soybeans showed significant differences at 10°C to 30°C when subjected to drying and wetting cycles, while Akras and Podaga soybeans showed significant differences in the same temperature range when subjected to freezing and thawing cycles. The effect of drying and wetting cycles on the desorption isotherms was found only for Akras soybeans at 10°C and 15°C below 63% and 71% RH, respectively, and for Lono soybeans at 25°C and 30°C above 69% RH for both temperatures. In general, the effect of both pretreatments on the sorption isotherms of soybeans was a reduction in EMC of up to 20%, when compared to fresh samples at selected storage temperatures. The findings of this study serve as a primary tool for developing a lookup table for safe storage guidelines for soybeans. Keywords: Equilibrium moisture content, Equilibrium relative humidity, Halsey equation, Oswin equation, Soybeans.
{"title":"Effects of Post-Harvest Conditions on Sorption Isotherms of Soybeans","authors":"Lina M. Diaz-Contreras, Rani Puthukulangara Ramachandran, S. Cenkowski, J. Paliwal","doi":"10.13031/trans.14420","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/trans.14420","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. This study focuses on the modeling of sorption characteristics of three varieties of soybeans (Akras R2, Lono R2, and Podaga R2). Three pretreatments related to post-harvest conditions were tested on the soybean varieties: (1) freshly harvested soybeans, (2) soybeans subjected to three drying and wetting cycles, and (3) soybeans subjected to three freezing and thawing cycles. The adsorption and desorption experiments were conducted at 5°C, 10°C, 15°C, 20°C, 25°C, and 30°C using a dynamic equilibrium relative humidity (ERH) apparatus. Equilibrium moisture content (EMC) and the corresponding ERH were measured. The parameters calculated for the modified Halsey equation are applicable for storage temperatures above 10°C in the relative humidity (RH) ranges of 10% to 80% for desorption and 30% to 80% for adsorption. No significant differences were found in sorption isotherms among the soybean varieties. However, the soybean varieties responded differently to the different pretreatments (i.e., drying/wetting and freezing/thawing cycles). The adsorption isotherms of Akras and Lono soybeans showed significant differences at 10°C to 30°C when subjected to drying and wetting cycles, while Akras and Podaga soybeans showed significant differences in the same temperature range when subjected to freezing and thawing cycles. The effect of drying and wetting cycles on the desorption isotherms was found only for Akras soybeans at 10°C and 15°C below 63% and 71% RH, respectively, and for Lono soybeans at 25°C and 30°C above 69% RH for both temperatures. In general, the effect of both pretreatments on the sorption isotherms of soybeans was a reduction in EMC of up to 20%, when compared to fresh samples at selected storage temperatures. The findings of this study serve as a primary tool for developing a lookup table for safe storage guidelines for soybeans. Keywords: Equilibrium moisture content, Equilibrium relative humidity, Halsey equation, Oswin equation, Soybeans.","PeriodicalId":23120,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of the ASABE","volume":"283 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76833875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Highlights This study calibrated a hydrologic model for pre- and postfire conditions and simulated postfire hydrologic response. Postfire rainfall-runoff was more influenced by canopy and soil water factors and less by antecedent soil moisture (ASM). For moderate to low ASM, postfire streamflow responded linearly to precipitation; prefire showed little response. Postfire streamflow increased and shifted from baseflow- to runoff-dominated, and runoff occurred across all ASM. Abstract. Streamflow records available before and after wildfire in a small, mixed conifer, sub-alpine monsoonal dominated watershed in New Mexico provided a unique opportunity to calibrate a watershed model (PRMS) for pre- and postfire conditions. The calibrated model was then used to simulate the hydrologic effects of fire. Simulated postfire surface runoff averaged 14.7 times greater than prefire for the 29-year simulation period. The relationship between precipitation and streamflow changed dramatically after wildfire, largely from a decreased influence of antecedent soil moisture (ASM) and increased influence of canopy factors (less interception) and soil factors (greater hydrophobicity, less infiltration) in controlling surface runoff. For higher ASM, simulated pre- and postfire streamflow was similarly variable. However, for moderate and lower ASM, soil water storage was too low to contribute baseflow for either prefire or postfire conditions, and thus postfire streamflow maintained a linear, surface runoff-dominated response to precipitation, whereas prefire streamflow showed little response. Postfire streamflow efficiency increased with ASM from a mean of 0.02 at the lowest ASM to 0.30 at the highest ASM, whereas prefire conditions showed no sensitivity to ASM at low to moderate ASM. Postfire streamflow increased (2.1 times greater median flow than prefire), particularly from increased surface runoff (14.7 times greater), which occurred across all ASM conditions. As a result, streamflow shifted from baseflow-dominated to surface runoff-dominated after wildfire. This result indicates that substantial increases in runoff efficiency (20% or more of precipitation volume) can occur across a range of ASM postfire, which may have severe consequences for flooding. This result also indicates that monitoring of soil moisture would enhance raingauge networks for early flood warning.
{"title":"Simulating Hydrologic Effects of Wildfire on a Small Sub-Alpine Watershed in New Mexico, U.S.","authors":"C. Moeser, K. Douglas-Mankin","doi":"10.13031/trans.13938","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/trans.13938","url":null,"abstract":"Highlights This study calibrated a hydrologic model for pre- and postfire conditions and simulated postfire hydrologic response. Postfire rainfall-runoff was more influenced by canopy and soil water factors and less by antecedent soil moisture (ASM). For moderate to low ASM, postfire streamflow responded linearly to precipitation; prefire showed little response. Postfire streamflow increased and shifted from baseflow- to runoff-dominated, and runoff occurred across all ASM. Abstract. Streamflow records available before and after wildfire in a small, mixed conifer, sub-alpine monsoonal dominated watershed in New Mexico provided a unique opportunity to calibrate a watershed model (PRMS) for pre- and postfire conditions. The calibrated model was then used to simulate the hydrologic effects of fire. Simulated postfire surface runoff averaged 14.7 times greater than prefire for the 29-year simulation period. The relationship between precipitation and streamflow changed dramatically after wildfire, largely from a decreased influence of antecedent soil moisture (ASM) and increased influence of canopy factors (less interception) and soil factors (greater hydrophobicity, less infiltration) in controlling surface runoff. For higher ASM, simulated pre- and postfire streamflow was similarly variable. However, for moderate and lower ASM, soil water storage was too low to contribute baseflow for either prefire or postfire conditions, and thus postfire streamflow maintained a linear, surface runoff-dominated response to precipitation, whereas prefire streamflow showed little response. Postfire streamflow efficiency increased with ASM from a mean of 0.02 at the lowest ASM to 0.30 at the highest ASM, whereas prefire conditions showed no sensitivity to ASM at low to moderate ASM. Postfire streamflow increased (2.1 times greater median flow than prefire), particularly from increased surface runoff (14.7 times greater), which occurred across all ASM conditions. As a result, streamflow shifted from baseflow-dominated to surface runoff-dominated after wildfire. This result indicates that substantial increases in runoff efficiency (20% or more of precipitation volume) can occur across a range of ASM postfire, which may have severe consequences for flooding. This result also indicates that monitoring of soil moisture would enhance raingauge networks for early flood warning.","PeriodicalId":23120,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of the ASABE","volume":"14 1","pages":"137-150"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75218184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zhihong Zhang, Heping Zhu, Zhiming Wei, R. Salcedo
HighlightsA newly developed premixing in-line injection system attached to a variable-rate orchard sprayer was evaluated.Tests were conducted to verify the in-line injection system performance using a vertical spray patternator.Concentration accuracy and spatial distribution uniformity were determined with a fluorescent tracer.Uniform spray mixtures were obtained for different spray viscosities and duty cycle combinations.Abstract. Pesticide spray application efficiency is highly dependent on the chemical concentration accuracy and spatial distribution uniformity. In this study, the performance of a newly developed premixing in-line injection system was evaluated when it was attached to a laser-guided, pulse width modulated (PWM), variable-rate orchard sprayer. The chemical concentration accuracy was determined with respect to spray deposition with a fluorescent tracer, and the spatial distribution uniformity was determined with spray deposits at different heights on a vertical spray patternator. Outdoor tests were conducted with 27 combinations of target chemical concentration (1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.0%), viscosity of the simulated pesticide (1.0, 12.0, and 24.0 mPa·s), and various spray outputs manipulated with PWM duty cycles. For each injection loop, the amounts of the chemical concentrate and water discharged into the mixing line were measured separately in response to preset target concentrations. The results showed that the measured concentrations were consistent across the patternator heights, spray viscosities, and duty cycle combinations. For all treatments, the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of the measured concentration was 6.96%, indicating that the concentration accuracy of the system was acceptable. The mean coefficient of variation was 3.35%, indicating that the spatial distribution uniformity of the system was in the desirable range. In addition, there was little variation in chemical concentration for spray mixtures collected at different heights on the patternator. Thus, the premixing in-line injection system could adequately dispense chemical concentrate and water to produce accurate concentrations and uniform spray mixtures for variable-rate nozzles to discharge to targets. Keywords: Environment protection, Precision pesticide application, Laser-guided sprayer, Tank mixture disposal, Specialty crop.
{"title":"Chemical Concentration and Spatial Uniformity of a Premixing In-Line Injection System Attached to a Variable-Rate Orchard Sprayer","authors":"Zhihong Zhang, Heping Zhu, Zhiming Wei, R. Salcedo","doi":"10.13031/trans.14113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/trans.14113","url":null,"abstract":"HighlightsA newly developed premixing in-line injection system attached to a variable-rate orchard sprayer was evaluated.Tests were conducted to verify the in-line injection system performance using a vertical spray patternator.Concentration accuracy and spatial distribution uniformity were determined with a fluorescent tracer.Uniform spray mixtures were obtained for different spray viscosities and duty cycle combinations.Abstract. Pesticide spray application efficiency is highly dependent on the chemical concentration accuracy and spatial distribution uniformity. In this study, the performance of a newly developed premixing in-line injection system was evaluated when it was attached to a laser-guided, pulse width modulated (PWM), variable-rate orchard sprayer. The chemical concentration accuracy was determined with respect to spray deposition with a fluorescent tracer, and the spatial distribution uniformity was determined with spray deposits at different heights on a vertical spray patternator. Outdoor tests were conducted with 27 combinations of target chemical concentration (1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.0%), viscosity of the simulated pesticide (1.0, 12.0, and 24.0 mPa·s), and various spray outputs manipulated with PWM duty cycles. For each injection loop, the amounts of the chemical concentrate and water discharged into the mixing line were measured separately in response to preset target concentrations. The results showed that the measured concentrations were consistent across the patternator heights, spray viscosities, and duty cycle combinations. For all treatments, the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of the measured concentration was 6.96%, indicating that the concentration accuracy of the system was acceptable. The mean coefficient of variation was 3.35%, indicating that the spatial distribution uniformity of the system was in the desirable range. In addition, there was little variation in chemical concentration for spray mixtures collected at different heights on the patternator. Thus, the premixing in-line injection system could adequately dispense chemical concentrate and water to produce accurate concentrations and uniform spray mixtures for variable-rate nozzles to discharge to targets. Keywords: Environment protection, Precision pesticide application, Laser-guided sprayer, Tank mixture disposal, Specialty crop.","PeriodicalId":23120,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of the ASABE","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79093011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Noura Saïed, M. Khelifi, A. Bertrand, G. Tremblay, M. Aider
HighlightsJuice extraction resulted in a decrease in the nutritive value of the bagasse as compared with the initial biomass.Silages made from the second pressing bagasse were well conserved.Sweet sorghum silage has a better nutritive value than sweet pearl millet.Abstract. Pressing the biomass of sweet sorghum and sweet pearl millet in-field is one of the suggested options for bioethanol production. The extracted juice can be delivered to an ethanol plant, and the bagasse (pressing residue) can be used for ruminant feeding. Efficient carbohydrate extraction is highly important for good ethanol yield. However, enough carbohydrates must remain in the bagasse for its adequate conservation as silage. In this study, the ensilability and the chemical composition of the second pressing bagasse of sweet sorghum and sweet pearl millet were investigated. The bagasse was obtained following a second pressing of the first pressing bagasse after its impregnation with water based on three water:bagasse ratios (0.5, 1, and 1.5). Results indicated that water:bagasse ratio did not affect water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) extraction for both crops. The second pressing bagasse of sweet sorghum and sweet pearl millet contained 80.5 ±4.6 and 60 ±4.6 g of WSC kg-1 dry matter (DM), respectively. The second pressing bagasse of both crops had reduced nutritive value compared to the initial biomass, i.e., higher neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) concentrations along with lower non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) concentration, in vitro true digestibility of DM (IVTD), and in vitro NDF digestibility (NDFd). The second pressing bagasses of both crops also showed good ensilability, but sweet sorghum bagasse silages were of better nutritive value than sweet pearl millet bagasse silages (ADF = 446.2 ±3.7 vs. 463.2 ±3.7 g kg-1 DM, IVTD = 813.8 ±3.4 vs. 708.8 ±6.8 g kg-1 DM, and NDFd = 741.8 ±4.8 vs. 596.2 ±8.5 g kg-1 NDF, respectively). The water:bagasse ratio used for bagasse impregnation before the second pressing only affected the NDF concentration of silages, as a higher NDF concentration was obtained with a water:bagasse ratio of 1.5. Sweet sorghum and sweet pearl millet can be considered dual-purpose crops; the extracted juice can be fermented into ethanol, and the second pressing bagasse can be used to make good-quality silage. Keywords: Bagasse impregnation, Nutritive value, Silage, Sweet pearl millet, Sweet sorghum, Water-soluble carbohydrates.
与初始生物量相比，榨汁导致甘蔗渣的营养价值下降。由二次压榨甘蔗渣制成的青贮料保存良好。甜高粱青贮的营养价值优于甜珍珠粟。在田间压榨甜高粱和甜珍珠粟的生物量是生物乙醇生产的建议选择之一。提取的汁液可输送到乙醇厂，甘蔗渣(压榨渣)可用于反刍动物饲养。高效的碳水化合物提取对提高乙醇收率至关重要。然而，甘蔗渣中必须保留足够的碳水化合物，以使其作为青贮饲料得到充分的保存。研究了甜高粱和甜珍珠粟二压榨甘蔗渣的膨化性和化学成分。甘蔗渣是根据三种甘蔗渣比(0.5,1和1.5)用水浸渍后，对第一次压榨甘蔗渣进行第二次压榨得到的。结果表明，水:甘蔗渣比例对两种作物的水溶性碳水化合物(WSC)的提取没有影响。甜高粱和甜珍珠粟二压榨甘蔗渣WSC kg-1干物质含量分别为80.5±4.6和60±4.6 g。与初始生物量相比，两种作物的二次压榨甘蔗渣的营养价值均有所降低，即中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)浓度较高，非结构碳水化合物(NSC)浓度较低，DM的体外真消化率(IVTD)和NDF的体外消化率(NDFd)较低。两种作物的二次压制甘蔗渣也表现出良好的青贮性，但甜高粱甘蔗渣青贮的营养价值优于甜珍珠谷子甘蔗渣青贮(ADF = 446.2±3.7比463.2±3.7 g kg-1 DM, IVTD = 813.8±3.4比708.8±6.8 g kg-1 DM, NDFd = 741.8±4.8比596.2±8.5 g kg-1 NDF)。第二次压前蔗渣浸渍采用的水∶甘蔗渣比仅影响青贮NDF浓度，当水∶甘蔗渣比为1.5时，青贮NDF浓度较高。甜高粱和甜珍珠粟可视为两用作物;提取的甘蔗渣汁液可发酵成乙醇，二次压榨甘蔗渣可制成优质青贮饲料。关键词:甘蔗渣浸渍，营养价值，青贮，甜珍珠粟，甜高粱，水溶性碳水化合物
{"title":"Ensilability and Nutritive Value of Sweet Sorghum and Sweet Pearl Millet Bagasse as Affected by Different Methods of Carbohydrate Extraction for Eventual Ethanol Production","authors":"Noura Saïed, M. Khelifi, A. Bertrand, G. Tremblay, M. Aider","doi":"10.13031/TRANS.14071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/TRANS.14071","url":null,"abstract":"HighlightsJuice extraction resulted in a decrease in the nutritive value of the bagasse as compared with the initial biomass.Silages made from the second pressing bagasse were well conserved.Sweet sorghum silage has a better nutritive value than sweet pearl millet.Abstract. Pressing the biomass of sweet sorghum and sweet pearl millet in-field is one of the suggested options for bioethanol production. The extracted juice can be delivered to an ethanol plant, and the bagasse (pressing residue) can be used for ruminant feeding. Efficient carbohydrate extraction is highly important for good ethanol yield. However, enough carbohydrates must remain in the bagasse for its adequate conservation as silage. In this study, the ensilability and the chemical composition of the second pressing bagasse of sweet sorghum and sweet pearl millet were investigated. The bagasse was obtained following a second pressing of the first pressing bagasse after its impregnation with water based on three water:bagasse ratios (0.5, 1, and 1.5). Results indicated that water:bagasse ratio did not affect water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) extraction for both crops. The second pressing bagasse of sweet sorghum and sweet pearl millet contained 80.5 ±4.6 and 60 ±4.6 g of WSC kg-1 dry matter (DM), respectively. The second pressing bagasse of both crops had reduced nutritive value compared to the initial biomass, i.e., higher neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) concentrations along with lower non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) concentration, in vitro true digestibility of DM (IVTD), and in vitro NDF digestibility (NDFd). The second pressing bagasses of both crops also showed good ensilability, but sweet sorghum bagasse silages were of better nutritive value than sweet pearl millet bagasse silages (ADF = 446.2 ±3.7 vs. 463.2 ±3.7 g kg-1 DM, IVTD = 813.8 ±3.4 vs. 708.8 ±6.8 g kg-1 DM, and NDFd = 741.8 ±4.8 vs. 596.2 ±8.5 g kg-1 NDF, respectively). The water:bagasse ratio used for bagasse impregnation before the second pressing only affected the NDF concentration of silages, as a higher NDF concentration was obtained with a water:bagasse ratio of 1.5. Sweet sorghum and sweet pearl millet can be considered dual-purpose crops; the extracted juice can be fermented into ethanol, and the second pressing bagasse can be used to make good-quality silage. Keywords: Bagasse impregnation, Nutritive value, Silage, Sweet pearl millet, Sweet sorghum, Water-soluble carbohydrates.","PeriodicalId":23120,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of the ASABE","volume":"457 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77720424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mingsen Huang, Xiaohu Jiang, Long He, D. Choi, J. Pecchia, Yaoming Li
HighlightsA robotic mushroom picking mechanism was developed, including positioning, picking, and stipe trimming.The picking end-effector was designed based on a bending motion around the stipe-substrate joint.The overall success rate of the developed picking mechanism reached 91.4%.Acting time and air pressure for the suction cup were studied in mushroom bruise level tests.Abstract. Button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) harvesting mainly relies on costly manpower, which is time-consuming and labor-intensive. Robotic harvesting is an alternative method to address this challenge. In this study, a robotic mushroom picking mechanism was designed, including a picking end-effector based on a bending motion, a four degree-of-freedom (DoF) positioning end-effector for moving the picking end-effector, a mushroom stipe trimming end-effector, and an electro-pneumatic control system. A laboratory-scale prototype was fabricated to validate the performance of the mechanism. Bruise tests on the mushroom caps were also conducted to analyze the influence of air pressure and acting time of the suction cup on bruise level. The test results showed that the picking end-effector was successfully positioned to the target locations. The success rate of the picking end-effector was 90% at first pick and increased to 94.2% after second pick. The main reason for the failures was inclined growing condition of those mushrooms, resulting in difficulties in engaging the mushroom cap with the suction cup facing straight downward. The trimming end-effector achieved a success rate of 97% overall. The bruise tests indicated that the air pressure was the main factor affecting the bruise level, compared to the suction cup acting time, and an optimized suction cup may help to alleviate the bruise damage. The laboratory test results indicated that the developed picking mechanism has potential to be implemented in automatic mushroom harvesting. Keywords: Bruise test, End-effector, Mushroom, Robotic harvesting.
{"title":"Development of a Robotic Harvesting Mechanism for Button Mushrooms","authors":"Mingsen Huang, Xiaohu Jiang, Long He, D. Choi, J. Pecchia, Yaoming Li","doi":"10.13031/TRANS.14194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/TRANS.14194","url":null,"abstract":"HighlightsA robotic mushroom picking mechanism was developed, including positioning, picking, and stipe trimming.The picking end-effector was designed based on a bending motion around the stipe-substrate joint.The overall success rate of the developed picking mechanism reached 91.4%.Acting time and air pressure for the suction cup were studied in mushroom bruise level tests.Abstract. Button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) harvesting mainly relies on costly manpower, which is time-consuming and labor-intensive. Robotic harvesting is an alternative method to address this challenge. In this study, a robotic mushroom picking mechanism was designed, including a picking end-effector based on a bending motion, a four degree-of-freedom (DoF) positioning end-effector for moving the picking end-effector, a mushroom stipe trimming end-effector, and an electro-pneumatic control system. A laboratory-scale prototype was fabricated to validate the performance of the mechanism. Bruise tests on the mushroom caps were also conducted to analyze the influence of air pressure and acting time of the suction cup on bruise level. The test results showed that the picking end-effector was successfully positioned to the target locations. The success rate of the picking end-effector was 90% at first pick and increased to 94.2% after second pick. The main reason for the failures was inclined growing condition of those mushrooms, resulting in difficulties in engaging the mushroom cap with the suction cup facing straight downward. The trimming end-effector achieved a success rate of 97% overall. The bruise tests indicated that the air pressure was the main factor affecting the bruise level, compared to the suction cup acting time, and an optimized suction cup may help to alleviate the bruise damage. The laboratory test results indicated that the developed picking mechanism has potential to be implemented in automatic mushroom harvesting. Keywords: Bruise test, End-effector, Mushroom, Robotic harvesting.","PeriodicalId":23120,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of the ASABE","volume":"33 1","pages":"565-575"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80900855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. M. Gunn, A. Buda, H. Gall, R. Cibin, C. Kennedy, T. Veith
Abstract. Highlights We used SWAT-VSA to assess the effects of climate change with rising CO2 on the water balance of a karst basin. For future climate, SWAT-VSA with rising CO2 yielded 7.1% less ET and 6.3% more runoff than standard SWAT-VSA. Rising CO2 also affected variable source areas, with greater ET declines and runoff increases in the wettest soils. Findings suggest CO2 effects on water balance should be included in future climate change studies with SWAT-VSA. Characterizing the effects of climate change on hydrology is important to watershed management. In this study, we used SWAT-VSA to examine the effects of climate change and increasing atmospheric CO2 (CO2) on the water balance of Spring Creek watershed, a mixed land-use karst basin in the Upper Chesapeake Bay watershed. First, we modified the stomatal conductance and leaf area index (LAI) routines of SWAT-VSA‘s Penman-Monteith evapotranspiration (ET) procedure and enabled the model to accept daily CO2 data. Using downscaled climate projections from nine global climate models (GCMs), we then compared water balance estimations from baseline SWAT-VSA against two modified versions of SWAT-VSA. One SWAT-VSA version integrated daily CO2 levels (SWAT-VSA_CO2), while another version added flexible stomatal conductance and LAI routines (SWAT-VSA_CO2+Plant) to the dynamic CO2 capacity. Under current climate (1985–2015), the three SWAT-VSA models produced generally similar water balance estimations, with 51% of precipitation lost to ET, and the remainder converted to runoff (10%), lateral flow (9%), and percolate (30%). For future climate (2020–2065), water balance simulations diverged between baseline SWAT-VSA and the two modified SWAT-VSA models with CO2. Notably, variable stomatal conductance and leaf area index (LAI) routines produced no detectable effects beyond that of CO2. For the 2020–2065 period, baseline SWAT-VSA projected ET increases of 0.7 mm yr-1, while SWAT-VSA models with CO2 suggested annual ET could decline by approximately -0.4 mm yr-1 over the same period. As a result, the two CO2-based SWAT-VSA models predicted streamflow increases of almost 1.6 mm yr-1 over the 2020–2065 period, which were roughly double the streamflow increases projected by baseline SWAT-VSA. In general, SWAT-VSA models with CO2 effects produced 22.4% more streamflow in 2045–2065 than the SWAT-VSA model without CO2. Results also showed that adding daily CO2 to SWAT-VSA reduced ET in wetter parts of the Spring Creek watershed, leading to greater runoff losses from variable source areas compared to baseline SWAT-VSA. Findings from the study highlight the importance of considering increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations in water balance simulations with SWAT-VSA in order to gain a fuller appreciation of the hydrologic uncertainties with climate change.
摘要我们利用SWAT-VSA评估了气候变化与CO2上升对喀斯特盆地水平衡的影响。对于未来气候，与标准SWAT-VSA相比，二氧化碳上升的SWAT-VSA产生的ET减少了7.1%，径流增加了6.3%。二氧化碳的增加也影响了变源地区，在最潮湿的土壤中，ET下降幅度更大，径流增加。研究结果表明，二氧化碳对水平衡的影响应纳入未来的SWAT-VSA气候变化研究中。描述气候变化对水文的影响对流域管理具有重要意义。本研究利用SWAT-VSA分析了气候变化和大气CO2 (CO2)增加对上切萨皮克湾混合土地利用喀斯特盆地Spring Creek流域水平衡的影响。首先，我们对SWAT-VSA的Penman-Monteith蒸散发(ET)过程中的气孔导度和叶面积指数(LAI)例程进行了修正，使模型能够接受每日CO2数据。利用9个全球气候模型(GCMs)的缩小尺度气候预估，我们比较了基线SWAT-VSA和两个修改版本的SWAT-VSA的水平衡估计。一个SWAT-VSA版本集成了每日CO2水平(SWAT-VSA_CO2)，而另一个版本在动态CO2容量中添加了灵活的气孔导度和LAI例程(SWAT-VSA_CO2+Plant)。在当前气候条件下(1985-2015)，三个SWAT-VSA模型得出的水平衡估计大致相似，51%的降水损失为蒸散发，其余转化为径流(10%)、侧流(9%)和渗滤(30%)。对于未来气候(2020-2065)，水平衡模拟在基线SWAT-VSA和两个修正的SWAT-VSA模式之间存在差异。值得注意的是，不同的气孔导度和叶面积指数(LAI)常规除了CO2的影响外，没有可检测到的影响。在2020-2065年期间，基线SWAT-VSA预测ET将增加0.7 mm /年，而SWAT-VSA模型显示，在同一时期，二氧化碳的年ET可能会减少约-0.4 mm /年。因此，两个基于二氧化碳的SWAT-VSA模型预测，在2020-2065年期间，河流流量每年增加近1.6毫米，这大约是基线SWAT-VSA预测的河流流量增加的两倍。总的来说，有CO2影响的SWAT-VSA模型在2045-2065年产生的流量比没有CO2影响的SWAT-VSA模型多22.4%。结果还表明，每天向SWAT-VSA中添加二氧化碳会减少Spring Creek流域湿润部分的ET，导致与基线SWAT-VSA相比，可变源区域的径流损失更大。研究结果强调了在SWAT-VSA水平衡模拟中考虑增加大气二氧化碳浓度的重要性，以便更全面地了解气候变化带来的水文不确定性。
{"title":"Integrating Daily CO2 Concentrations in SWAT-VSA to Examine Climate Change Impacts on Hydrology in a Karst Watershed","authors":"K. M. Gunn, A. Buda, H. Gall, R. Cibin, C. Kennedy, T. Veith","doi":"10.13031/TRANS.13711","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/TRANS.13711","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Highlights We used SWAT-VSA to assess the effects of climate change with rising CO2 on the water balance of a karst basin. For future climate, SWAT-VSA with rising CO2 yielded 7.1% less ET and 6.3% more runoff than standard SWAT-VSA. Rising CO2 also affected variable source areas, with greater ET declines and runoff increases in the wettest soils. Findings suggest CO2 effects on water balance should be included in future climate change studies with SWAT-VSA. Characterizing the effects of climate change on hydrology is important to watershed management. In this study, we used SWAT-VSA to examine the effects of climate change and increasing atmospheric CO2 (CO2) on the water balance of Spring Creek watershed, a mixed land-use karst basin in the Upper Chesapeake Bay watershed. First, we modified the stomatal conductance and leaf area index (LAI) routines of SWAT-VSA‘s Penman-Monteith evapotranspiration (ET) procedure and enabled the model to accept daily CO2 data. Using downscaled climate projections from nine global climate models (GCMs), we then compared water balance estimations from baseline SWAT-VSA against two modified versions of SWAT-VSA. One SWAT-VSA version integrated daily CO2 levels (SWAT-VSA_CO2), while another version added flexible stomatal conductance and LAI routines (SWAT-VSA_CO2+Plant) to the dynamic CO2 capacity. Under current climate (1985–2015), the three SWAT-VSA models produced generally similar water balance estimations, with 51% of precipitation lost to ET, and the remainder converted to runoff (10%), lateral flow (9%), and percolate (30%). For future climate (2020–2065), water balance simulations diverged between baseline SWAT-VSA and the two modified SWAT-VSA models with CO2. Notably, variable stomatal conductance and leaf area index (LAI) routines produced no detectable effects beyond that of CO2. For the 2020–2065 period, baseline SWAT-VSA projected ET increases of 0.7 mm yr-1, while SWAT-VSA models with CO2 suggested annual ET could decline by approximately -0.4 mm yr-1 over the same period. As a result, the two CO2-based SWAT-VSA models predicted streamflow increases of almost 1.6 mm yr-1 over the 2020–2065 period, which were roughly double the streamflow increases projected by baseline SWAT-VSA. In general, SWAT-VSA models with CO2 effects produced 22.4% more streamflow in 2045–2065 than the SWAT-VSA model without CO2. Results also showed that adding daily CO2 to SWAT-VSA reduced ET in wetter parts of the Spring Creek watershed, leading to greater runoff losses from variable source areas compared to baseline SWAT-VSA. Findings from the study highlight the importance of considering increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations in water balance simulations with SWAT-VSA in order to gain a fuller appreciation of the hydrologic uncertainties with climate change.","PeriodicalId":23120,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of the ASABE","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81062614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
HighlightsAERMOD and SCIPUFF were employed to back-calculate farm-level PM10 emission rates based on inverse modeling.Both AERMOD and SCIPUFF did not capture the diurnal and seasonal variations of farm-level PM10 emission rates.AERMOD modeling results were affected by wind speed, with higher wind speed leading to higher emission rates.Higher numbers of receptors and PM10 measurements with greater time resolution may be recommended in the future.Abstract. Air pollutant emissions from animal feeding operations (AFOs) have become a serious concern for public health and ambient air quality. Particulate matter with aerodynamic equivalent diameter less than or equal to 10 µm (PM10) is one of the major air pollutants emitted from AFOs. To assess the impacts of PM10 emissions from AFOs, knowledge about farm-level PM10 emission rates is needed but is challenging to obtain through field measurements. The inverse dispersion modeling approach provides an alternative way to estimate farm-level PM10 emission rates. In this study, two dispersion models, AERMOD and SCIPUFF, were employed to back-calculate farm-level PM10 emission rates based on hourly PM10 concentration measurements at four downwind locations in the vicinity of a commercial egg production farm in the southeast U.S. Onsite meteorological data were simultaneously recorded using a 10 m weather tower to facilitate the dispersion modeling. The modeling results were compared with PM10 emission measurements from two layer houses on the farm. Single-area source, double-area source, and double-volume source were used in AERMOD, while only single-point source was used in SCIPUFF. The inverse modeling results indicated that both SCIPUFF and AERMOD did not capture the diurnal and seasonal variations of the farm-level PM10 emission rates. In addition, the AERMOD modeling results were affected by wind speed, and higher emission rates may be predicted at higher wind speeds. The single-point source for SCIPUFF, the plume rise simplification for AERMOD, and insufficient concentration measurement resolution in response to temporal changes in wind direction may have added uncertainties to the modeling results. The results of this study suggest that more receptors covering more representative downwind locations should be considered in future modeling for farm-level emissions assessment. Moreover, ambient data collection with greater time resolution (e.g., less than one hour) is recommended to capture diurnal and seasonal patterns more rigorously. Only in this way can researchers achieve a better understanding of the effectiveness of inverse dispersion modeling for estimation of pollutant emission rates. Keywords: AERMOD, Animal feeding operations, Egg production, Farm-level emission rate, Inverse dispersion modeling, PM10, SCIPUFF.
{"title":"Inverse AERMOD and SCIPUFF Dispersion Modeling for Farm-Level PM10 Emission Rate Assessment","authors":"Binghong Cheng, Aditya Kumar, Lingjuan Wang-Li","doi":"10.13031/TRANS.14311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/TRANS.14311","url":null,"abstract":"HighlightsAERMOD and SCIPUFF were employed to back-calculate farm-level PM10 emission rates based on inverse modeling.Both AERMOD and SCIPUFF did not capture the diurnal and seasonal variations of farm-level PM10 emission rates.AERMOD modeling results were affected by wind speed, with higher wind speed leading to higher emission rates.Higher numbers of receptors and PM10 measurements with greater time resolution may be recommended in the future.Abstract. Air pollutant emissions from animal feeding operations (AFOs) have become a serious concern for public health and ambient air quality. Particulate matter with aerodynamic equivalent diameter less than or equal to 10 µm (PM10) is one of the major air pollutants emitted from AFOs. To assess the impacts of PM10 emissions from AFOs, knowledge about farm-level PM10 emission rates is needed but is challenging to obtain through field measurements. The inverse dispersion modeling approach provides an alternative way to estimate farm-level PM10 emission rates. In this study, two dispersion models, AERMOD and SCIPUFF, were employed to back-calculate farm-level PM10 emission rates based on hourly PM10 concentration measurements at four downwind locations in the vicinity of a commercial egg production farm in the southeast U.S. Onsite meteorological data were simultaneously recorded using a 10 m weather tower to facilitate the dispersion modeling. The modeling results were compared with PM10 emission measurements from two layer houses on the farm. Single-area source, double-area source, and double-volume source were used in AERMOD, while only single-point source was used in SCIPUFF. The inverse modeling results indicated that both SCIPUFF and AERMOD did not capture the diurnal and seasonal variations of the farm-level PM10 emission rates. In addition, the AERMOD modeling results were affected by wind speed, and higher emission rates may be predicted at higher wind speeds. The single-point source for SCIPUFF, the plume rise simplification for AERMOD, and insufficient concentration measurement resolution in response to temporal changes in wind direction may have added uncertainties to the modeling results. The results of this study suggest that more receptors covering more representative downwind locations should be considered in future modeling for farm-level emissions assessment. Moreover, ambient data collection with greater time resolution (e.g., less than one hour) is recommended to capture diurnal and seasonal patterns more rigorously. Only in this way can researchers achieve a better understanding of the effectiveness of inverse dispersion modeling for estimation of pollutant emission rates. Keywords: AERMOD, Animal feeding operations, Egg production, Farm-level emission rate, Inverse dispersion modeling, PM10, SCIPUFF.","PeriodicalId":23120,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of the ASABE","volume":"1 1","pages":"801-817"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91317855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hyun-Woo Han, Jung-Su Han, W. Chung, Ji-Tae Kim, Young-Jun Park
HighlightsPrediction of synchronization time was performed for a power-shift transmission.We derived an analytical equation for synchronization time and developed a multi-body dynamics model.Model results were compared with results of a power-shift test on a synchronizer.Reduced computation and design time was achieved for automatic transmission design.Abstract. Synchronization time determines the capacity of a shift actuator for an automatic transmission system. Existing approaches for measuring this time only consider one rotational inertia and therefore cannot be applied to the power-shift transmission (PST) of a tractor with wet multi-plate clutches on both sides of the synchronizer. This study aims to predict the PST synchronization time by considering time-varying axial forces as first-order functions and the equivalent rotational inertias of the hub and the gear. First, we derive an analytical equation for the synchronization time. We then develop a multi-body dynamics (MBD) model that includes the drag torque of the wet multi-plate clutches. The MBD model is composed of a synchronizer, a linkage, and an output shaft of a shift actuator as a rigid-body system. A power-shift test was performed on the synchronizer at two shift stages requiring the maximum shift force of the system. The torque of the shift actuator (the input of the shift system) and the angular displacement of the output shaft of the shift actuator (the output of the shift system) were measured. The results of the simulation model were then compared with those of the shift test. Compared with the test results, the simulation results were validated within 7.63% accuracy, based on the maximum value for the torque of the shift actuator. The proposed equation was validated within a maximum error range of 8.25%. The proposed equation did not consider drag torque of the wet multi-plate clutches because that torque is much smaller than the cone torque of the synchronizer in the target shift system. The proposed equation can reduce computation time and will enable more precise sizing of the synchronizer and shift actuator in the early design stages of automatic transmissions. Keywords: Multi-body dynamics, Power-shift transmission, Synchronization time, Synchronizer, Tractor transmission.
{"title":"Prediction of Synchronization Time for Tractor Power-Shift Transmission Using Multi-Body Dynamic Simulation","authors":"Hyun-Woo Han, Jung-Su Han, W. Chung, Ji-Tae Kim, Young-Jun Park","doi":"10.13031/trans.14233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/trans.14233","url":null,"abstract":"HighlightsPrediction of synchronization time was performed for a power-shift transmission.We derived an analytical equation for synchronization time and developed a multi-body dynamics model.Model results were compared with results of a power-shift test on a synchronizer.Reduced computation and design time was achieved for automatic transmission design.Abstract. Synchronization time determines the capacity of a shift actuator for an automatic transmission system. Existing approaches for measuring this time only consider one rotational inertia and therefore cannot be applied to the power-shift transmission (PST) of a tractor with wet multi-plate clutches on both sides of the synchronizer. This study aims to predict the PST synchronization time by considering time-varying axial forces as first-order functions and the equivalent rotational inertias of the hub and the gear. First, we derive an analytical equation for the synchronization time. We then develop a multi-body dynamics (MBD) model that includes the drag torque of the wet multi-plate clutches. The MBD model is composed of a synchronizer, a linkage, and an output shaft of a shift actuator as a rigid-body system. A power-shift test was performed on the synchronizer at two shift stages requiring the maximum shift force of the system. The torque of the shift actuator (the input of the shift system) and the angular displacement of the output shaft of the shift actuator (the output of the shift system) were measured. The results of the simulation model were then compared with those of the shift test. Compared with the test results, the simulation results were validated within 7.63% accuracy, based on the maximum value for the torque of the shift actuator. The proposed equation was validated within a maximum error range of 8.25%. The proposed equation did not consider drag torque of the wet multi-plate clutches because that torque is much smaller than the cone torque of the synchronizer in the target shift system. The proposed equation can reduce computation time and will enable more precise sizing of the synchronizer and shift actuator in the early design stages of automatic transmissions. Keywords: Multi-body dynamics, Power-shift transmission, Synchronization time, Synchronizer, Tractor transmission.","PeriodicalId":23120,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of the ASABE","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76636947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
HighlightsThis study developed a mathematical relationship accounting for the production rate of phosphine.The effect of temperature on phosphine sorption into wheat is described mathematically.A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was built to predict the phosphine concentration in fumigated grain.Experiments were conducted to validate the CFD model.Abstract. Phosphine gas (PH3) is widely used as a fumigant for stored product insect infestations due to its relatively low price and the near absence of residual chemical on the grain. Understanding the behavior of phosphine gas inside the fumigated space is crucial to maintaining a lethal dosage and protecting stored grain from subsequent insect damage. Phosphine is available either in gas form or is produced from a solid material, as pellets or tablets, that reacts with water in the air. The solid form is the most commonly used; however, limited information is available on the rate of phosphine gas generated from the solid material. In this study, a mathematical equation was formulated, based on previous studies in the literature, to describe the gas generation rate. This equation was incorporated into a computational model using ANSYS Fluent 19.1, a commercial software for computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis. The computational model developed here allows prediction of the phosphine concentration within a fumigated grain bulk. The PH3 sorption was included in the model. The effect of temperature on the sorption rate was investigated based on published data, and the rate change due to temperature was characterized. The gas generated by a single pellet was measured in laboratory experiments in a 0.208 m3 sealed barrel. The measurements confirmed the CFD results with an error of 0.3%, 0.9%, and 7.2% for three different configurations. The deviations seen between the experimental replicates increased the error and show the need for further investigation of the effects of temperature, grain age and history, leakage, and other factors. Keywords: CFD, Evolution rate, Phosphine, Sorption.
{"title":"Evolution of Phosphine from Aluminum Phosphide Pellets","authors":"S. Elsayed, M. Casada, R. Maghirang, M. Wei","doi":"10.13031/TRANS.14326","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/TRANS.14326","url":null,"abstract":"HighlightsThis study developed a mathematical relationship accounting for the production rate of phosphine.The effect of temperature on phosphine sorption into wheat is described mathematically.A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was built to predict the phosphine concentration in fumigated grain.Experiments were conducted to validate the CFD model.Abstract. Phosphine gas (PH3) is widely used as a fumigant for stored product insect infestations due to its relatively low price and the near absence of residual chemical on the grain. Understanding the behavior of phosphine gas inside the fumigated space is crucial to maintaining a lethal dosage and protecting stored grain from subsequent insect damage. Phosphine is available either in gas form or is produced from a solid material, as pellets or tablets, that reacts with water in the air. The solid form is the most commonly used; however, limited information is available on the rate of phosphine gas generated from the solid material. In this study, a mathematical equation was formulated, based on previous studies in the literature, to describe the gas generation rate. This equation was incorporated into a computational model using ANSYS Fluent 19.1, a commercial software for computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis. The computational model developed here allows prediction of the phosphine concentration within a fumigated grain bulk. The PH3 sorption was included in the model. The effect of temperature on the sorption rate was investigated based on published data, and the rate change due to temperature was characterized. The gas generated by a single pellet was measured in laboratory experiments in a 0.208 m3 sealed barrel. The measurements confirmed the CFD results with an error of 0.3%, 0.9%, and 7.2% for three different configurations. The deviations seen between the experimental replicates increased the error and show the need for further investigation of the effects of temperature, grain age and history, leakage, and other factors. Keywords: CFD, Evolution rate, Phosphine, Sorption.","PeriodicalId":23120,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of the ASABE","volume":"6 1","pages":"615-624"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87974272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wang Shenying, Zhichao Hu, Fengwei Gu, P. Baoliang, Youqing Chen, Feng Wu, Yongwei Wang
Highlights A rapid manufacturing method for internal and external rectangular spline shafts for use in agricultural machinery was developed using a combination of laser cutting and welding. The shear strength of the internal spline welds, extrusion strength of the spline tooth surfaces, and extrusion and shear strength of the external spline pins were tested. Threshold values were obtained for the average diameter of the internal and external splines. Two case studies (light load and heavy load) were performed to verify the feasibility and reliability of the method. Abstract. In recent years, special-sized spline shafts and gears have been widely used in the trial production of new agricultural machinery in China. However, due to the high production cost and long development cycle of these common components, the development of new agricultural machinery has been affected. To solve these problems, this article proposes a method for rapid manufacturing of rectangular internal and external splines using a combination of laser cutting and welding. Through analysis of the weld shear strength of the internal splines, the extrusion strength of the spline tooth surfaces, and the extrusion and shear strength of the external spline pins, it was calculated that the threshold of the average diameter (dm) of the internal splines, commonly used in agricultural machinery, was dm ≥ 31.17 mm, and that of the external splines was dm ≥ 33.45 mm. The feasibility and reliability of the method were verified with two case studies using light and heavy load conditions. The light load case study was the splines of the power input shaft of the pickup platform of a peanut harvester, and the heavy load case study was the splines of the total power input shaft of a peanut no-till planter. The case studies indicated that under the light load conditions (average power of 1.13 kW, average torque of 64.1 N·m, average speed of 168.7 rpm, cumulative working time of 48 h, and harvested area of 46.4 ha) and heavy load conditions (average power of 89.36 kW, average torque of 1029.9 N·m, average speed of 828.6 rpm, cumulative working time of 51.5 h, and planted area of 31.7 ha), no spline failure was observed, and the reliability was 100.0%. This article provides a technical reference for the rapid production of special-sized rectangular splines as single pieces or in small batches for trial production, which requires low processing accuracy, of new agricultural machinery products.
{"title":"A Rapid Manufacturing Method for Rectangular Splines Based on Laser Cutting and Welding","authors":"Wang Shenying, Zhichao Hu, Fengwei Gu, P. Baoliang, Youqing Chen, Feng Wu, Yongwei Wang","doi":"10.13031/trans.14216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/trans.14216","url":null,"abstract":"Highlights A rapid manufacturing method for internal and external rectangular spline shafts for use in agricultural machinery was developed using a combination of laser cutting and welding. The shear strength of the internal spline welds, extrusion strength of the spline tooth surfaces, and extrusion and shear strength of the external spline pins were tested. Threshold values were obtained for the average diameter of the internal and external splines. Two case studies (light load and heavy load) were performed to verify the feasibility and reliability of the method. Abstract. In recent years, special-sized spline shafts and gears have been widely used in the trial production of new agricultural machinery in China. However, due to the high production cost and long development cycle of these common components, the development of new agricultural machinery has been affected. To solve these problems, this article proposes a method for rapid manufacturing of rectangular internal and external splines using a combination of laser cutting and welding. Through analysis of the weld shear strength of the internal splines, the extrusion strength of the spline tooth surfaces, and the extrusion and shear strength of the external spline pins, it was calculated that the threshold of the average diameter (dm) of the internal splines, commonly used in agricultural machinery, was dm ≥ 31.17 mm, and that of the external splines was dm ≥ 33.45 mm. The feasibility and reliability of the method were verified with two case studies using light and heavy load conditions. The light load case study was the splines of the power input shaft of the pickup platform of a peanut harvester, and the heavy load case study was the splines of the total power input shaft of a peanut no-till planter. The case studies indicated that under the light load conditions (average power of 1.13 kW, average torque of 64.1 N·m, average speed of 168.7 rpm, cumulative working time of 48 h, and harvested area of 46.4 ha) and heavy load conditions (average power of 89.36 kW, average torque of 1029.9 N·m, average speed of 828.6 rpm, cumulative working time of 51.5 h, and planted area of 31.7 ha), no spline failure was observed, and the reliability was 100.0%. This article provides a technical reference for the rapid production of special-sized rectangular splines as single pieces or in small batches for trial production, which requires low processing accuracy, of new agricultural machinery products.","PeriodicalId":23120,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of the ASABE","volume":"1 1","pages":"117-126"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88806079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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