Knowledge regarding the combined toxicity mechanism of bisphenol compounds and microplastics (MPs) on organisms remains limited. In this study, we first developed an accurate and sensitive method to simultaneously quantify two bisphenol compounds and evaluate their accumulation and tissue distribution after co-exposure with MPs in zebrafish. Then, we determined the bioaccumulation potential of bisphenol A (BPA) and bisphenol S (BPS) in adult zebrafish in the absence and presence of MPs. Bisphenol compounds were found to accumulate in different tissues of zebrafish, with BPS showing lower accumulation levels compared to BPA. Importantly, we discovered that the presence of MPs could exacerbate the accumulation of bisphenol compounds in biological tissues. These findings highlight the enhanced bioavailability and risk posed by the co-exposure of bisphenol compounds and MPs, underscoring the need for further investigation into their combined environmental and biological health impacts.
有关双酚化合物和微塑料(MPs)对生物的综合毒性机制的知识仍然有限。在本研究中,我们首先开发了一种精确而灵敏的方法,用于同时量化两种双酚化合物,并评估它们在斑马鱼体内与微塑料共同暴露后的积累和组织分布情况。然后,我们测定了双酚 A(BPA)和双酚 S(BPS)在没有 MPs 和有 MPs 的情况下在成年斑马鱼体内的生物累积潜力。研究发现,双酚化合物会在斑马鱼的不同组织中蓄积,与双酚 A 相比,双酚 S 的蓄积水平较低。重要的是,我们发现 MPs 的存在会加剧双酚化合物在生物组织中的积累。这些发现凸显了双酚化合物和 MPs 共同暴露所带来的更高生物利用率和风险,强调了进一步研究它们对环境和生物健康的综合影响的必要性。
{"title":"Determination of Bisphenol Compounds and the Bioaccumulation after Co-Exposure with Polyethylene Microplastics in Zebrafish.","authors":"Moyong Xue, Ming Jia, Yuchang Qin, Jing Li, Ting Yao, Frédéric Francis, Xu Gu","doi":"10.3390/toxics12100702","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12100702","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Knowledge regarding the combined toxicity mechanism of bisphenol compounds and microplastics (MPs) on organisms remains limited. In this study, we first developed an accurate and sensitive method to simultaneously quantify two bisphenol compounds and evaluate their accumulation and tissue distribution after co-exposure with MPs in zebrafish. Then, we determined the bioaccumulation potential of bisphenol A (BPA) and bisphenol S (BPS) in adult zebrafish in the absence and presence of MPs. Bisphenol compounds were found to accumulate in different tissues of zebrafish, with BPS showing lower accumulation levels compared to BPA. Importantly, we discovered that the presence of MPs could exacerbate the accumulation of bisphenol compounds in biological tissues. These findings highlight the enhanced bioavailability and risk posed by the co-exposure of bisphenol compounds and MPs, underscoring the need for further investigation into their combined environmental and biological health impacts.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11511028/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142508655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Andrew Stephen Hall, Ronald Baynes, Laura M Neumann, Howard I Maibach, R Bryan Ormond
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are found in a variety of places including cosmetics, rain jackets, dust, and water. PFAS have also been applied to occupational gear to protect against water and oils. However, PFAS have been identified as immunosuppressants and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), a specific PFAS, has been identified as carcinogenic. Since there is a risk for dermal exposure to these compounds, there is a need to characterize their dermal absorption. Using in vitro flow-through diffusion, skin permeabilities were determined for 14C-labeled perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), and perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) using porcine skin. Tests were conducted over 8 h with either acetone or artificial perspirant as the vehicle. PFBA was found to have greater permeability than PFHxA, likely due to having a smaller molecular weight. The dosing vehicle did not appear to impact permeability rates but impacted the disposition through the skin model. While these PFAS compounds showed a low permeability rate through the skin membranes, they can stay in the skin, acting as a reservoir.
{"title":"Skin Permeability of Perfluorocarboxylic Acids Using Flow-Through Diffusion on Porcine Skin.","authors":"Andrew Stephen Hall, Ronald Baynes, Laura M Neumann, Howard I Maibach, R Bryan Ormond","doi":"10.3390/toxics12100703","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12100703","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are found in a variety of places including cosmetics, rain jackets, dust, and water. PFAS have also been applied to occupational gear to protect against water and oils. However, PFAS have been identified as immunosuppressants and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), a specific PFAS, has been identified as carcinogenic. Since there is a risk for dermal exposure to these compounds, there is a need to characterize their dermal absorption. Using <i>in vitro</i> flow-through diffusion, skin permeabilities were determined for <sup>14</sup>C-labeled perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), and perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) using porcine skin. Tests were conducted over 8 h with either acetone or artificial perspirant as the vehicle. PFBA was found to have greater permeability than PFHxA, likely due to having a smaller molecular weight. The dosing vehicle did not appear to impact permeability rates but impacted the disposition through the skin model. While these PFAS compounds showed a low permeability rate through the skin membranes, they can stay in the skin, acting as a reservoir.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11511581/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142508675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Forskolin (FSK) is a potent adenylate cyclase activator and may display endocrine-disruptive effects via the disruption of steroidogenesis. Here, we tested this hypothesis by use of the in vitro H295R steroidogenesis assay and the in vivo long-term medaka (Oryzias latipes) exposure assay. The results from the H295R assay demonstrated that the transcriptional levels of a series of genes involved in steroidogenesis, including HSD3B2, CYP11A, CYP11B2, CYP17, CYP19, and CYP21, were remarkably up-regulated. Meanwhile, the productions of estrogens (17β-estradiol (17β-E2) and estrone (E1)) and progestins (progesterone (PGT) and 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-HPT)) were significantly increased, and those of androgens (androstenedione (ADD) and testosterone (TTR)) were significantly inhibited. After waterborne exposure of medaka to FSK for 100 days, the gene expressions of HMGR, HSD17B1, CYP17B, CYP19A, and CYP21A were significantly enhanced in the gonads of male medaka. 17β-E2 was remarkably induced, although without statistical significance. In addition, the biomarker genes for estrogenicity, including VTG-I, VTG-II, CHG-H, and CHG-L, were significantly induced in male medaka livers. Pathological damage to their gonads was further identified. Therefore, the results demonstrated that FSK modulates the transcriptions of steroidogenesis genes and alters hormone levels in vitro and in vivo, which is a mark of endocrine disruption in organisms.
{"title":"Endocrine-Disruptive Effects of Adenylate Cyclase Activator Forskolin: In Vitro and In Vivo Evidence.","authors":"Chong Huang, Yanbin Zhao, Jianying Hu","doi":"10.3390/toxics12100701","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12100701","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Forskolin (FSK) is a potent adenylate cyclase activator and may display endocrine-disruptive effects via the disruption of steroidogenesis. Here, we tested this hypothesis by use of the in vitro H295R steroidogenesis assay and the in vivo long-term medaka (<i>Oryzias latipes</i>) exposure assay. The results from the H295R assay demonstrated that the transcriptional levels of a series of genes involved in steroidogenesis, including <i>HSD3B2</i>, <i>CYP11A</i>, <i>CYP11B2</i>, <i>CYP17</i>, <i>CYP19</i>, and <i>CYP21</i>, were remarkably up-regulated. Meanwhile, the productions of estrogens (17β-estradiol (17β-E<sub>2</sub>) and estrone (E<sub>1</sub>)) and progestins (progesterone (PGT) and 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-HPT)) were significantly increased, and those of androgens (androstenedione (ADD) and testosterone (TTR)) were significantly inhibited. After waterborne exposure of medaka to FSK for 100 days, the gene expressions of <i>HMGR</i>, <i>HSD17B1</i>, <i>CYP17B</i>, <i>CYP19A</i>, and <i>CYP21A</i> were significantly enhanced in the gonads of male medaka. 17β-E2 was remarkably induced, although without statistical significance. In addition, the biomarker genes for estrogenicity, including <i>VTG-I</i>, <i>VTG-II</i>, <i>CHG-H</i>, and <i>CHG-L</i>, were significantly induced in male medaka livers. Pathological damage to their gonads was further identified. Therefore, the results demonstrated that FSK modulates the transcriptions of steroidogenesis genes and alters hormone levels in vitro and in vivo, which is a mark of endocrine disruption in organisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11510926/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142508588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
At present, the main technological stages of oil production related to drilling operations require the use of a wide variety of drilling mud, which has a complex, multicomponent chemical composition. The drilling mud used and the resulting drilling waste must be safe for human health and the environment. The toxicity and hazard of drilling mud at this point in time remain poorly understood scientific problems and require detailing and studying in toxicological terms. The real degree of hazard and toxicity of drilling mud can only be determined by an experimental method, since its composition, which changes depending on the nature of the technological process and its degree of depletion, is not constant, which can change the toxicological properties. In an experiment conducted on adult male rats, under conditions of a single intragastric injection of drilling mud, new data were obtained regarding the parameters of its toxicity and hazard. The use of a wide variety of methods for determining lethal doses of drilling mud, including the probit analysis method, made it possible not only to substantiate the mean lethal dose of drilling mud but also other parameters of toxicity and survival of animals in the experimental groups. Features of eating behavior and body weight dynamics and the nature of the behavioral reactions revealed by the number and duration of stands and frequency and duration of grooming also indicate the presence of dose-dependent effects.
{"title":"Experimental Investigations of Assessment of Acute Toxicity of Drilling Mud.","authors":"Arstan Mamyrbayev, Saule Bermagambetova, Kuanysh Baytenov, Zhanat Komekbay, Laura Sakebayeva, Umit Satybaldiyeva, Gulmira Yerimbetova, Kulyash Zhilisbayeva","doi":"10.3390/toxics12100700","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12100700","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>At present, the main technological stages of oil production related to drilling operations require the use of a wide variety of drilling mud, which has a complex, multicomponent chemical composition. The drilling mud used and the resulting drilling waste must be safe for human health and the environment. The toxicity and hazard of drilling mud at this point in time remain poorly understood scientific problems and require detailing and studying in toxicological terms. The real degree of hazard and toxicity of drilling mud can only be determined by an experimental method, since its composition, which changes depending on the nature of the technological process and its degree of depletion, is not constant, which can change the toxicological properties. In an experiment conducted on adult male rats, under conditions of a single intragastric injection of drilling mud, new data were obtained regarding the parameters of its toxicity and hazard. The use of a wide variety of methods for determining lethal doses of drilling mud, including the probit analysis method, made it possible not only to substantiate the mean lethal dose of drilling mud but also other parameters of toxicity and survival of animals in the experimental groups. Features of eating behavior and body weight dynamics and the nature of the behavioral reactions revealed by the number and duration of stands and frequency and duration of grooming also indicate the presence of dose-dependent effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11511316/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142508591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With the rapid development of nuclear energy, the contamination of environmental water systems by uranium has become a significant threat to human health. To efficiently remove uranium from these systems, three types of silica-based polyamine resins-SiPMA-DETA (SiPMA: silica/poly methyl acrylate; DETA: diethylenetriamine), SiPMA-TETA (TETA: triethylenetetramine), and SiPMA-TEPA (TEPA: tetraethylenepentamine)-were successfully prepared, characterized, and evaluated in batch experiments. Characterization results showed that the silica-based polyamine resins were successfully prepared, and they exhibited a uniform shape and high specific surface area. SiPMA-DETA, SiPMA-TETA, and SiPMA-TEPA had nitrogen contents of 4.08%, 3.72%, and 4.26%, respectively. Batch experiments indicated that these adsorbents could efficiently remove uranium from aqueous solutions with a pH of 5-9. The adsorption kinetics of U(VI) were consistent with the pseudo-second-order model, indicating that the adsorption process was chemisorption and that adsorption equilibrium was achieved within 10 min. SiPMA-TEPA, with the longest polyamine chain, exhibited the highest adsorption capacity (>198.95 mg/g), while SiPMA-DETA, with the shortest polyamine chain, demonstrated the highest U(VI) adsorption efficiency (83%) with 100 mM Na2SO4. SiPMA-TEPA still removed over 90% of U(VI) from river water and tap water. The spectral analysis revealed that the N-containing functional groups on the ligand were bound to anionic uranium-carbonate species and possibly contributed to the adsorption efficiency. In general, this work presents three effective adsorbents for removing uranium from environmental water systems and thus significantly contributes to the field of environmental protection.
{"title":"Efficient Uranium Removal from Aqueous Solutions Using Silica-Based Adsorbents Functionalized with Various Polyamines.","authors":"Ping Zhang, Hongling Wang, Lifeng Chen, Wenlong Li, Toyohisa Fujita, Shunyan Ning, Yuezhou Wei","doi":"10.3390/toxics12100704","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12100704","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>With the rapid development of nuclear energy, the contamination of environmental water systems by uranium has become a significant threat to human health. To efficiently remove uranium from these systems, three types of silica-based polyamine resins-SiPMA-DETA (SiPMA: silica/poly methyl acrylate; DETA: diethylenetriamine), SiPMA-TETA (TETA: triethylenetetramine), and SiPMA-TEPA (TEPA: tetraethylenepentamine)-were successfully prepared, characterized, and evaluated in batch experiments. Characterization results showed that the silica-based polyamine resins were successfully prepared, and they exhibited a uniform shape and high specific surface area. SiPMA-DETA, SiPMA-TETA, and SiPMA-TEPA had nitrogen contents of 4.08%, 3.72%, and 4.26%, respectively. Batch experiments indicated that these adsorbents could efficiently remove uranium from aqueous solutions with a pH of 5-9. The adsorption kinetics of U(VI) were consistent with the pseudo-second-order model, indicating that the adsorption process was chemisorption and that adsorption equilibrium was achieved within 10 min. SiPMA-TEPA, with the longest polyamine chain, exhibited the highest adsorption capacity (>198.95 mg/g), while SiPMA-DETA, with the shortest polyamine chain, demonstrated the highest U(VI) adsorption efficiency (83%) with 100 mM Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>. SiPMA-TEPA still removed over 90% of U(VI) from river water and tap water. The spectral analysis revealed that the N-containing functional groups on the ligand were bound to anionic uranium-carbonate species and possibly contributed to the adsorption efficiency. In general, this work presents three effective adsorbents for removing uranium from environmental water systems and thus significantly contributes to the field of environmental protection.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11510947/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142508587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With the rapid development of industrialization, the problem of heavy metal wastewater treatment has become increasingly serious, posing a serious threat to the environment and human health. Biochar shows great potential for application in the field of wastewater treatment; however, biochars prepared from different biomass sources and experimental conditions have different physicochemical properties, resulting in differences in their adsorption capacity for uranium, which limits their wide application in wastewater treatment. Therefore, there is an urgent need to deeply explore and optimize the key parameter settings of biochar to significantly improve its adsorption capacity. This paper combines the nonlinear mapping capability of SCN and the ensemble learning advantage of the Adaboost algorithm based on existing experimental data on wastewater treatment. The accuracy of the model is evaluated by metrics such as coefficient of determination (R2) and error rate. It was found that the Adaboost-SCN model showed significant advantages in terms of prediction accuracy, precision, model stability and generalization ability compared to the SCN model alone. In order to further improve the performance of the model, this paper combined Adaboost-SCN with maximum information coefficient (MIC), random forest (RF) and energy valley optimizer (EVO) feature selection methods to construct three models, namely, MIC-Adaboost-SCN, RF-Adaboost-SCN and EVO-Adaboost-SCN. The results show that the prediction model with added feature selection is significantly better than the Adaboost-SCN model without feature selection in each evaluation index, and EVO has the most significant effect on feature selection. Finally, the correlation between biochar adsorption properties and production parameters was discussed through the inversion study of key parameters, and optimal parameter intervals were proposed to improve the adsorption properties. Providing strong support for the wide application of biochar in the field of wastewater treatment helps to solve the urgent environmental problem of heavy metal wastewater treatment.
{"title":"Prediction of Biochar Adsorption of Uranium in Wastewater and Inversion of Key Influencing Parameters Based on Ensemble Learning.","authors":"Zening Qu, Wei Wang, Yan He","doi":"10.3390/toxics12100698","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12100698","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>With the rapid development of industrialization, the problem of heavy metal wastewater treatment has become increasingly serious, posing a serious threat to the environment and human health. Biochar shows great potential for application in the field of wastewater treatment; however, biochars prepared from different biomass sources and experimental conditions have different physicochemical properties, resulting in differences in their adsorption capacity for uranium, which limits their wide application in wastewater treatment. Therefore, there is an urgent need to deeply explore and optimize the key parameter settings of biochar to significantly improve its adsorption capacity. This paper combines the nonlinear mapping capability of SCN and the ensemble learning advantage of the Adaboost algorithm based on existing experimental data on wastewater treatment. The accuracy of the model is evaluated by metrics such as coefficient of determination (R<sup>2</sup>) and error rate. It was found that the Adaboost-SCN model showed significant advantages in terms of prediction accuracy, precision, model stability and generalization ability compared to the SCN model alone. In order to further improve the performance of the model, this paper combined Adaboost-SCN with maximum information coefficient (MIC), random forest (RF) and energy valley optimizer (EVO) feature selection methods to construct three models, namely, MIC-Adaboost-SCN, RF-Adaboost-SCN and EVO-Adaboost-SCN. The results show that the prediction model with added feature selection is significantly better than the Adaboost-SCN model without feature selection in each evaluation index, and EVO has the most significant effect on feature selection. Finally, the correlation between biochar adsorption properties and production parameters was discussed through the inversion study of key parameters, and optimal parameter intervals were proposed to improve the adsorption properties. Providing strong support for the wide application of biochar in the field of wastewater treatment helps to solve the urgent environmental problem of heavy metal wastewater treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11511056/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142508666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Microplastics are pollutants of global concern nowadays. However, the effects of microplastics addition to soil as a carbon source and the combined effects of microplastics and organic fertilizer on soil-dissolved organic matter (DOM) evolution are still unclear. This study focused on the evolution of DOM in soil with the addition of microplastics and investigated the variations in the content and composition of DOM in unfertilized and fertilized soil with different particle sizes of microplastics. It was observed that the TOC concentration of the soil DOM in the treatment with organic fertilizer and microplastics increased more (129.97-161.43 mg kg-1) than that in the treatment with microplastics alone (117.17-131.87 mg kg-1) and was higher than that in the original soil (95.65 mg kg-1). According to the humic acid relative abundance in DOM after 40 days of incubation, the humic acid relative abundance in DOM of the soil samples with microplastics and organic fertilizers addition was found to be higher than that in those with microplastic addition alone, reaching more than 80% in a short time. In conclusion, the TOC concentration of the soil DOM increased with the addition of microplastics, and the increase was more pronounced when organic fertilizers and microplastics were added together. Moreover, the soil humification increased to a higher level in the short term with the combined addition of microplastics and organic fertilizers, which was maintained during the long-term incubation process.
微塑料是当今全球关注的污染物。然而,在土壤中添加微塑料作为碳源以及微塑料和有机肥对土壤溶解有机物(DOM)演变的综合影响尚不清楚。本研究主要关注微塑料添加后土壤中 DOM 的演变,并研究了不同粒径微塑料在未施肥土壤和施肥土壤中 DOM 含量和组成的变化。结果表明,在施用有机肥和微塑料的处理中,土壤 DOM 的 TOC 浓度(129.97-161.43 mg kg-1)比单独施用微塑料的处理(117.17-131.87 mg kg-1)增加得更多,且高于原始土壤(95.65 mg kg-1)。根据培养 40 天后 DOM 中腐植酸的相对丰度,发现添加微塑料和有机肥的土壤样品 DOM 中腐植酸的相对丰度高于只添加微塑料的土壤样品,在短时间内达到 80% 以上。总之,土壤 DOM 的总有机碳浓度随着微塑料的添加而增加,当有机肥和微塑料一起添加时,这种增加更为明显。此外,在添加微塑料和有机肥的情况下,土壤腐殖化程度在短期内提高,并在长期培养过程中保持不变。
{"title":"Effects of Microplastics and Organic Fertilizer Regulation on Soil Dissolved Organic Matter Evolution.","authors":"Cheng Li, Chunhai Wang, Le Liu","doi":"10.3390/toxics12100695","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12100695","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Microplastics are pollutants of global concern nowadays. However, the effects of microplastics addition to soil as a carbon source and the combined effects of microplastics and organic fertilizer on soil-dissolved organic matter (DOM) evolution are still unclear. This study focused on the evolution of DOM in soil with the addition of microplastics and investigated the variations in the content and composition of DOM in unfertilized and fertilized soil with different particle sizes of microplastics. It was observed that the TOC concentration of the soil DOM in the treatment with organic fertilizer and microplastics increased more (129.97-161.43 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>) than that in the treatment with microplastics alone (117.17-131.87 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>) and was higher than that in the original soil (95.65 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>). According to the humic acid relative abundance in DOM after 40 days of incubation, the humic acid relative abundance in DOM of the soil samples with microplastics and organic fertilizers addition was found to be higher than that in those with microplastic addition alone, reaching more than 80% in a short time. In conclusion, the TOC concentration of the soil DOM increased with the addition of microplastics, and the increase was more pronounced when organic fertilizers and microplastics were added together. Moreover, the soil humification increased to a higher level in the short term with the combined addition of microplastics and organic fertilizers, which was maintained during the long-term incubation process.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11511232/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142508584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Young-Bin Yu, Ju-Wook Lee, A-Hyun Jo, Young Jae Choi, Cheol Young Choi, Ju-Chan Kang, Jun-Hwan Kim
Cadmium (Cd) is a non-essential trace element that poses significant toxic effects on fish. This review focuses on hematological and plasma biochemical parameters as key indicators of fish health under Cd exposure. Hematological parameters, such as red blood cell (RBC) count, hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, and hematocrit (Ht), were selected for their critical role in oxygen transport and their sensitivity to Cd-induced disruptions, which often result in anemia and impaired oxygen delivery to tissues. Mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) provide further insights into erythropoiesis and hemoglobin synthesis, both of which are essential for assessing Cd toxicity. Plasma biochemical parameters, including calcium, magnesium, glucose, cholesterol, total protein, and liver enzymes such as aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), are crucial for understanding ionic balance, metabolic regulation, and organ function, especially in fish exposed to Cd. These biomarkers offer a comprehensive view of the physiological stress and organ damage caused by Cd toxicity. This review synthesizes literature findings on the toxic effects of Cd on these parameters. It also discusses potential mitigation strategies, including dietary supplementation with antioxidants and trace elements, to counteract the harmful effects of Cd exposure.
{"title":"Toxic Effects of Cadmium Exposure on Hematological and Plasma Biochemical Parameters in Fish: A Review.","authors":"Young-Bin Yu, Ju-Wook Lee, A-Hyun Jo, Young Jae Choi, Cheol Young Choi, Ju-Chan Kang, Jun-Hwan Kim","doi":"10.3390/toxics12100699","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12100699","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cadmium (Cd) is a non-essential trace element that poses significant toxic effects on fish. This review focuses on hematological and plasma biochemical parameters as key indicators of fish health under Cd exposure. Hematological parameters, such as red blood cell (RBC) count, hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, and hematocrit (Ht), were selected for their critical role in oxygen transport and their sensitivity to Cd-induced disruptions, which often result in anemia and impaired oxygen delivery to tissues. Mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) provide further insights into erythropoiesis and hemoglobin synthesis, both of which are essential for assessing Cd toxicity. Plasma biochemical parameters, including calcium, magnesium, glucose, cholesterol, total protein, and liver enzymes such as aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), are crucial for understanding ionic balance, metabolic regulation, and organ function, especially in fish exposed to Cd. These biomarkers offer a comprehensive view of the physiological stress and organ damage caused by Cd toxicity. This review synthesizes literature findings on the toxic effects of Cd on these parameters. It also discusses potential mitigation strategies, including dietary supplementation with antioxidants and trace elements, to counteract the harmful effects of Cd exposure.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11510934/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142508687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Christos F Tagkas, Evangelos C Rizos, Georgios Markozannes, Maria A Karalexi, Lydia Wairegi, Evangelia E Ntzani
Background: Fertilizers are widely used to supply nutrients to crops, thereby increasing yields and soil fertility. However, the effects of their production and application on human health through occupational, residential, and environmental exposure remain unclear.
Objective: To conduct a systematic review of epidemiological studies on the association between exposure to fertilizers and health-related outcomes.
Methods: We searched in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for cohort, case-control, cross-sectional, and ecological studies (up to May 2024) related to exposure to fertilizers and any reported human health endpoints across all age groups, without language or geographical limitations. Data were extracted for population and study characteristics, type of fertilizer used, exposure assessment, sample size, outcome and its definition, effect estimate, and quality characteristics from the eligible studies, and they were descriptively synthesized.
Results: We found 65 eligible publications, with 407 postulated associations. Forty-six publications (321 associations) assessed exposure to inorganic fertilizers, and nineteen studies (93 associations) assessed organic fertilizers. Exposure assessed was related to occupation, residence, and/or proximity. The assessed outcomes were diverse, with considerable harmonization challenges. Inorganic fertilizers have been associated with an increased risk of cancerous outcomes in a small number of studies with methodological limitations and low replication validity, while organic fertilizers have been associated with infections and diarrhea.
Conclusions: The epidemiological evidence suggests possible associations between inorganic fertilizers with solid organ tumors and hematological malignancies and organic fertilizers with infections and diarrhea. However, the available evidence is limited, and heterogeneity prevails. Further research is needed to enlarge the evidence base and increase the replication validity and robustness of the results.
背景:化肥被广泛用于为农作物提供养分,从而提高产量和土壤肥力。然而,化肥的生产和应用通过职业、住宅和环境接触对人体健康的影响仍不清楚:对肥料接触与健康相关结果之间关系的流行病学研究进行系统综述:我们在 PubMed、Scopus 和 Web of Science 中搜索了与肥料暴露和所有年龄组的任何人类健康终点报告相关的队列、病例对照、横断面和生态研究(截至 2024 年 5 月),没有语言或地域限制。我们从符合条件的研究中提取了有关人群和研究特征、所用肥料类型、暴露评估、样本大小、结果及其定义、效应估计和质量特征的数据,并对这些数据进行了描述性综合:结果:我们发现了 65 篇符合条件的出版物,其中有 407 篇推测存在关联。46篇出版物(321个关联)评估了无机肥料的暴露情况,19项研究(93个关联)评估了有机肥料的暴露情况。所评估的接触情况与职业、居住地和/或邻近地区有关。评估的结果多种多样,在协调性方面存在相当大的挑战。在少数研究中,无机肥料与癌症风险增加有关,但这些研究存在方法上的局限性,复制有效性较低,而有机肥料与感染和腹泻有关:流行病学证据表明,无机肥料可能与实体器官肿瘤和血液恶性肿瘤有关,有机肥料可能与感染和腹泻有关。然而,现有的证据有限,而且普遍存在异质性。需要进一步研究,以扩大证据基础,提高结果的复制有效性和稳健性。
{"title":"Fertilizers and Human Health-A Systematic Review of the Epidemiological Evidence.","authors":"Christos F Tagkas, Evangelos C Rizos, Georgios Markozannes, Maria A Karalexi, Lydia Wairegi, Evangelia E Ntzani","doi":"10.3390/toxics12100694","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12100694","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Fertilizers are widely used to supply nutrients to crops, thereby increasing yields and soil fertility. However, the effects of their production and application on human health through occupational, residential, and environmental exposure remain unclear.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To conduct a systematic review of epidemiological studies on the association between exposure to fertilizers and health-related outcomes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We searched in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for cohort, case-control, cross-sectional, and ecological studies (up to May 2024) related to exposure to fertilizers and any reported human health endpoints across all age groups, without language or geographical limitations. Data were extracted for population and study characteristics, type of fertilizer used, exposure assessment, sample size, outcome and its definition, effect estimate, and quality characteristics from the eligible studies, and they were descriptively synthesized.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We found 65 eligible publications, with 407 postulated associations. Forty-six publications (321 associations) assessed exposure to inorganic fertilizers, and nineteen studies (93 associations) assessed organic fertilizers. Exposure assessed was related to occupation, residence, and/or proximity. The assessed outcomes were diverse, with considerable harmonization challenges. Inorganic fertilizers have been associated with an increased risk of cancerous outcomes in a small number of studies with methodological limitations and low replication validity, while organic fertilizers have been associated with infections and diarrhea.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The epidemiological evidence suggests possible associations between inorganic fertilizers with solid organ tumors and hematological malignancies and organic fertilizers with infections and diarrhea. However, the available evidence is limited, and heterogeneity prevails. Further research is needed to enlarge the evidence base and increase the replication validity and robustness of the results.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11511508/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142508602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tomasz Urbanowicz, Krzysztof Skotak, Anna Olasińska-Wiśniewska, Krzysztof J Filipiak, Aleksandra Płachta-Krasińska, Jakub Piecek, Beata Krasińska, Zbigniew Krasiński, Andrzej Tykarski, Marek Jemielity
Background: The survival benefit of surgical revascularization in multivessel coronary artery disease is well understood, though it can be modified by left ventricular dysfunction. Chronic exposure to air pollutants has gained more attention recently as a possible non-traditional morbidity and mortality cardiovascular risk factor. This study identified possible 5-year mortality risk factors related to postoperative left ventricular performance, including air pollutants.
Patients: There were 283 patients (244 (86%) males) with a median age of 65 (60-70) years enrolled in the retrospective analysis. All patients were referred for off-pump coronary artery revascularization due to chronic coronary syndrome that presented as a multivessel coronary artery disease. They were divided into three groups depending on the postoperative course of left ventricular fraction (LVEF 50% or more (169 patients), LVEF between 41 and 49% (61 patients), and LVEF 40% or less (53 patients)).
Results: The overall survival rate was 84% (237 patients) in a median follow-up time of 5.3 (4.8-6.1) years. The median (Q1-Q3) chronic air pollution exposures for the analyzed group were 19.3 (16.9-22.4) μg/m3 for fine particles such as PM2.5, 25.8 (22.5-29.4) μg/m3 for coarse particles such as PM10, and 12.2 (9.7-14.9) μg/m3 for nitric dioxide (NO2). The mortality in the first group (LVEF at least 50%) was 23 (13.6%), in the second group (LVEF 41-49%) was 9 (15%), and in the third group (LVEF 40% or less) was 14 (26%). The multivariable regression analysis for the five-year mortality risk in the first group revealed the predictive value of dyslipidemia (HR: 3.254, 95% CI: 1.008-10.511, p = 0.049). The multivariable regression analysis for five-year mortality risk in the second group revealed the predictive value of dyslipidemia (HR: 3.391, 95% CI: 1.001-11.874, p = 0.050) and PM2.5 (HR: 1.327, 95% CI: 1.085-1.625, p = 0.006). In the third group (severely decreased LVEF), chronic PM2.5 exposure was found to be significant (HR: 1.518, 95% CI: 1.50-2.195, p = 0.026) for 5-year mortality prediction.
Conclusions: Traditional risk factors, such as dyslipidemia, are pivotal in the 5-year mortality risk following surgical revascularization. Chronic exposure to ambient air pollutants such as PM2.5 may be an additional risk factor in patients with left ventricular dysfunction.
{"title":"The Possible Role of PM<sub>2.5</sub> Chronic Exposure on 5-Year Survival in Patients with Left Ventricular Dysfunction Following Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting.","authors":"Tomasz Urbanowicz, Krzysztof Skotak, Anna Olasińska-Wiśniewska, Krzysztof J Filipiak, Aleksandra Płachta-Krasińska, Jakub Piecek, Beata Krasińska, Zbigniew Krasiński, Andrzej Tykarski, Marek Jemielity","doi":"10.3390/toxics12100697","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12100697","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The survival benefit of surgical revascularization in multivessel coronary artery disease is well understood, though it can be modified by left ventricular dysfunction. Chronic exposure to air pollutants has gained more attention recently as a possible non-traditional morbidity and mortality cardiovascular risk factor. This study identified possible 5-year mortality risk factors related to postoperative left ventricular performance, including air pollutants.</p><p><strong>Patients: </strong>There were 283 patients (244 (86%) males) with a median age of 65 (60-70) years enrolled in the retrospective analysis. All patients were referred for off-pump coronary artery revascularization due to chronic coronary syndrome that presented as a multivessel coronary artery disease. They were divided into three groups depending on the postoperative course of left ventricular fraction (LVEF 50% or more (169 patients), LVEF between 41 and 49% (61 patients), and LVEF 40% or less (53 patients)).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The overall survival rate was 84% (237 patients) in a median follow-up time of 5.3 (4.8-6.1) years. The median (Q1-Q3) chronic air pollution exposures for the analyzed group were 19.3 (16.9-22.4) μg/m<sup>3</sup> for fine particles such as PM<sub>2.5</sub>, 25.8 (22.5-29.4) μg/m<sup>3</sup> for coarse particles such as PM<sub>10</sub>, and 12.2 (9.7-14.9) μg/m<sup>3</sup> for nitric dioxide (NO<sub>2</sub>). The mortality in the first group (LVEF at least 50%) was 23 (13.6%), in the second group (LVEF 41-49%) was 9 (15%), and in the third group (LVEF 40% or less) was 14 (26%). The multivariable regression analysis for the five-year mortality risk in the first group revealed the predictive value of dyslipidemia (HR: 3.254, 95% CI: 1.008-10.511, <i>p</i> = 0.049). The multivariable regression analysis for five-year mortality risk in the second group revealed the predictive value of dyslipidemia (HR: 3.391, 95% CI: 1.001-11.874, <i>p</i> = 0.050) and PM<sub>2.5</sub> (HR: 1.327, 95% CI: 1.085-1.625, <i>p</i> = 0.006). In the third group (severely decreased LVEF), chronic PM<sub>2.5</sub> exposure was found to be significant (HR: 1.518, 95% CI: 1.50-2.195, <i>p</i> = 0.026) for 5-year mortality prediction.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Traditional risk factors, such as dyslipidemia, are pivotal in the 5-year mortality risk following surgical revascularization. Chronic exposure to ambient air pollutants such as PM<sub>2.5</sub> may be an additional risk factor in patients with left ventricular dysfunction.</p>","PeriodicalId":23195,"journal":{"name":"Toxics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11511179/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142508684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}