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Uranium and Radium in Groundwater and Incidence of Colorectal Cancer in Georgia Counties, USA: An Ecologic Study. 美国佐治亚州各县地下水中的铀和镭与大肠癌发病率:一项生态学研究。
IF 3.9 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-28 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12100705
Taylor Rooney, Lissa Soares, Tesleem Babalola, Alex Kensington, Jennie Williams, Jaymie R Meliker

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most commonly occurring cancer in the United States, with higher incidence rates among Black populations. Groundwater concentrations of natural radionuclides uranium and radium have seldom been investigated in relation to CRC despite their known carcinogenicity. We investigate spatial patterns of CRC by race, and in relation to groundwater concentrations of uranium and radium, testing the hypothesis that uranium and radium in groundwater might differentially contribute to incident CRC in Black and White populations in counties of Georgia, USA. Black populations showed a higher incidence of CRC than White populations; the median incident rate difference was 9.23 cases per 100,000 (95% CI: 2.14, 19.40). Spatial cluster analysis showed high incidence clusters of CRC in similar regions for Black and White populations. Linear regression indicated there are, on average, 1-2 additional cases of colorectal cancer in counties with higher levels of radium in their groundwater, irrespective of race. Uranium was not associated with CRC. This ecologic study suggests that radium in groundwater may be linked with increased incidence of CRC, although it did not explain higher CRC incidence rates in Black populations. Further studies are needed to verify this association given the inherent limitations in the ecologic study design and the crude exposure assessment.

结肠直肠癌(CRC)是美国第三大常见癌症,黑人的发病率更高。尽管天然放射性核素铀和镭具有已知的致癌性,但地下水中铀和镭的浓度与 CRC 的关系却很少被调查。我们按种族以及铀和镭的地下水浓度对 CRC 的空间模式进行了调查,检验了地下水中的铀和镭可能对美国佐治亚州各县的黑人和白人 CRC 发病率产生不同影响的假设。黑人的 CRC 发病率高于白人;中位数发病率差异为每 10 万人 9.23 例(95% CI:2.14, 19.40)。空间聚类分析显示,黑人和白人人口在相似地区的 CRC 发病率较高。线性回归表明,在地下水中镭含量较高的县,无论种族如何,平均会增加 1-2 例结直肠癌病例。铀与结直肠癌无关。这项生态学研究表明,地下水中的镭可能与结直肠癌发病率的增加有关,尽管它并不能解释黑人结直肠癌发病率较高的原因。鉴于生态研究设计和粗略暴露评估的固有局限性,还需要进一步的研究来验证这种关联。
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引用次数: 0
Determination of Bisphenol Compounds and the Bioaccumulation after Co-Exposure with Polyethylene Microplastics in Zebrafish. 测定斑马鱼体内的双酚化合物以及与聚乙烯微塑料共同暴露后的生物累积。
IF 3.9 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-27 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12100702
Moyong Xue, Ming Jia, Yuchang Qin, Jing Li, Ting Yao, Frédéric Francis, Xu Gu

Knowledge regarding the combined toxicity mechanism of bisphenol compounds and microplastics (MPs) on organisms remains limited. In this study, we first developed an accurate and sensitive method to simultaneously quantify two bisphenol compounds and evaluate their accumulation and tissue distribution after co-exposure with MPs in zebrafish. Then, we determined the bioaccumulation potential of bisphenol A (BPA) and bisphenol S (BPS) in adult zebrafish in the absence and presence of MPs. Bisphenol compounds were found to accumulate in different tissues of zebrafish, with BPS showing lower accumulation levels compared to BPA. Importantly, we discovered that the presence of MPs could exacerbate the accumulation of bisphenol compounds in biological tissues. These findings highlight the enhanced bioavailability and risk posed by the co-exposure of bisphenol compounds and MPs, underscoring the need for further investigation into their combined environmental and biological health impacts.

有关双酚化合物和微塑料(MPs)对生物的综合毒性机制的知识仍然有限。在本研究中,我们首先开发了一种精确而灵敏的方法,用于同时量化两种双酚化合物,并评估它们在斑马鱼体内与微塑料共同暴露后的积累和组织分布情况。然后,我们测定了双酚 A(BPA)和双酚 S(BPS)在没有 MPs 和有 MPs 的情况下在成年斑马鱼体内的生物累积潜力。研究发现,双酚化合物会在斑马鱼的不同组织中蓄积,与双酚 A 相比,双酚 S 的蓄积水平较低。重要的是,我们发现 MPs 的存在会加剧双酚化合物在生物组织中的积累。这些发现凸显了双酚化合物和 MPs 共同暴露所带来的更高生物利用率和风险,强调了进一步研究它们对环境和生物健康的综合影响的必要性。
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引用次数: 0
Skin Permeability of Perfluorocarboxylic Acids Using Flow-Through Diffusion on Porcine Skin. 利用猪皮肤上的流动-穿透扩散研究全氟羧酸的皮肤渗透性。
IF 3.9 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-27 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12100703
Andrew Stephen Hall, Ronald Baynes, Laura M Neumann, Howard I Maibach, R Bryan Ormond

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are found in a variety of places including cosmetics, rain jackets, dust, and water. PFAS have also been applied to occupational gear to protect against water and oils. However, PFAS have been identified as immunosuppressants and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), a specific PFAS, has been identified as carcinogenic. Since there is a risk for dermal exposure to these compounds, there is a need to characterize their dermal absorption. Using in vitro flow-through diffusion, skin permeabilities were determined for 14C-labeled perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), and perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) using porcine skin. Tests were conducted over 8 h with either acetone or artificial perspirant as the vehicle. PFBA was found to have greater permeability than PFHxA, likely due to having a smaller molecular weight. The dosing vehicle did not appear to impact permeability rates but impacted the disposition through the skin model. While these PFAS compounds showed a low permeability rate through the skin membranes, they can stay in the skin, acting as a reservoir.

全氟烷基和多氟烷基物质 (PFAS) 广泛存在于化妆品、雨衣、灰尘和水中。全氟辛烷磺酸还被用于职业装,以防水和防油。然而,PFAS 已被确认为免疫抑制剂,全氟辛酸(PFOA)这种特定的 PFAS 已被确认为致癌物质。由于存在皮肤接触这些化合物的风险,因此有必要确定其皮肤吸收的特征。通过体外流动扩散法,利用猪皮肤测定了 14C 标记的全氟辛酸 (PFOA)、全氟己酸 (PFHxA) 和全氟丁酸 (PFBA) 的皮肤渗透性。测试以丙酮或人工发汗剂为载体,历时 8 小时。结果发现,PFBA 的渗透性比 PFHxA 强,这可能是由于 PFHxA 的分子量较小。配料载体似乎不会影响渗透率,但会影响通过皮肤模型的处置。虽然这些全氟辛烷磺酸化合物通过皮肤膜的渗透率较低,但它们可以留在皮肤中,起到储存作用。
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引用次数: 0
Endocrine-Disruptive Effects of Adenylate Cyclase Activator Forskolin: In Vitro and In Vivo Evidence. 腺苷酸环化酶激活剂佛司可林的内分泌干扰效应:体外和体内证据
IF 3.9 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-27 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12100701
Chong Huang, Yanbin Zhao, Jianying Hu

Forskolin (FSK) is a potent adenylate cyclase activator and may display endocrine-disruptive effects via the disruption of steroidogenesis. Here, we tested this hypothesis by use of the in vitro H295R steroidogenesis assay and the in vivo long-term medaka (Oryzias latipes) exposure assay. The results from the H295R assay demonstrated that the transcriptional levels of a series of genes involved in steroidogenesis, including HSD3B2, CYP11A, CYP11B2, CYP17, CYP19, and CYP21, were remarkably up-regulated. Meanwhile, the productions of estrogens (17β-estradiol (17β-E2) and estrone (E1)) and progestins (progesterone (PGT) and 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-HPT)) were significantly increased, and those of androgens (androstenedione (ADD) and testosterone (TTR)) were significantly inhibited. After waterborne exposure of medaka to FSK for 100 days, the gene expressions of HMGR, HSD17B1, CYP17B, CYP19A, and CYP21A were significantly enhanced in the gonads of male medaka. 17β-E2 was remarkably induced, although without statistical significance. In addition, the biomarker genes for estrogenicity, including VTG-I, VTG-II, CHG-H, and CHG-L, were significantly induced in male medaka livers. Pathological damage to their gonads was further identified. Therefore, the results demonstrated that FSK modulates the transcriptions of steroidogenesis genes and alters hormone levels in vitro and in vivo, which is a mark of endocrine disruption in organisms.

佛司可林(FSK)是一种强效的腺苷酸环化酶激活剂,可能会通过破坏类固醇生成而产生内分泌干扰效应。在此,我们利用体外 H295R 类固醇生成试验和体内长期青鳉(Oryzias latipes)暴露试验对这一假设进行了验证。H295R试验结果表明,一系列参与类固醇生成的基因,包括HSD3B2、CYP11A、CYP11B2、CYP17、CYP19和CYP21的转录水平明显上调。同时,雌激素(17β-雌二醇(17β-E2)和雌酮(E1))和孕激素(孕酮(PGT)和 17-羟基孕酮(17-HPT))的生成明显增加,雄激素(雄烯二酮(ADD)和睾酮(TTR))的生成明显受到抑制。青鳉经水接触 FSK 100 天后,雄性青鳉性腺中 HMGR、HSD17B1、CYP17B、CYP19A 和 CYP21A 的基因表达明显增强。17β-E2被明显诱导,但无统计学意义。此外,雄性青鳉肝脏中的雌激素生物标志基因(包括 VTG-I、VTG-II、CHG-H 和 CHG-L)也被显著诱导。进一步确定了其性腺的病理损伤。因此,研究结果表明,FSK 可调节类固醇生成基因的转录,并改变体外和体内的激素水平,这是生物体内分泌紊乱的标志。
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引用次数: 0
Efficient Uranium Removal from Aqueous Solutions Using Silica-Based Adsorbents Functionalized with Various Polyamines. 使用各种多胺功能化的硅基吸附剂高效去除水溶液中的铀。
IF 3.9 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-27 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12100704
Ping Zhang, Hongling Wang, Lifeng Chen, Wenlong Li, Toyohisa Fujita, Shunyan Ning, Yuezhou Wei

With the rapid development of nuclear energy, the contamination of environmental water systems by uranium has become a significant threat to human health. To efficiently remove uranium from these systems, three types of silica-based polyamine resins-SiPMA-DETA (SiPMA: silica/poly methyl acrylate; DETA: diethylenetriamine), SiPMA-TETA (TETA: triethylenetetramine), and SiPMA-TEPA (TEPA: tetraethylenepentamine)-were successfully prepared, characterized, and evaluated in batch experiments. Characterization results showed that the silica-based polyamine resins were successfully prepared, and they exhibited a uniform shape and high specific surface area. SiPMA-DETA, SiPMA-TETA, and SiPMA-TEPA had nitrogen contents of 4.08%, 3.72%, and 4.26%, respectively. Batch experiments indicated that these adsorbents could efficiently remove uranium from aqueous solutions with a pH of 5-9. The adsorption kinetics of U(VI) were consistent with the pseudo-second-order model, indicating that the adsorption process was chemisorption and that adsorption equilibrium was achieved within 10 min. SiPMA-TEPA, with the longest polyamine chain, exhibited the highest adsorption capacity (>198.95 mg/g), while SiPMA-DETA, with the shortest polyamine chain, demonstrated the highest U(VI) adsorption efficiency (83%) with 100 mM Na2SO4. SiPMA-TEPA still removed over 90% of U(VI) from river water and tap water. The spectral analysis revealed that the N-containing functional groups on the ligand were bound to anionic uranium-carbonate species and possibly contributed to the adsorption efficiency. In general, this work presents three effective adsorbents for removing uranium from environmental water systems and thus significantly contributes to the field of environmental protection.

随着核能的快速发展,铀对环境水系统的污染已成为人类健康的重大威胁。为了有效去除这些系统中的铀,我们成功制备了三种硅基多胺树脂--SiPMA-DETA(SiPMA:二氧化硅/聚甲基丙烯酸酯;DETA:二乙烯三胺)、SiPMA-TETA(TETA:三乙烯四胺)和 SiPMA-TEPA(TEPA:四乙烯五胺),并对其进行了表征和批量实验评估。表征结果表明,硅基多胺树脂制备成功,且形状均匀、比表面积高。SiPMA-DETA、SiPMA-TETA 和 SiPMA-TEPA 的含氮量分别为 4.08%、3.72% 和 4.26%。批量实验表明,这些吸附剂能有效地从 pH 值为 5-9 的水溶液中去除铀。U(VI)的吸附动力学符合假二阶模型,表明吸附过程是化学吸附,吸附平衡在 10 分钟内达到。聚胺链最长的 SiPMA-TEPA 的吸附容量最大(大于 198.95 mg/g),而聚胺链最短的 SiPMA-DETA 在 100 mM Na2SO4 溶液中的 U(VI)吸附效率最高(83%)。SiPMA-TEPA 仍能从河水和自来水中去除 90% 以上的六价铀。光谱分析显示,配体上的含 N 官能团与阴离子铀碳酸盐物种结合,可能有助于提高吸附效率。总之,这项研究提出了三种有效的吸附剂来去除环境水系统中的铀,从而为环境保护领域做出了重要贡献。
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引用次数: 0
Experimental Investigations of Assessment of Acute Toxicity of Drilling Mud. 钻井泥浆急性毒性评估实验研究。
IF 3.9 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-27 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12100700
Arstan Mamyrbayev, Saule Bermagambetova, Kuanysh Baytenov, Zhanat Komekbay, Laura Sakebayeva, Umit Satybaldiyeva, Gulmira Yerimbetova, Kulyash Zhilisbayeva

At present, the main technological stages of oil production related to drilling operations require the use of a wide variety of drilling mud, which has a complex, multicomponent chemical composition. The drilling mud used and the resulting drilling waste must be safe for human health and the environment. The toxicity and hazard of drilling mud at this point in time remain poorly understood scientific problems and require detailing and studying in toxicological terms. The real degree of hazard and toxicity of drilling mud can only be determined by an experimental method, since its composition, which changes depending on the nature of the technological process and its degree of depletion, is not constant, which can change the toxicological properties. In an experiment conducted on adult male rats, under conditions of a single intragastric injection of drilling mud, new data were obtained regarding the parameters of its toxicity and hazard. The use of a wide variety of methods for determining lethal doses of drilling mud, including the probit analysis method, made it possible not only to substantiate the mean lethal dose of drilling mud but also other parameters of toxicity and survival of animals in the experimental groups. Features of eating behavior and body weight dynamics and the nature of the behavioral reactions revealed by the number and duration of stands and frequency and duration of grooming also indicate the presence of dose-dependent effects.

目前,石油生产的主要技术阶段与钻井作业有关,需要使用种类繁多的钻井泥浆,而钻井泥浆的化学成分复杂多样。所使用的钻井泥浆及其产生的钻井废物必须对人类健康和环境安全。目前,人们对钻井泥浆的毒性和危害仍是一个不甚了解的科学问题,需要从毒理学角度进行详细的研究。钻井泥浆的真正危害和毒性程度只能通过实验方法来确定,因为它的成分会随着工艺性质和损耗程度的变化而变化,并不是一成不变的,这就会改变其毒理学特性。在对成年雄性大鼠进行的一次钻井泥浆胃内注射实验中,获得了有关钻井泥浆毒性和危害参数的新数据。通过使用多种方法(包括 probit 分析方法)确定钻井泥浆的致死剂量,不仅证实了钻井泥浆的平均致死剂量,还证实了毒性的其他参数和实验组动物的存活率。进食行为和体重动态特征以及站立次数和持续时间、梳理频率和持续时间所显示的行为反应性质也表明存在剂量依赖效应。
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引用次数: 0
Prediction of Biochar Adsorption of Uranium in Wastewater and Inversion of Key Influencing Parameters Based on Ensemble Learning. 基于集合学习的废水中铀的生物炭吸附预测及关键影响参数反演
IF 3.9 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-26 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12100698
Zening Qu, Wei Wang, Yan He

With the rapid development of industrialization, the problem of heavy metal wastewater treatment has become increasingly serious, posing a serious threat to the environment and human health. Biochar shows great potential for application in the field of wastewater treatment; however, biochars prepared from different biomass sources and experimental conditions have different physicochemical properties, resulting in differences in their adsorption capacity for uranium, which limits their wide application in wastewater treatment. Therefore, there is an urgent need to deeply explore and optimize the key parameter settings of biochar to significantly improve its adsorption capacity. This paper combines the nonlinear mapping capability of SCN and the ensemble learning advantage of the Adaboost algorithm based on existing experimental data on wastewater treatment. The accuracy of the model is evaluated by metrics such as coefficient of determination (R2) and error rate. It was found that the Adaboost-SCN model showed significant advantages in terms of prediction accuracy, precision, model stability and generalization ability compared to the SCN model alone. In order to further improve the performance of the model, this paper combined Adaboost-SCN with maximum information coefficient (MIC), random forest (RF) and energy valley optimizer (EVO) feature selection methods to construct three models, namely, MIC-Adaboost-SCN, RF-Adaboost-SCN and EVO-Adaboost-SCN. The results show that the prediction model with added feature selection is significantly better than the Adaboost-SCN model without feature selection in each evaluation index, and EVO has the most significant effect on feature selection. Finally, the correlation between biochar adsorption properties and production parameters was discussed through the inversion study of key parameters, and optimal parameter intervals were proposed to improve the adsorption properties. Providing strong support for the wide application of biochar in the field of wastewater treatment helps to solve the urgent environmental problem of heavy metal wastewater treatment.

随着工业化的快速发展,重金属废水处理问题日益严重,对环境和人类健康构成了严重威胁。生物炭在废水处理领域具有巨大的应用潜力,但不同生物质来源和实验条件制备的生物炭具有不同的理化性质,导致其对铀的吸附能力存在差异,限制了其在废水处理中的广泛应用。因此,迫切需要深入探索和优化生物炭的关键参数设置,以显著提高其吸附能力。本文基于现有的废水处理实验数据,将 SCN 的非线性映射能力与 Adaboost 算法的集合学习优势相结合。模型的准确性通过判定系数(R2)和误差率等指标进行评估。结果发现,与单独的 SCN 模型相比,Adaboost-SCN 模型在预测准确度、精确度、模型稳定性和泛化能力等方面都具有显著优势。为了进一步提高模型的性能,本文将 Adaboost-SCN 与最大信息系数(MIC)、随机森林(RF)和能量谷优化器(EVO)特征选择方法相结合,构建了三种模型,即 MIC-Adaboost-SCN、RF-Adaboost-SCN 和 EVO-Adaboost-SCN。结果表明,添加了特征选择的预测模型在各项评价指标上都明显优于未添加特征选择的 Adaboost-SCN 模型,其中 EVO 对特征选择的影响最为显著。最后,通过对关键参数的反演研究,探讨了生物炭吸附性能与生产参数之间的相关性,并提出了改善吸附性能的最佳参数区间。为生物炭在废水处理领域的广泛应用提供了有力支持,有助于解决重金属废水处理这一亟待解决的环境问题。
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引用次数: 0
Effects of Microplastics and Organic Fertilizer Regulation on Soil Dissolved Organic Matter Evolution. 微塑料和有机肥料调节对土壤溶解有机物演化的影响。
IF 3.9 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-26 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12100695
Cheng Li, Chunhai Wang, Le Liu

Microplastics are pollutants of global concern nowadays. However, the effects of microplastics addition to soil as a carbon source and the combined effects of microplastics and organic fertilizer on soil-dissolved organic matter (DOM) evolution are still unclear. This study focused on the evolution of DOM in soil with the addition of microplastics and investigated the variations in the content and composition of DOM in unfertilized and fertilized soil with different particle sizes of microplastics. It was observed that the TOC concentration of the soil DOM in the treatment with organic fertilizer and microplastics increased more (129.97-161.43 mg kg-1) than that in the treatment with microplastics alone (117.17-131.87 mg kg-1) and was higher than that in the original soil (95.65 mg kg-1). According to the humic acid relative abundance in DOM after 40 days of incubation, the humic acid relative abundance in DOM of the soil samples with microplastics and organic fertilizers addition was found to be higher than that in those with microplastic addition alone, reaching more than 80% in a short time. In conclusion, the TOC concentration of the soil DOM increased with the addition of microplastics, and the increase was more pronounced when organic fertilizers and microplastics were added together. Moreover, the soil humification increased to a higher level in the short term with the combined addition of microplastics and organic fertilizers, which was maintained during the long-term incubation process.

微塑料是当今全球关注的污染物。然而,在土壤中添加微塑料作为碳源以及微塑料和有机肥对土壤溶解有机物(DOM)演变的综合影响尚不清楚。本研究主要关注微塑料添加后土壤中 DOM 的演变,并研究了不同粒径微塑料在未施肥土壤和施肥土壤中 DOM 含量和组成的变化。结果表明,在施用有机肥和微塑料的处理中,土壤 DOM 的 TOC 浓度(129.97-161.43 mg kg-1)比单独施用微塑料的处理(117.17-131.87 mg kg-1)增加得更多,且高于原始土壤(95.65 mg kg-1)。根据培养 40 天后 DOM 中腐植酸的相对丰度,发现添加微塑料和有机肥的土壤样品 DOM 中腐植酸的相对丰度高于只添加微塑料的土壤样品,在短时间内达到 80% 以上。总之,土壤 DOM 的总有机碳浓度随着微塑料的添加而增加,当有机肥和微塑料一起添加时,这种增加更为明显。此外,在添加微塑料和有机肥的情况下,土壤腐殖化程度在短期内提高,并在长期培养过程中保持不变。
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引用次数: 0
Toxic Effects of Cadmium Exposure on Hematological and Plasma Biochemical Parameters in Fish: A Review. 镉暴露对鱼类血液学和血浆生化参数的毒性影响:综述。
IF 3.9 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-26 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12100699
Young-Bin Yu, Ju-Wook Lee, A-Hyun Jo, Young Jae Choi, Cheol Young Choi, Ju-Chan Kang, Jun-Hwan Kim

Cadmium (Cd) is a non-essential trace element that poses significant toxic effects on fish. This review focuses on hematological and plasma biochemical parameters as key indicators of fish health under Cd exposure. Hematological parameters, such as red blood cell (RBC) count, hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, and hematocrit (Ht), were selected for their critical role in oxygen transport and their sensitivity to Cd-induced disruptions, which often result in anemia and impaired oxygen delivery to tissues. Mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) provide further insights into erythropoiesis and hemoglobin synthesis, both of which are essential for assessing Cd toxicity. Plasma biochemical parameters, including calcium, magnesium, glucose, cholesterol, total protein, and liver enzymes such as aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), are crucial for understanding ionic balance, metabolic regulation, and organ function, especially in fish exposed to Cd. These biomarkers offer a comprehensive view of the physiological stress and organ damage caused by Cd toxicity. This review synthesizes literature findings on the toxic effects of Cd on these parameters. It also discusses potential mitigation strategies, including dietary supplementation with antioxidants and trace elements, to counteract the harmful effects of Cd exposure.

镉(Cd)是一种非必需的微量元素,对鱼类的毒性影响很大。本综述侧重于血液学和血浆生化参数,这些参数是鱼类在接触镉后健康状况的关键指标。之所以选择红细胞(RBC)计数、血红蛋白(Hb)浓度和血细胞比容(Ht)等血液学参数,是因为它们在氧气运输中起着关键作用,而且对镉引起的干扰很敏感,镉引起的干扰通常会导致贫血和组织供氧受损。平均血球容积(MCV)、平均血球血红蛋白(MCH)和平均血球血红蛋白浓度(MCHC)进一步揭示了红细胞生成和血红蛋白合成的情况,这两项指标对于评估镉毒性至关重要。血浆生化指标,包括钙、镁、葡萄糖、胆固醇、总蛋白和肝酶,如天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)和碱性磷酸酶(ALP),对于了解离子平衡、代谢调节和器官功能至关重要,尤其是暴露于镉的鱼类。这些生物标志物可全面反映镉毒性造成的生理压力和器官损伤。本综述综述了有关镉对这些参数毒性影响的文献研究结果。它还讨论了潜在的缓解策略,包括通过膳食补充抗氧化剂和微量元素来抵消镉暴露的有害影响。
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引用次数: 0
Fertilizers and Human Health-A Systematic Review of the Epidemiological Evidence. 化肥与人类健康--流行病学证据的系统回顾。
IF 3.9 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-26 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12100694
Christos F Tagkas, Evangelos C Rizos, Georgios Markozannes, Maria A Karalexi, Lydia Wairegi, Evangelia E Ntzani

Background: Fertilizers are widely used to supply nutrients to crops, thereby increasing yields and soil fertility. However, the effects of their production and application on human health through occupational, residential, and environmental exposure remain unclear.

Objective: To conduct a systematic review of epidemiological studies on the association between exposure to fertilizers and health-related outcomes.

Methods: We searched in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for cohort, case-control, cross-sectional, and ecological studies (up to May 2024) related to exposure to fertilizers and any reported human health endpoints across all age groups, without language or geographical limitations. Data were extracted for population and study characteristics, type of fertilizer used, exposure assessment, sample size, outcome and its definition, effect estimate, and quality characteristics from the eligible studies, and they were descriptively synthesized.

Results: We found 65 eligible publications, with 407 postulated associations. Forty-six publications (321 associations) assessed exposure to inorganic fertilizers, and nineteen studies (93 associations) assessed organic fertilizers. Exposure assessed was related to occupation, residence, and/or proximity. The assessed outcomes were diverse, with considerable harmonization challenges. Inorganic fertilizers have been associated with an increased risk of cancerous outcomes in a small number of studies with methodological limitations and low replication validity, while organic fertilizers have been associated with infections and diarrhea.

Conclusions: The epidemiological evidence suggests possible associations between inorganic fertilizers with solid organ tumors and hematological malignancies and organic fertilizers with infections and diarrhea. However, the available evidence is limited, and heterogeneity prevails. Further research is needed to enlarge the evidence base and increase the replication validity and robustness of the results.

背景:化肥被广泛用于为农作物提供养分,从而提高产量和土壤肥力。然而,化肥的生产和应用通过职业、住宅和环境接触对人体健康的影响仍不清楚:对肥料接触与健康相关结果之间关系的流行病学研究进行系统综述:我们在 PubMed、Scopus 和 Web of Science 中搜索了与肥料暴露和所有年龄组的任何人类健康终点报告相关的队列、病例对照、横断面和生态研究(截至 2024 年 5 月),没有语言或地域限制。我们从符合条件的研究中提取了有关人群和研究特征、所用肥料类型、暴露评估、样本大小、结果及其定义、效应估计和质量特征的数据,并对这些数据进行了描述性综合:结果:我们发现了 65 篇符合条件的出版物,其中有 407 篇推测存在关联。46篇出版物(321个关联)评估了无机肥料的暴露情况,19项研究(93个关联)评估了有机肥料的暴露情况。所评估的接触情况与职业、居住地和/或邻近地区有关。评估的结果多种多样,在协调性方面存在相当大的挑战。在少数研究中,无机肥料与癌症风险增加有关,但这些研究存在方法上的局限性,复制有效性较低,而有机肥料与感染和腹泻有关:流行病学证据表明,无机肥料可能与实体器官肿瘤和血液恶性肿瘤有关,有机肥料可能与感染和腹泻有关。然而,现有的证据有限,而且普遍存在异质性。需要进一步研究,以扩大证据基础,提高结果的复制有效性和稳健性。
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