Toxics最新文献

Given the deteriorating situation of ambient ozone (O₃) pollution in some areas of China, understanding the mechanisms driving O₃ formation is essential for formulating effective control measures. This study examines O₃ formation mechanisms and RO_x (OH, HO_2, and RO₂) radical cycling driven by photochemical processes in Bozhou, located at the junction of Jiangsu-Anhui-Shandong-Henan (JASH), a region heavily affected by O₃ pollution, by applying a zero-dimensional box model (Framework for 0-Dimensional Atmospheric Modeling, F0AM) coupled with the Master Chemical Mechanism (MCM v3.3.1) and Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF 5.0) to characterize O₃ pollution, identify volatile organic compound (VOC) sources, and quantify radical budgets during pollution episodes. The results show that O₃ episodes in Bozhou mainly occurred in June under conditions of high temperature and low wind speed. Oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs), alkanes, and halocarbons were the dominant VOCs groups. The CH₃O₂ + NO reaction accounted for 24.3% of O₃ production, while photolysis contributed 68.7% of its removal. Elevated VOCs concentrations in Bozhou were largely maintained by anthropogenic sources such as vehicle exhaust, solvent utilization, and gasoline evaporation, which collectively enhanced O₃ production. The findings indicate that O₃ formation in the region is primarily regulated by NO_x availability. Therefore, emission reductions targeting NO_x, along with selective control of OVOCs and alkenes, would be the most effective strategies for lowering O₃ levels. Model simulations further highlight Bozhou's strong atmospheric oxidation capacity, with OVOC photolysis identified as the dominant contributor to RO_x generation, accounting for 33% of the total. Diurnal patterns were evident: NO_x-related reactions dominated radical sinks in the morning, while HO₂ + RO₂ reactions accounted for 28.5% in the afternoon. By clarifying the mechanisms of O₃ formation in Bozhou, this study provides a scientific basis for designing ozone control strategies across the JASH junction region. In addition, ethanol was not directly measured in this study; given its potential to generate acetaldehyde and affect local O₃ formation, its possible contribution introduces additional uncertainty that warrants further investigation.

Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are highly persistent synthetic chemicals increasingly associated with adverse health outcomes. The gastrointestinal tract represents both a major route of exposure and a key target of PFAS toxicity. This review integrates updated evidence on how PFAS compromise intestinal homeostasis through interrelated structural, metabolic, and immunological mechanisms. PFAS disrupt epithelial integrity by down-regulating tight-junction proteins, inducing oxidative stress, and activating inflammasome signaling. Concurrently, metabolic reprogramming and PFAS-driven microbial dysbiosis contribute to barrier dysfunction and altered production of signal/metabolic molecules. These alterations may link environmental exposure to chronic intestinal inflammation and increase susceptibility to inflammatory bowel disease and related metabolic disorders. By synthesizing recent findings, key mechanistic gaps were highlighted also emphasizing the need for integrative experimental and translational studies to refine risk assessment in humans and develop preventive and therapeutic strategies.

Magnetic biochars (MBCs) have been shown to inhibit the horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in soils, both with and without microplastics (MPs); however, the underlying molecular biological mechanisms remain unclear. This study examined the effects of MBCs and coexisting polybutylene adipate terephthalate microplastics (PBAT MPs) on the physiological characteristics of Serratia marcescens ZY01 (a host strain carrying the tet gene) and further investigated their relationships with the absolute abundance of the tet gene in soil. The results demonstrated that MBCs promoted prodigiosin synthesis in Serratia marcescens ZY01 by mediating the electron transfer process, the effect of which was further enhanced in the presence of PBAT MPs. In treatments without PBAT MPs, MBCs generally suppressed the production of both proteins and polysaccharides in the extracellular polymeric substances. In contrast, in treatments containing PBAT MPs, the protein content gradually decreased with decreasing iron-to-biochar ratios, while the polysaccharide content remained largely unchanged. MBCs also elevated intracellular ROS levels due to the increased oxidative stress, particularly in treatments with PBAT MPs. A positive correlation between intracellular ROS levels and cell membrane permeability indicates that intracellular ROS was the primary driver of the increased cell membrane permeability. The presence of MBCs and PBAT MPs generally provided favorable habitats for Serratia marcescens ZY01, thereby enhancing its cell viability. Mantel test analysis indicated that MBCs influenced Serratia growth in soil by modulating its cell viability. Furthermore, the increased intracellular ROS level was significantly positively correlated with the absolute abundance of the tet gene in soil, implying the horizontal transfer of the tet gene at the intra-genus level. These findings offer helpful insights for developing environmental remediation strategies based on biochar-iron composites.

Background: Submarines represent extremely confined environments where breathing air is continuously recirculated for extended periods with minimal renewal, generating complex multipollutant atmospheres.

Objectives: This critical narrative review aims to (i) summarize sources and composition of submarine indoor air, (ii) evaluate respiratory and cardiovascular risks for crews, and (iii) assess current purification technologies.

Methods: A narrative review was conducted following PRISMA recommendations applicable to non-systematic reviews. The PubMed search covered all years from inception to September 2025, complemented by backward citation tracking and technical reports.

Results: Eligible studies consistently report elevated levels of CO₂, VOCs, NO_X, CO, PM_2.5, and bioaerosols aboard submarines. Evidence from submariner cohorts and toxicological studies indicates risks of airway irritation, impaired mucociliary defenses, endothelial dysfunction, cardiovascular stress, and neurobehavioral alterations.

Conclusions: Submarine indoor air quality is a credible determinant of crew health. Existing filtration systems mitigate some risks but do not address multipollutant mixtures adequately. Improved real-time monitoring, advanced filtration, CFD-guided airflow optimization, and longitudinal medical surveillance are necessary.

Understanding rhizosphere microscale processes is essential for evaluating plant-soil interactions under heavy metal stress. In this study, planar optode imaging was used to investigate the spatio-temporal distribution of O₂, pH, and CO₂ in the rhizosphere of Celosia argentea, a Cd hyperaccumulator, grown in Cd-contaminated and uncontaminated soils. The results demonstrated pronounced spatial heterogeneity, with O₂ hotspots concentrated near root surfaces, localized rhizospheric alkalinization at root tips, and elevated CO₂ levels reflecting active root metabolism. Under Cd stress, O₂ levels were initially suppressed, while pH and CO₂ increased, indicating adaptive physiological responses. As plant growth progressed, O₂-enriched zones expanded, pH elevation persisted, and CO₂ efflux continued, suggesting coordinated regulation of the rhizospheric microenvironment. These changes may influence microbial activity and nutrient dynamics in the rhizosphere, potentially supporting root function and plant adaptation under metal stress. This study provides mechanistic insights into root-induced microenvironmental regulation under Cd stress and demonstrates the potential of planar optode imaging for assessing plant-driven remediation processes in contaminated soils.

The literature on the toxicity of silver metal has increased in recent years. However, these studies differ in terms of silver forms, test organisms and exposure times. This makes it difficult to compare results and hinders the development of reliable guidelines on silver toxicity. This study presents a systematic meta-analysis to clarify the comparative toxicity of AgNO₃ and AgNPs on a wide range of biodiversity species, including prokaryotes, unicellular eukaryotes, invertebrates, fish, and terrestrial organisms. We screened 1117 studies published between 1945 and 2024, systematically applied the screening criteria and analyzed 28 data sets from 11 studies that met the eligibility and data quality criteria. The findings demonstrate that AgNO₃ exhibits higher toxicity than AgNPs in most cases, and this effect is particularly pronounced in various organisms. Furthermore, exposure duration is found to be a critical determinant, creating significant differences in both short-term (from 3 h) and long-term (96 h and above) exposures. This study demonstrates that silver toxicity is dependent on forms of silver, and shaped by exposure dose, time-dependent and organism types. A key point in this study is that the evidence base covers the years representing the broadest temporal scope among comparable studies. The results provide a quantitative synthesis of the existing literature, allowing for the identification of generalizable trends regarding the ecotoxicological effects of silver and shed light on the environmental risk assessment processes of silver forms.

Microplastics represent an emerging threat to aquatic environments and organisms, as they infiltrate water systems, are ingested by marine species, and cause physical harm, endocrine disruption, and bioaccumulation up the food chain, potentially impacting biodiversity and human health. Aquatic ecosystems face considerable harm from microplastic pollution because fish in the early developmental stages, including embryos, larvae, and juveniles, are more susceptible due to their immature physiological and detoxification systems. This review aims to comprehensively explore the impacts of microplastics on the early life stages of fish. Aquatic environments receive primary and secondary MPs from urban runoff and industrial waste, together with degraded plastics, which affect fish embryos and larvae via direct ingestion, surface adhesion, and trophic transmission pathways. The physical impact of MPs causes digestive tract blockages that reduce hatching success and create developmental problems in fish organs, but chemical toxicity develops from plasticizers, heavy metal leaching, and pollutant adsorption, which causes oxidative stress, endocrine disruption, and metabolic dysfunction. Survival rates decrease because exposure causes fish to perform poorly during swimming activities and make limited efforts to avoid predators. The small dimensions and high chemical reactivity of MPs increase their bioavailability, which promotes tissue penetration and leads to accumulation at different levels of the food chain. This comprehensive review emphasizes that we need to establish uniform detection protocols, long-term exposure research, and effective strategies to control MP pollution. The resolution of these difficulties remains essential for protecting fish populations, as well as for protecting biodiversity and minimizing seafood contamination risks to human health.

Myzus persicae is a worldwide insect pest with high resistance to many traditional insecticides. Cycloxaprid, a novel cis-configuration neonicotinoid insecticide, is effective in controlling neonicotinoid-resistant insect pests. Lethal and sublethal effects of cycloxaprid on M. persicae were conducted in this study. Results showed that cycloxaprid had higher toxicity to the laboratory and field resistant M. persicae than imidacloprid. Because of the resistance, imidacloprid showed lower control efficacy (<60%) against M. persicae, which falls short of the efficacy required for practical agricultural management. However, cycloxaprid exhibited higher control efficacies (>84.79%) against M. persicae in the field. In addition, in order to quantify the sublethal impacts of cycloxaprid, we conducted a life table analysis on M. persicae. When resistant M. persicae was treated with LC₂₅ of cycloxaprid or imidacloprid, the longevity and fecundity of F₁ adults were significantly decreased. Meanwhile, the intrinsic rate of increase (r_m), finite rate of increase (λ) and net reproduction rate (R_i) of F1 generation M. persicae were reduced in cycloxaprid and imidacloprid treatments. Therefore, cycloxaprid shows high potential as a candidate insecticide for managing imidacloprid-resistant M. persicae. Importantly, our laboratory data indicate that exposure to its low sublethal concentration (LC₂₅) inhibits population growth parameters, suggesting a low risk of inducing pest resurgence under such conditions.

This study explores the application of a cobalt-manganese oxide catalyst supported on coal gangue (CoMnOx@CG) for peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation to degrade phenol in coal chemical wastewater (CCW). The synthesized CoMnOx@CG catalyst demonstrated remarkable catalytic activity, achieving above 90% phenol removal within 10 min at pH 9 and 11. More importantly, the catalyst exhibited excellent stability and reusability, maintaining over 85% phenol removal efficiency after four consecutive cycles and cobalt leaching below 100 μg/L. Quenching experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analyses revealed that singlet oxygen (¹O₂), sulfate radicals (SO₄·^-), and hydroxyl radicals (·OH) contributed to the degradation process. When treating actual CCW, the system significantly reduced both phenol and fluorescent dissolved organic matter, demonstrating its effectiveness for complex wastewater matrices. CoMnOx@CG provides a sustainable and practical solution for alkaline refractory wastewater remediation.

The widespread use of glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) has raised concerns about their potential role in hormone-sensitive cancers such as breast cancer. This systematic review aimed to evaluate preclinical evidence on the effects of glyphosate (pure compound) or glyphosate-based herbicide formulations (GBHs) exposure on breast cancer cell proliferation and related molecular pathways. A structured search was conducted across PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Springer Nature Link, Web of Science databases, covering studies published up to 9 November 2025, following a PROSPERO-registered protocol (ID: CRD42021238350). Eligible studies included original in vitro and in vivo preclinical research using human breast cancer cell lines (e.g., MCF-7, T47D, MDA-MB-231, MCF-12A, and MCF-10A) or relevant animal models. Outcomes assessed included cell viability, proliferation, tumor growth, apoptosis, cell cycle regulation, and molecular markers associated with endocrine signaling. Two reviewers independently screened and extracted data, resolving disagreements via discussion or third-party adjudication. From an initial pool of 699 articles, seven in vitro studies met the inclusion and quality criteria. Glyphosate exposure demonstrated weak estrogenic activity in ER-positive breast cancer cells, primarily via ERα modulation and altered gene expression related to proliferation and DNA repair. GBHs showed greater cytotoxic and epigenetic effects in non-tumorigenic cells, often independent of ER signaling. No included study employed in vivo breast cancer models. Overall, preclinical evidence suggests glyphosate may act as a weak endocrine disruptor under specific conditions, but findings are limited by the short-term in vitro designs, heterogeneous methodologies, and lack of chronic or in vivo data. Further research using long-term exposure and animal models is needed to clarify potential risks and inform regulatory and public health decisions.