Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.15222/TKEA2019.3-4.31
V. Makhniy, M. M. Berezovskiy, O. V. Kinzerska, V. Melnyk
The authors investigate the effect of treating n-ZnSe substrates with boiling aqueous Ca(NO3)2 suspension on their electrical and luminescent properties. Base substrates were cut from bulk pure zinc selenide crystals grown from a stoichiometric melt by the Bridgman method. It was found that the Ca-doping of the substrates causes an almost complete “quenching” of the low-energy orange emission band with a maximum near ħωmax ≈ 1,95 eV and a significant increase in the efficiency of the edge blue luminescence band.
{"title":"Surface ZnSe:Ca layers with hole conductivity","authors":"V. Makhniy, M. M. Berezovskiy, O. V. Kinzerska, V. Melnyk","doi":"10.15222/TKEA2019.3-4.31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15222/TKEA2019.3-4.31","url":null,"abstract":"The authors investigate the effect of treating n-ZnSe substrates with boiling aqueous Ca(NO3)2 suspension on their electrical and luminescent properties. Base substrates were cut from bulk pure zinc selenide crystals grown from a stoichiometric melt by the Bridgman method. It was found that the Ca-doping of the substrates causes an almost complete “quenching” of the low-energy orange emission band with a maximum near ħωmax ≈ 1,95 eV and a significant increase in the efficiency of the edge blue luminescence band.","PeriodicalId":231412,"journal":{"name":"Технология и конструирование в электронной аппаратуре","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133266582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.15222/tkea2021.5-6.16
E. M. Glushechenko
Modern complex microwave radio electronic systems may use functional devices implemented on different types of transmission lines. In order to connect such devices to each other to form antenna feed system, the following three types of special connectors can be used: coaxial, waveguide, and combined microwave devices based on waveguide and coaxial segments. The main electrical characteristics of waveguide coaxial connectors (WCC) are the losses introduced by the device to the antenna feed and matching with the regular microwave path (voltage standing-wave ratio, VSWR). Standard methods and standard equipment used to measure the characteristics of coaxial or waveguide connectors cannot be applied to WCCs. This article proposes a method designed to measure the main characteristics of waveguide-coaxial connectors and presents their mathematical model (wave matrices). The proposed methods of measuring microwave characteristic are demonstrated on the example of waveguide coaxial connectors of longitudinal coaxial type. It should be noted that the proposed technique has been experimentally tested on a number of specific devices. Not only the waveguide coaxial connectors have been studied in different frequency ranges (waveguide sizes from 23×5 to 58×25 mm), but also with different coaxial channel designs (sizes 3.5/1.52; 6.0/2.6 and 7.0/3.04 mm). The proposed method provides replicable measurements results of the characteristics of waveguide coaxial connectors, which confirms its reliability.
{"title":"Measurement methods and mathematical model of main characteristics of waveguide-coaxial connectors","authors":"E. M. Glushechenko","doi":"10.15222/tkea2021.5-6.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15222/tkea2021.5-6.16","url":null,"abstract":"Modern complex microwave radio electronic systems may use functional devices implemented on different types of transmission lines. In order to connect such devices to each other to form antenna feed system, the following three types of special connectors can be used: coaxial, waveguide, and combined microwave devices based on waveguide and coaxial segments.\u0000The main electrical characteristics of waveguide coaxial connectors (WCC) are the losses introduced by the device to the antenna feed and matching with the regular microwave path (voltage standing-wave ratio, VSWR). Standard methods and standard equipment used to measure the characteristics of coaxial or waveguide connectors cannot be applied to WCCs. \u0000This article proposes a method designed to measure the main characteristics of waveguide-coaxial connectors and presents their mathematical model (wave matrices). The proposed methods of measuring microwave characteristic are demonstrated on the example of waveguide coaxial connectors of longitudinal coaxial type.\u0000It should be noted that the proposed technique has been experimentally tested on a number of specific devices. Not only the waveguide coaxial connectors have been studied in different frequency ranges (waveguide sizes from 23×5 to 58×25 mm), but also with different coaxial channel designs (sizes 3.5/1.52; 6.0/2.6 and 7.0/3.04 mm).\u0000The proposed method provides replicable measurements results of the characteristics of waveguide coaxial connectors, which confirms its reliability.","PeriodicalId":231412,"journal":{"name":"Технология и конструирование в электронной аппаратуре","volume":"248 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124727801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.15222/tkea2021.5-6.46
R. Melnyk, L. Lipnitskyi, Yu. E. Nikolaenko, V. Kravets, D. Pekur
Currently, thermosyphons are used to cool such devices as power amplifiers of radio frequency systems, data center hardware, LED light sources, etc. One of the important factors affecting the efficiency of such cooling systems is the orientation of the thermosyphons in space. This paper is dedicated to research and visualization of vaporization events in two-phase thermosyphons, primarily focusing on investigating and visualizing the influence of orientation in space on vaporization. The studies were performed for100% fill ratio. Vaporization was video recorded at 240 frames per second, whereupon the obtained footage was converted into image sequence. The analysis of the obtained materials has shown that at intensive boiling for tilt angle range of 5—45º, a part of the working fluid is always outside the evaporator. When the angle is decreased, the portion of the working fluid outside the evaporator increases. Moreover, for the 5° tilt angle, the evaporator can be completely drained at certain time intervals. It is proposed that the thermal resistance at low heat flux values for smaller tilt angles can be lower than for vertical orientation because of thin liquid films. Evaporation is more effective in thin liquid films than in large volumes. This prompts the conclusion that smaller angles will allow obtaining lower thermal resistance for the same filling ratio. On the other hand, maximum heat transfer ability decreases dramatically for the angle range of 0—10º. The obtained results can be used in further studies to analyze and explane the aspects of heat transfer in two-phase thermosyphons with a short evaporator.
{"title":"Visualization of vaporization events in two-phase thermosyphons operating in different orientations","authors":"R. Melnyk, L. Lipnitskyi, Yu. E. Nikolaenko, V. Kravets, D. Pekur","doi":"10.15222/tkea2021.5-6.46","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15222/tkea2021.5-6.46","url":null,"abstract":"Currently, thermosyphons are used to cool such devices as power amplifiers of radio frequency systems, data center hardware, LED light sources, etc. One of the important factors affecting the efficiency of such cooling systems is the orientation of the thermosyphons in space.\u0000This paper is dedicated to research and visualization of vaporization events in two-phase thermosyphons, primarily focusing on investigating and visualizing the influence of orientation in space on vaporization. The studies were performed for100% fill ratio. Vaporization was video recorded at 240 frames per second, whereupon the obtained footage was converted into image sequence. The analysis of the obtained materials has shown that at intensive boiling for tilt angle range of 5—45º, a part of the working fluid is always outside the evaporator. When the angle is decreased, the portion of the working fluid outside the evaporator increases. Moreover, for the 5° tilt angle, the evaporator can be completely drained at certain time intervals. It is proposed that the thermal resistance at low heat flux values for smaller tilt angles can be lower than for vertical orientation because of thin liquid films. Evaporation is more effective in thin liquid films than in large volumes. This prompts the conclusion that smaller angles will allow obtaining lower thermal resistance for the same filling ratio. On the other hand, maximum heat transfer ability decreases dramatically for the angle range of 0—10º. \u0000The obtained results can be used in further studies to analyze and explane the aspects of heat transfer in two-phase thermosyphons with a short evaporator.","PeriodicalId":231412,"journal":{"name":"Технология и конструирование в электронной аппаратуре","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129668157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.15222/tkea2022.4-6.46
A. Kondrik, G. Kovtun, О. Shcherban, D. О. Solopikhin
High-purity fusible metals Cd, Zn, Pb and archaeological archPb are used as component elements in semiconductor and low-background scintillation detectors based on CdTe, CdZnTe, CdWO4 PbWO4 , ZnWO4 required for registering ionizing radiation and searching for particles of dark matter, rare alpha and beta decays. The detection efficiency and the sensitivity of detectors significantly depend on the purity of the constituent elements of detector materials. The dependence of the resistivity of fusible metals Cd, Zn, Pb on the degree of their purity was studied using the non-destructive technique of registering the decaying vortex currents induced in cylindrical samples after dropping the external magnetic field. The aim of the work was to determine the possibility of evaluating the purity of fusible metals using a simple methodology for measuring the characteristic times of decay of vortex currents at 77 K without the use of liquid helium. The computer analysis of the recorded signals presented in the form of decaying curves allowed finding the areas where the signal can be represented as an exponent with a characteristic decay time τ and determining a formula that related τ, specific resistance ρ, and the diameter of cylindrical samples. A comparison of the ρ values of both the initial samples of cadmium, zinc, lead, and archaeological lead, and those samples after various purification procedures, allowed establishing the dependence of the resistivity on the purity of the studied materials at the temperature of liquid nitrogen ρ77. The greater the difference in the purity of the fusible metal, the more their values ρ77 were different. Thus, the authors substantiated the possibility of a qualitative assessment of the purity of metals using contactless measurement and comparison of ρ77 for samples obtained after growing and various deep purification procedures.
{"title":"Estimating purity of Cd, Zn, Pb by non-contact measurement of specific electrical resistance at liquid nitrogen temperature","authors":"A. Kondrik, G. Kovtun, О. Shcherban, D. О. Solopikhin","doi":"10.15222/tkea2022.4-6.46","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15222/tkea2022.4-6.46","url":null,"abstract":"High-purity fusible metals Cd, Zn, Pb and archaeological archPb are used as component elements in semiconductor and low-background scintillation detectors based on CdTe, CdZnTe, CdWO4 PbWO4 , ZnWO4 required for registering ionizing radiation and searching for particles of dark matter, rare alpha and beta decays. The detection efficiency and the sensitivity of detectors significantly depend on the purity of the constituent elements of detector materials. The dependence of the resistivity of fusible metals Cd, Zn, Pb on the degree of their purity was studied using the non-destructive technique of registering the decaying vortex currents induced in cylindrical samples after dropping the external magnetic field. The aim of the work was to determine the possibility of evaluating the purity of fusible metals using a simple methodology for measuring the characteristic times of decay of vortex currents at 77 K without the use of liquid helium.\u0000The computer analysis of the recorded signals presented in the form of decaying curves allowed finding the areas where the signal can be represented as an exponent with a characteristic decay time τ and determining a formula that related τ, specific resistance ρ, and the diameter of cylindrical samples. A comparison of the ρ values of both the initial samples of cadmium, zinc, lead, and archaeological lead, and those samples after various purification procedures, allowed establishing the dependence of the resistivity on the purity of the studied materials at the temperature of liquid nitrogen ρ77. The greater the difference in the purity of the fusible metal, the more their values ρ77 were different. Thus, the authors substantiated the possibility of a qualitative assessment of the purity of metals using contactless measurement and comparison of ρ77 for samples obtained after growing and various deep purification procedures.","PeriodicalId":231412,"journal":{"name":"Технология и конструирование в электронной аппаратуре","volume":"177 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128071767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.15222/TKEA2019.1-2.40
V. Tinková, A. Yakubovskaya, I. Tupitsyna, S. Abashin, A. Puzan, S. Tretyak
Nano-sized and micro-sized ZnWO4 powders were obtained by different methods: hydrothermal synthesis with microwave heating, molten salt method, solid-state synthesis and сrushing of bulk crystals. Their morphological features were studied using transmission electron microscope and scanning electron microscope. The obtained nano- and micro-sized powders were used as fillers for flexible composite scintillators. The silicon rubber was used as a binder. The luminescent characteristics and scintillation performance of composite scintillators were measured. The dependence of scintillation performance of flexible scintillators on the morphological features of ZnWO4 nanocrystallites was demonstrated. The flexible composite scintillator based on zinc tungstate obtained by solid-state synthesis with lithium nitrate addition was obtained and investigated. Its scintillation performance was close to that of a ZnWO4 single crystal.
{"title":"Flexible composite scintillators based on ZnWO4 micro- and nanopowders","authors":"V. Tinková, A. Yakubovskaya, I. Tupitsyna, S. Abashin, A. Puzan, S. Tretyak","doi":"10.15222/TKEA2019.1-2.40","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15222/TKEA2019.1-2.40","url":null,"abstract":"Nano-sized and micro-sized ZnWO4 powders were obtained by different methods: hydrothermal synthesis with microwave heating, molten salt method, solid-state synthesis and сrushing of bulk crystals. Their morphological features were studied using transmission electron microscope and scanning electron microscope. The obtained nano- and micro-sized powders were used as fillers for flexible composite scintillators. The silicon rubber was used as a binder. The luminescent characteristics and scintillation performance of composite scintillators were measured. The dependence of scintillation performance of flexible scintillators on the morphological features of ZnWO4 nanocrystallites was demonstrated. The flexible composite scintillator based on zinc tungstate obtained by solid-state synthesis with lithium nitrate addition was obtained and investigated. Its scintillation performance was close to that of a ZnWO4 single crystal.","PeriodicalId":231412,"journal":{"name":"Технология и конструирование в электронной аппаратуре","volume":"92 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133473400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.15222/tkea2022.4-6.25
Oleksandr F. Bondarenko, O. P. Holubenko, O. Yama, A. Y. Zinchenko
When developing pulse converters, in order to ensure a low level of output current ripples, one should seek a compromise between the overall size of the elements and acceptable losses in them, while taking into account the dynamic characteristics of power sources as closed systems with feedback. Using multiphase pulse converters can help solve the said problem, but will not ensure a low level of output current ripples in a wide range of the duty cycle of the control pulses. This study aims to find a pulse converter topology capable of ensuring the reduction of the output current ripples, while maintaining the power and volume of the structure. The paper demonstrates the relevance of the study of pulse converters aimed at obtaining a low-ripple output current for powering sensitive loads and gives an overview of ways to reduce the ripples and the most common topologies of converters. The authors describe the results of the practical application of the developed experimental stand and analyze the obtained dependences of the output current ripples on the volumes of the power sections of the converters of different topologies under the same power and frequency. Recommendations are given for choosing the type of converter in each specific case in terms of reducing ripples.
{"title":"Pulse converters with reduced output current ripple","authors":"Oleksandr F. Bondarenko, O. P. Holubenko, O. Yama, A. Y. Zinchenko","doi":"10.15222/tkea2022.4-6.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15222/tkea2022.4-6.25","url":null,"abstract":"When developing pulse converters, in order to ensure a low level of output current ripples, one should seek a compromise between the overall size of the elements and acceptable losses in them, while taking into account the dynamic characteristics of power sources as closed systems with feedback. Using multiphase pulse converters can help solve the said problem, but will not ensure a low level of output current ripples in a wide range of the duty cycle of the control pulses. This study aims to find a pulse converter topology capable of ensuring the reduction of the output current ripples, while maintaining the power and volume of the structure. The paper demonstrates the relevance of the study of pulse converters aimed at obtaining a low-ripple output current for powering sensitive loads and gives an overview of ways to reduce the ripples and the most common topologies of converters. The authors describe the results of the practical application of the developed experimental stand and analyze the obtained dependences of the output current ripples on the volumes of the power sections of the converters of different topologies under the same power and frequency. Recommendations are given for choosing the type of converter in each specific case in terms of reducing ripples.","PeriodicalId":231412,"journal":{"name":"Технология и конструирование в электронной аппаратуре","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131572551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.15222/tkea2022.4-6.17
А. V. Sadchenko, O. Kushnirenko, N. Kushnirenko, O. Sadchenko, O. Troyanskiy
ATmega series AVR microcontrollers (e.g., ATmega8A or ATmega16A) and ARM microcontrollers with a Cortex M3 core (e.g., STM32F103С8T6) are among the most popular controllers used in solving engineering problems related to servicing various fire and security alarm sensors and devices for metering household and industrial power consumption. At the same time, to transfer the data via a twisted pair or AC voltage network, it needs to be encoded using Manchester 1 or Manchester 2 code, and said AVR and ARM microcontroller units (MCU) contain no hardware encoder and decoder for the Manchester code. The study aimed at solving the engineering problem of implementing the codec (encoder-decoder) of the Manchester code based on the hardware interfaces of low-performance microcontrollers. The direct implementation of the encoding algorithm with the Manchester code using a purely software-driven approach significantly decreases the information transfer rate. At the same time, among the hardware interfaces of the MCU, there is always a serial universal asynchronous data transceiver (UART). However, the UART data transfer protocol is not generally suitable for Manchester encoding and, therefore, needs to be software adapted. In order to adapt the UART protocol to the conditions of Manchester encoding, the 8N1 mode is selected at the hardware level, which means 8 data bits, 1 stop and 1 start bit. The software implementation of the encoder consists in the fact that out of the total possible volume of 256 code combinations, 16 are selected that satisfy the Manchester 2 code, while the start and stop conditions for data bytes transmitted in a row also satisfy the structure of the Manchester code. To maximize the efficiency of the program code, all code words are stored in the memory of the MCU in such a way that their serial number corresponds to the decimal interpretation of 4 bits of the input data. The decoding of the received data is also performed as efficiently as possible using the decoding table. The implementation of the software and hardware codec of the Manchester code significantly expands the scope of popular AVR and ARM microcontrollers and reduces the cost of the finished product by excluding any additional units that perform the function of encoding and decoding the Manchester code.
{"title":"Implementation of Manchester codec for information transmission systems based on AVR and ARM architecture microcontrollers","authors":"А. V. Sadchenko, O. Kushnirenko, N. Kushnirenko, O. Sadchenko, O. Troyanskiy","doi":"10.15222/tkea2022.4-6.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15222/tkea2022.4-6.17","url":null,"abstract":"ATmega series AVR microcontrollers (e.g., ATmega8A or ATmega16A) and ARM microcontrollers with a Cortex M3 core (e.g., STM32F103С8T6) are among the most popular controllers used in solving engineering problems related to servicing various fire and security alarm sensors and devices for metering household and industrial power consumption. At the same time, to transfer the data via a twisted pair or AC voltage network, it needs to be encoded using Manchester 1 or Manchester 2 code, and said AVR and ARM microcontroller units (MCU) contain no hardware encoder and decoder for the Manchester code.\u0000The study aimed at solving the engineering problem of implementing the codec (encoder-decoder) of the Manchester code based on the hardware interfaces of low-performance microcontrollers.\u0000The direct implementation of the encoding algorithm with the Manchester code using a purely software-driven approach significantly decreases the information transfer rate. At the same time, among the hardware interfaces of the MCU, there is always a serial universal asynchronous data transceiver (UART). However, the UART data transfer protocol is not generally suitable for Manchester encoding and, therefore, needs to be software adapted.\u0000In order to adapt the UART protocol to the conditions of Manchester encoding, the 8N1 mode is selected at the hardware level, which means 8 data bits, 1 stop and 1 start bit. The software implementation of the encoder consists in the fact that out of the total possible volume of 256 code combinations, 16 are selected that satisfy the Manchester 2 code, while the start and stop conditions for data bytes transmitted in a row also satisfy the structure of the Manchester code.\u0000To maximize the efficiency of the program code, all code words are stored in the memory of the MCU in such a way that their serial number corresponds to the decimal interpretation of 4 bits of the input data. The decoding of the received data is also performed as efficiently as possible using the decoding table.\u0000The implementation of the software and hardware codec of the Manchester code significantly expands the scope of popular AVR and ARM microcontrollers and reduces the cost of the finished product by excluding any additional units that perform the function of encoding and decoding the Manchester code.","PeriodicalId":231412,"journal":{"name":"Технология и конструирование в электронной аппаратуре","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133239025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.15222/tkea2020.3-4.11
L. G. Laikova, T. Tereshchenko, Y. Yamnenko
The paper is devoted to the problem of calculation of autocorrelation function that is important for solving the tasks that require finding the repeating intervals of the signal or defining the main frequency of the signal against the background of non-stationary noise. The authors propose an algorithm to transform the connection between arithmetic and logical correlation functions in oriented basis into the matrix form. Comparative analysis is conducted for the computational complexity of different types of autocorrelation functions using different spectral methods — Fourier, Walsh, and oriented basis transform.
{"title":"Matrix calculation of correlation characteristics based on spectral methods","authors":"L. G. Laikova, T. Tereshchenko, Y. Yamnenko","doi":"10.15222/tkea2020.3-4.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15222/tkea2020.3-4.11","url":null,"abstract":"The paper is devoted to the problem of calculation of autocorrelation function that is important for solving the tasks that require finding the repeating intervals of the signal or defining the main frequency of the signal against the background of non-stationary noise. The authors propose an algorithm to transform the connection between arithmetic and logical correlation functions in oriented basis into the matrix form. Comparative analysis is conducted for the computational complexity of different types of autocorrelation functions using different spectral methods — Fourier, Walsh, and oriented basis transform.","PeriodicalId":231412,"journal":{"name":"Технология и конструирование в электронной аппаратуре","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114678659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.15222/tkea2019.1-2.20
E. Glushechenko
Frequency multipliers are used in electronic devices to generate spectrally pure sinusoidal signals in the frequency range from a few to tens of GHz. The multipliers are used to multiply the frequency of highly stable but more low-frequency devices with the subsequent extraction of the necessary harmonics from the frequency spectrum of the received microwave range. The frequencies selected after multiplication (set) have significantly higher energy, spectral and range characteristics, which allows them to be used as local oscillators and synthesizers in receiving and transmitting systems. The authors of this paper theoretically substantiate and practically demonstrate the possibility of an unconventional implementation of a microstrip multiplier of the microwave range based on a directional traveling wave filter. The proposed implementation does not require the use of active semiconductor elements. The well-known circuit and technological principles for the creation of microstrip microwave multipliers are considered in the paper. The features, problems and shortcomings arising from their implementation are analyzed. The effectiveness of using the balanced circuit for frequency multiplication is confirmed. A list of mandatory requirements and conditions necessary for the implementation of the microwave multipliers is given. It is demonstrated that the features of the microstrip travelling-wave filter are identical to the conditions and requirements for the implementation of balanced multipliers. It is shown and substantiated how an unconventional implementation of a passive microwave multiplier is possible due to the electromagnetic interaction of the input and output nodes of such a filter with an annular travelling-wave resonator. Using the example of modifying a block diagram of a directional filter into a multiplier circuit, the possibility of creating a microwave doubler is confirmed by separating a given frequency from the frequency spectrum of a traveling-wave ring resonator.
{"title":"Microstrip doubler microwave with non-traditional implementation","authors":"E. Glushechenko","doi":"10.15222/tkea2019.1-2.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15222/tkea2019.1-2.20","url":null,"abstract":"Frequency multipliers are used in electronic devices to generate spectrally pure sinusoidal signals in the frequency range from a few to tens of GHz. The multipliers are used to multiply the frequency of highly stable but more low-frequency devices with the subsequent extraction of the necessary harmonics from the frequency spectrum of the received microwave range. The frequencies selected after multiplication (set) have significantly higher energy, spectral and range characteristics, which allows them to be used as local oscillators and synthesizers in receiving and transmitting systems. \u0000The authors of this paper theoretically substantiate and practically demonstrate the possibility of an unconventional implementation of a microstrip multiplier of the microwave range based on a directional traveling wave filter. The proposed implementation does not require the use of active semiconductor elements. \u0000The well-known circuit and technological principles for the creation of microstrip microwave multipliers are considered in the paper. The features, problems and shortcomings arising from their implementation are analyzed. The effectiveness of using the balanced circuit for frequency multiplication is confirmed. A list of mandatory requirements and conditions necessary for the implementation of the microwave multipliers is given. It is demonstrated that the features of the microstrip travelling-wave filter are identical to the conditions and requirements for the implementation of balanced multipliers. It is shown and substantiated how an unconventional implementation of a passive microwave multiplier is possible due to the electromagnetic interaction of the input and output nodes of such a filter with an annular travelling-wave resonator. Using the example of modifying a block diagram of a directional filter into a multiplier circuit, the possibility of creating a microwave doubler is confirmed by separating a given frequency from the frequency spectrum of a traveling-wave ring resonator.","PeriodicalId":231412,"journal":{"name":"Технология и конструирование в электронной аппаратуре","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123802799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.15222/tkea2022.1-3.22
S. Plaksin, M. Y. Zhytnyk, R. Levchenko, S. Y. Ostapovska
Energy storages are the most important integral elements of both autonomous energy system based on renewable energy sources and vehicles of various purposes, where they are the main power source. Therefore, the issue of controlling their operation modes is an important one, and choosing the control methods is a relevant problem. The main operation modes of energy storages which require controlling are the work mode when the stored energy is consumed and the charging mode when the used energy is replenished. The example of on-vehicle energy storage is used to analyze basic operation modes and their particular aspects. Dynamic modes with unpredictable energy consumption caused by uncontrollable undercharging and overcharging are typical. The analysis allowed drawing the conclusion that, when controlling operation modes, it is necessary to consider the energy modes of accumulators, which reflect its efficiency most fully and objectively. The analysis of existing control methods showed that their common disadvantage is that they use such parameters as voltage and operating current to control and manage the storage modes. The fact is that due to the transient nature of electrochemical processes during the operation of the storage in dynamic modes, the values of these parameters do not correspond to the current energy state of the storage. This study aims to increase the performance of electrochemical energy storages by efficiently choosing a method for controlling their operation modes. The authors prove and experimentally confirm that when working with electrochemical energy storage devices in dynamic modes, it is necessary to choose the methods based on the application of the active material utilization ratio, information equivalent of which is the value of the area under the depolarization curve on the storage’s response signal to the charging impulse. The use of the proposed mode allows combining the functions of controlling and managing the storage.
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