Pub Date : 2023-11-10DOI: 10.18311/ti/2023/v30i4/33447
M. Thenmozhi, T. Suganya, Gokul Marimuthu
Aim of this research was to formulate and evaluate the polymeric nanoparticle as carriers of rosuvastatin calcium for oral administration. Rosuvastatin calcium-loaded nanoparticles were formulated by nanoprecipitation method using different ratios of polymers (Eudragit L100 and Eudragit S100) and different concentrations of stabilizers (Pluronic F68 and PVA) with constant drug concentration. The formulations were evaluated for particle size, zeta potential, drug content, entrapment efficiency, in vitro release, kinetics, solubility, ex vivo intestinal permeability and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Fourier Transform-Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) studies were carried out to check compatibility between the drug and polymers. No significant drug-polymer interactions were found. To enhance drug entrapment particle size range from 100-250 nm were prepared and entrapment efficiencies were found be 28-79 %. In vitro release studies showed a biphasic release pattern of rosuvastatin calcium from nanosuspensions: One initial burst release in the first 2 hours which could be helpful to improve the penetration of drug followed by a second slow release phase consistent with a Higuchi diffusion mechanism. The solubility of rosuvastatin calcium loaded polymeric nanoparticles compared to pure drug form was increased to about two-fold. Intestinal permeability of rosuvastatin calcium entrapped in Eudragit L100 an Eudragit S100 nanoparticles across rat small intestinal segments was significantly improved compared with rosuvastatin calcium in solution. Nanoparticles observed by TEM showed extremely spherical shapes. Results indicated that nanoparticle formulations could be a promising delivery system for oral administration of rosuvastatin calcium with enhanced solubility, intestinal permeability and improved oral bioavailability.
{"title":"Formulation and Evaluation of Polymeric Nanoparticles as Carriers of Rosuvastatin Calcium for Oral Administration","authors":"M. Thenmozhi, T. Suganya, Gokul Marimuthu","doi":"10.18311/ti/2023/v30i4/33447","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/ti/2023/v30i4/33447","url":null,"abstract":"Aim of this research was to formulate and evaluate the polymeric nanoparticle as carriers of rosuvastatin calcium for oral administration. Rosuvastatin calcium-loaded nanoparticles were formulated by nanoprecipitation method using different ratios of polymers (Eudragit L100 and Eudragit S100) and different concentrations of stabilizers (Pluronic F68 and PVA) with constant drug concentration. The formulations were evaluated for particle size, zeta potential, drug content, entrapment efficiency, in vitro release, kinetics, solubility, ex vivo intestinal permeability and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Fourier Transform-Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) studies were carried out to check compatibility between the drug and polymers. No significant drug-polymer interactions were found. To enhance drug entrapment particle size range from 100-250 nm were prepared and entrapment efficiencies were found be 28-79 %. In vitro release studies showed a biphasic release pattern of rosuvastatin calcium from nanosuspensions: One initial burst release in the first 2 hours which could be helpful to improve the penetration of drug followed by a second slow release phase consistent with a Higuchi diffusion mechanism. The solubility of rosuvastatin calcium loaded polymeric nanoparticles compared to pure drug form was increased to about two-fold. Intestinal permeability of rosuvastatin calcium entrapped in Eudragit L100 an Eudragit S100 nanoparticles across rat small intestinal segments was significantly improved compared with rosuvastatin calcium in solution. Nanoparticles observed by TEM showed extremely spherical shapes. Results indicated that nanoparticle formulations could be a promising delivery system for oral administration of rosuvastatin calcium with enhanced solubility, intestinal permeability and improved oral bioavailability.","PeriodicalId":23205,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology International","volume":"31 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139280243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-06DOI: 10.18311/ti/2023/v30i4/34033
Beram Adilakshmi, V. K. Rohini, T. Eswarlal, Ch. Lakshmi Prasanna, Venkateswara Rao Anna
This study focused on the development of a simple and sensitive HPLC method for resolution and quantification of process-related impurities of penfluridol and further assessment of forced degradation behavior of penfluridol. The chromatographic separation was achieved on XTerra™ C18 (250×4.6 mm, 5.0μm) column and UV detection at 245nm. The mobile phase comprises of methanol and tetrahydrofuran in 55:45 (v/v) as solvent A and acetonitrile and tetrahydrofuran in 80:20 (v/v) as solvent B. The 60:40 (v/v) composition of solvent A and B were pumped isocratically at 1.0mL/min. In the proposed conditions, the retention time identified as 5.29 min for penfluridol, 4.51 min, 9.95 min and 7.64 min respectively for impurity 1, 2 and 3 with acceptable system suitability. The method produces sensitive detection limit of 0.008μg/mL for impurity 1, 2 and 0.004 μg/mL for impurity 3 with calibration range of 25-150 μg/mL for penfluridol and 0.025-0.150 μg/mL for impurities. The drug was exposed to different stressed conditions (acid, base, peroxide, thermal and UV light) according to ICH Q1A (R2) guidelines. The Degradation Products (DPs) formed during the stress study was characterized by LCMS/MS in ESI positive mode and the possible structures of five DPs with possible degradation pathways were proposed. The outcomes of other validation studies were likewise satisfactory and proven adequate for regular analysis of penfluridol and its process-related impurities in bulk drug and pharmaceutical dosage forms and can also applicable for evaluation of stress degradation mechanism of penfluridol.
{"title":"Optimization of Stability-Indicating HPLC Method for Analyzing Process Related Impurities of Penfluridol and Structural Elucidation of Stress Degradation Products by LCMS/MSucidation of Stress Degradation Products by LCMS/MS","authors":"Beram Adilakshmi, V. K. Rohini, T. Eswarlal, Ch. Lakshmi Prasanna, Venkateswara Rao Anna","doi":"10.18311/ti/2023/v30i4/34033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/ti/2023/v30i4/34033","url":null,"abstract":"This study focused on the development of a simple and sensitive HPLC method for resolution and quantification of process-related impurities of penfluridol and further assessment of forced degradation behavior of penfluridol. The chromatographic separation was achieved on XTerra™ C18 (250×4.6 mm, 5.0μm) column and UV detection at 245nm. The mobile phase comprises of methanol and tetrahydrofuran in 55:45 (v/v) as solvent A and acetonitrile and tetrahydrofuran in 80:20 (v/v) as solvent B. The 60:40 (v/v) composition of solvent A and B were pumped isocratically at 1.0mL/min. In the proposed conditions, the retention time identified as 5.29 min for penfluridol, 4.51 min, 9.95 min and 7.64 min respectively for impurity 1, 2 and 3 with acceptable system suitability. The method produces sensitive detection limit of 0.008μg/mL for impurity 1, 2 and 0.004 μg/mL for impurity 3 with calibration range of 25-150 μg/mL for penfluridol and 0.025-0.150 μg/mL for impurities. The drug was exposed to different stressed conditions (acid, base, peroxide, thermal and UV light) according to ICH Q1A (R2) guidelines. The Degradation Products (DPs) formed during the stress study was characterized by LCMS/MS in ESI positive mode and the possible structures of five DPs with possible degradation pathways were proposed. The outcomes of other validation studies were likewise satisfactory and proven adequate for regular analysis of penfluridol and its process-related impurities in bulk drug and pharmaceutical dosage forms and can also applicable for evaluation of stress degradation mechanism of penfluridol.","PeriodicalId":23205,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology International","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139288028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-03DOI: 10.18311/ti/2023/v30i4/34317
Sayan Mandal, Basudev Mandal
Pesticides are an essential component of contemporary agriculture because they help keep unwanted insects and animals under control and boost crop yields. However, the widespread usage of pesticides has led to worries over the unexpected consequences that these chemicals have on non-target animals and ecosystems, particularly those that are aquatic. Fish, which play an essential role in aquatic food webs, are particularly vulnerable to the damaging effects of pesticides as a result of their direct contact with contaminated water bodies. The review covers acute and chronic pesticide effects on fish, including physiological and behavioral responses. It discusses population-level effects and biodiversity loss on fish reproduction, growth, development, immunological function, and locomotor activity. It also highlights pesticide toxicity’s long-term effects on fish populations. Pesticide exposure may also alter foraging behavior, competitive aptitude, and predation vulnerability, according to the review. Pesticides harm fish health by accumulating toxins, causing genetic defects, and upsetting the aquatic ecology. These effects put biodiversity in jeopardy and upset the food chain’s delicate balance, raising major environmental issues. It emphasizes the need for interdisciplinary research to better understand fish pesticide toxicity and guide environmental regulatory measures. Implementation of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) practices to ensure sustainable pesticide use in the environment. Use of non-chemical strategies such as crop rotation, natural predators, and resistant varieties. limit pesticide application to specific pests, thereby minimizing ecological damage and preserving ecosystem equilibrium. We can improve agriculture-aquatic biodiversity coexistence by supporting holistic pesticide management.
{"title":"A Review on the Impact of Pesticide Toxicity on the Physiological and Behavioral Condition of Fish","authors":"Sayan Mandal, Basudev Mandal","doi":"10.18311/ti/2023/v30i4/34317","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/ti/2023/v30i4/34317","url":null,"abstract":"Pesticides are an essential component of contemporary agriculture because they help keep unwanted insects and animals under control and boost crop yields. However, the widespread usage of pesticides has led to worries over the unexpected consequences that these chemicals have on non-target animals and ecosystems, particularly those that are aquatic. Fish, which play an essential role in aquatic food webs, are particularly vulnerable to the damaging effects of pesticides as a result of their direct contact with contaminated water bodies. The review covers acute and chronic pesticide effects on fish, including physiological and behavioral responses. It discusses population-level effects and biodiversity loss on fish reproduction, growth, development, immunological function, and locomotor activity. It also highlights pesticide toxicity’s long-term effects on fish populations. Pesticide exposure may also alter foraging behavior, competitive aptitude, and predation vulnerability, according to the review. Pesticides harm fish health by accumulating toxins, causing genetic defects, and upsetting the aquatic ecology. These effects put biodiversity in jeopardy and upset the food chain’s delicate balance, raising major environmental issues. It emphasizes the need for interdisciplinary research to better understand fish pesticide toxicity and guide environmental regulatory measures. Implementation of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) practices to ensure sustainable pesticide use in the environment. Use of non-chemical strategies such as crop rotation, natural predators, and resistant varieties. limit pesticide application to specific pests, thereby minimizing ecological damage and preserving ecosystem equilibrium. We can improve agriculture-aquatic biodiversity coexistence by supporting holistic pesticide management.","PeriodicalId":23205,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology International","volume":"63 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139289884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-03DOI: 10.18311/ti/2023/v30i4/34093
Payel Sarkar, Jayanta Kr. Kundu
Arsenic toxicity is a matter of concern in the present-day world. Arsenic, a potentially hazardous metalloid easily gets biomagnified through the food chain and also affects not only the vital organs such as the kidney, and liver of human beings but also the reproductive organs of males. This study was designed to propose allicin, the main bio-active component of garlic to address arsenic toxicity more efficiently and without any side effects apart from the costly conventional chelation therapy which is not free from various side effects. To conduct this study, allicin has been quantified and collected from ethanolic extract of garlic by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) using C18 column at 254nm wave-lengths against standard allicin at the retention time of 18.775min. The calculated concentration of allicin is 77.80%. Next, arsenic trioxide (As2O3) (20mg/kg) and allicin (100mg/kg) were administered orally for toxicity and treatment respectively in mice (Mus musculus) for 30 days. Compared to the control group, liver marker enzymes i.e., Serum Glutamic Pyruvate Transaminase (SGPT), Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase (SGOT), and Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) levels were significantly increased in the arsenic-induced group. On the other hand, co-treatment with allicin significantly recovered liver enzyme parameters to normal levels (p<0.05). Decreased weight of testis, sperm count, and increased numbers of Sperm Head Anomalies (SHA) indicate reduced reproductive potential in the arsenic-induced group of male albino mice. On the contrary, co-treatment with allicin significantly increased testis weight, sperm count and decreased SHA count (p<0.05). On examining histological slides of the liver and testis, normal histo-architecture was observed in both control and arsenic-induced allicin co-treated groups; whereas damage was observed in the arsenic-induced group. Generated data pointed out that allicin offers significant protection to the mammalian liver and male gonad (testis) against arsenicinduced toxicity.
{"title":"Ameliorative Role of Allicin in Arsenic-Induced Liver and Gonad Apoptosis in Male Swiss Albino Mice (Mus musculus)","authors":"Payel Sarkar, Jayanta Kr. Kundu","doi":"10.18311/ti/2023/v30i4/34093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/ti/2023/v30i4/34093","url":null,"abstract":"Arsenic toxicity is a matter of concern in the present-day world. Arsenic, a potentially hazardous metalloid easily gets biomagnified through the food chain and also affects not only the vital organs such as the kidney, and liver of human beings but also the reproductive organs of males. This study was designed to propose allicin, the main bio-active component of garlic to address arsenic toxicity more efficiently and without any side effects apart from the costly conventional chelation therapy which is not free from various side effects. To conduct this study, allicin has been quantified and collected from ethanolic extract of garlic by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) using C18 column at 254nm wave-lengths against standard allicin at the retention time of 18.775min. The calculated concentration of allicin is 77.80%. Next, arsenic trioxide (As2O3) (20mg/kg) and allicin (100mg/kg) were administered orally for toxicity and treatment respectively in mice (Mus musculus) for 30 days. Compared to the control group, liver marker enzymes i.e., Serum Glutamic Pyruvate Transaminase (SGPT), Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase (SGOT), and Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) levels were significantly increased in the arsenic-induced group. On the other hand, co-treatment with allicin significantly recovered liver enzyme parameters to normal levels (p<0.05). Decreased weight of testis, sperm count, and increased numbers of Sperm Head Anomalies (SHA) indicate reduced reproductive potential in the arsenic-induced group of male albino mice. On the contrary, co-treatment with allicin significantly increased testis weight, sperm count and decreased SHA count (p<0.05). On examining histological slides of the liver and testis, normal histo-architecture was observed in both control and arsenic-induced allicin co-treated groups; whereas damage was observed in the arsenic-induced group. Generated data pointed out that allicin offers significant protection to the mammalian liver and male gonad (testis) against arsenicinduced toxicity.","PeriodicalId":23205,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology International","volume":"58 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139289754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Human activities are causing environmental pollution in many ways by contaminating air, water and soil by adding different types of pollutants. Among various pollutants, heavy metals are an emerging threat in today’s world which are degrading our environment in a number of ways. Lead is the most widespread and evenly distributed poisonous element. Due to urbanization and growing human activities, lead emissions in different forms have increased, resulting in the contamination of soil and water. The lead transfers from environment to different forms of life, disrupting biological processes and causing various health issues. In this article, pot culture experiments were carried out to analyse the stress of Lead (Pb) and the capability of Cannabis sp. to tolerate the stress by studying the impact of different concentrations (0 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg and 150 mg/kg of soil) on various biochemical aspects of the plant (Photosynthetic pigments, protein, antioxidant enzyme activity). Lead was given in the form of lead acetate. The results showed that the photosynthetic pigments-chlorophyll and carotenoid decreased with increasing lead concentration. Same effect was shown by the protein content in the leaves. On the other hand, Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), which is an antioxidant enzyme, increased with increasing concentration of lead.
{"title":"Effect of Lead Toxicity on Wild Cannabis Species of Punjab Region","authors":"Dimpy Balgotra, Sabreen Bashir, Agrataben Vadhel, Madhuri Girdhar, Anand Mohan","doi":"10.18311/ti/2023/v30i4/31022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/ti/2023/v30i4/31022","url":null,"abstract":"Human activities are causing environmental pollution in many ways by contaminating air, water and soil by adding different types of pollutants. Among various pollutants, heavy metals are an emerging threat in today’s world which are degrading our environment in a number of ways. Lead is the most widespread and evenly distributed poisonous element. Due to urbanization and growing human activities, lead emissions in different forms have increased, resulting in the contamination of soil and water. The lead transfers from environment to different forms of life, disrupting biological processes and causing various health issues. In this article, pot culture experiments were carried out to analyse the stress of Lead (Pb) and the capability of Cannabis sp. to tolerate the stress by studying the impact of different concentrations (0 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg and 150 mg/kg of soil) on various biochemical aspects of the plant (Photosynthetic pigments, protein, antioxidant enzyme activity). Lead was given in the form of lead acetate. The results showed that the photosynthetic pigments-chlorophyll and carotenoid decreased with increasing lead concentration. Same effect was shown by the protein content in the leaves. On the other hand, Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), which is an antioxidant enzyme, increased with increasing concentration of lead.","PeriodicalId":23205,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology International","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139289625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-03DOI: 10.18311/ti/2023/v30i4/34635
Kunal Bahalkar, Manish Musale, J. Kakadiya
Acute Renal Failure (ARF) is a serious condition where the kidneys suddenly stop working, commonly caused by drug-related injury. This article aims to give a detailed explanation of different animal models used to study ARF, focusing on the biomarkers linked with this condition. When administering drugs to animals, it is essential to be mindful of the potential for ARF to occur. Nephrotoxic drugs like cisplatin, methotrexate, acyclovir, Cyclosporine, folic acid, amphotericin B, and amikacin can induce ARF if the dosage and duration of exposure are not adequately regulated to match the clinical scenario. Careful monitoring is crucial to ensuring the safety and well-being of the animals under our care. This article contains various screening models for ARF caused by various allopathic drugs like glycerol, acyclovir, amikacin, amphotericin B, Isoniazid-Rifampicin, cisplatin, folic acid, diclofenac, and lithium. The intrinsic toxicity of these medications also plays a significant role in the ensuing Acute Kidney Injury (AKI), and the kidney is probably more vulnerable to damage than other organs. These medications can be hazardous and their effects on the glomerulus and/or tubules can be caused by oxidative damage, hypersensitivity responses, altered hemodynamics, and tubule blockage. This article aims to provide a thorough description of the model used and to examine the findings in relation to that particular model. This approach can yield valuable insights and help ensure the findings’ accuracy and relevance.
急性肾功能衰竭（ARF）是肾脏突然停止工作的一种严重病症，通常由药物相关损伤引起。本文旨在详细解释用于研究急性肾衰竭的不同动物模型，重点介绍与该病症相关的生物标志物。在给动物用药时，必须注意发生 ARF 的可能性。顺铂、甲氨蝶呤、阿昔洛韦、环孢素、叶酸、两性霉素 B 和阿米卡星等肾毒性药物，如果剂量和接触时间没有根据临床情况进行适当调节，就会诱发 ARF。仔细监测对确保我们护理的动物的安全和健康至关重要。本文包含由各种对抗疗法药物（如甘油、阿昔洛韦、阿米卡星、两性霉素 B、异烟肼-利福平、顺铂、叶酸、双氯芬酸和锂）引起的 ARF 的各种筛选模型。这些药物的内在毒性也是导致急性肾损伤（AKI）的重要原因，肾脏可能比其他器官更容易受到损害。这些药物可能具有危害性，其对肾小球和/或肾小管的影响可由氧化损伤、超敏反应、血流动力学改变和肾小管阻塞引起。本文旨在对所使用的模型进行详尽的描述，并研究与该特定模型相关的发现。这种方法可以产生有价值的见解，并有助于确保研究结果的准确性和相关性。
{"title":"Preclinical Animal Models of Renal Disease","authors":"Kunal Bahalkar, Manish Musale, J. Kakadiya","doi":"10.18311/ti/2023/v30i4/34635","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/ti/2023/v30i4/34635","url":null,"abstract":"Acute Renal Failure (ARF) is a serious condition where the kidneys suddenly stop working, commonly caused by drug-related injury. This article aims to give a detailed explanation of different animal models used to study ARF, focusing on the biomarkers linked with this condition. When administering drugs to animals, it is essential to be mindful of the potential for ARF to occur. Nephrotoxic drugs like cisplatin, methotrexate, acyclovir, Cyclosporine, folic acid, amphotericin B, and amikacin can induce ARF if the dosage and duration of exposure are not adequately regulated to match the clinical scenario. Careful monitoring is crucial to ensuring the safety and well-being of the animals under our care. This article contains various screening models for ARF caused by various allopathic drugs like glycerol, acyclovir, amikacin, amphotericin B, Isoniazid-Rifampicin, cisplatin, folic acid, diclofenac, and lithium. The intrinsic toxicity of these medications also plays a significant role in the ensuing Acute Kidney Injury (AKI), and the kidney is probably more vulnerable to damage than other organs. These medications can be hazardous and their effects on the glomerulus and/or tubules can be caused by oxidative damage, hypersensitivity responses, altered hemodynamics, and tubule blockage. This article aims to provide a thorough description of the model used and to examine the findings in relation to that particular model. This approach can yield valuable insights and help ensure the findings’ accuracy and relevance.","PeriodicalId":23205,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology International","volume":"185 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139289678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-03DOI: 10.18311/ti/2023/v30i4/32343
Kusum Sharma, Veena Sharma
Hypothesis: Lead is a pervasive environmental pollutant that is major threat for human health. Allium sativum essential oil could impart possible protection from Lead Nitrate (LN) as it contains organosulfur compounds which possess various pharmacological potential including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anti-apoptotic and other activities as well. Parameters Studied: The ameliorative role of Allium sativum essential oil on hepatic tissue damage caused by Lead nitrate was evaluated through oxidative stress, biochemical parameters, oxidative Stress Index (OSI) and hepatic biomarkers. Methodology and Results: In this study, six groups of animals were taken. These groups were: control animals, toxicant treated animals (LN), LN + plant oil low and high dose treated animals, LN + silymarin treated animals and LN + vehicle oil control group. Lead nitrate exposure significantly decreased the antioxidant molecules mainly SOD, CAT, Gpx, GSH, GST, TPC and increased the lipid peroxidation content, Oxidative Stress Index (OSI), liver indices, Total Cholesterol Content (TCC) and biochemical parameters [ALT, AST, ALP] In addition to this, Lead nitrate increased the level of hepatic biomarkers such as cytp4502E1, 5’-nucleotidase, and γ-glutamyltranspeptidase and decreased the cytb5 content in hepatic tissues. Conclusion: Antioxidant activity of Allium sativum Essential Oil (ASEO) prevented oxidative stress and restored the level of liver indices, biochemical parameters, and hepatic biomarkers in Lead nitrate-intoxicated mice. Therefore, ASEO can be considered as a promising protective strategy against Lead nitrate-induced hepatotoxicity.
{"title":"Prophylactic Efficacy of Allium sativum Essential Oil on Hepatic Tissues of Mice Model Exposed to Inorganic Lead Salt","authors":"Kusum Sharma, Veena Sharma","doi":"10.18311/ti/2023/v30i4/32343","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/ti/2023/v30i4/32343","url":null,"abstract":"Hypothesis: Lead is a pervasive environmental pollutant that is major threat for human health. Allium sativum essential oil could impart possible protection from Lead Nitrate (LN) as it contains organosulfur compounds which possess various pharmacological potential including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anti-apoptotic and other activities as well. Parameters Studied: The ameliorative role of Allium sativum essential oil on hepatic tissue damage caused by Lead nitrate was evaluated through oxidative stress, biochemical parameters, oxidative Stress Index (OSI) and hepatic biomarkers. Methodology and Results: In this study, six groups of animals were taken. These groups were: control animals, toxicant treated animals (LN), LN + plant oil low and high dose treated animals, LN + silymarin treated animals and LN + vehicle oil control group. Lead nitrate exposure significantly decreased the antioxidant molecules mainly SOD, CAT, Gpx, GSH, GST, TPC and increased the lipid peroxidation content, Oxidative Stress Index (OSI), liver indices, Total Cholesterol Content (TCC) and biochemical parameters [ALT, AST, ALP] In addition to this, Lead nitrate increased the level of hepatic biomarkers such as cytp4502E1, 5’-nucleotidase, and γ-glutamyltranspeptidase and decreased the cytb5 content in hepatic tissues. Conclusion: Antioxidant activity of Allium sativum Essential Oil (ASEO) prevented oxidative stress and restored the level of liver indices, biochemical parameters, and hepatic biomarkers in Lead nitrate-intoxicated mice. Therefore, ASEO can be considered as a promising protective strategy against Lead nitrate-induced hepatotoxicity.","PeriodicalId":23205,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology International","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139289742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-03DOI: 10.18311/ti/2023/v30i4/33533
Chinnu Shaji, Suma M. Abraham, Joe Prasad Mathew
Quinalphos is an organophosphate used in agriculture that is considered to have potential hazardous effects on nontarget organisms. The present study was designed to determine the median lethal concentration (LC50) of quinalphos (an organophosphate pesticide) on the fish, Oreochromis niloticus, for 96 hours. The LC50 value of quinalphos on Oreochromis niloticus for 96 hours was determined as 3.65 μl/L. The study also focuses on the immediate effect of exposure to sub-lethal concentrations of quinalphos on protein and lipid peroxidation rate after 24 hours in brain and muscle tissues. Protein was found to be decreasing while lipid peroxidation rate increased in both tissues after 24 hours of exposure. By the estimation of antioxidant enzymes Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and Catalase (CAT) activity, it was also identified that quinalphos is capable of impairing the antioxidant defense mechanism of the non-target organism and thereby increase the oxidative stress.
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Pub Date : 2023-11-03DOI: 10.18311/ti/2023/v30i4/34636
Aakansha Mishra, J. Kakadiya
Polycystic ovarian syndrome is a complex endocrine disturbance that leads to hyperandrogenism, disruption in the functioning of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Ovary (HPO) axis and multiple cysts in ovaries. To understand and study different treatment approaches of polycystic ovarian syndrome, there are several chemical-induced animal models available that mimic polycystic ovarian syndrome. These animal models are designed to closely resemble the characteristic symptoms. Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome’s key characteristics are changes in gonadotropin and sex steroid hormone, ovarian morphology, and metabolic characteristics. Direct hormone-regulated animal models are frequently utilized to study PCOS. Rodent animal model is often used which aims to replicate the key feature of human PCOS. Various endocrine-disrupting chemicals also makes a major role in the development of PCOS. In order to bridge the gap between basic research and clinical application in the field of PCOS, PCOS-induced models are essential tools for improving our understanding of the illness and evaluating innovative therapies. The review discusses various animal models used to induced PCOS by various inducers such as aromatase inhibitor inducer (letrozole), androgen excess inducer (dihydrotestosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, testosterone), estrogen-induced (estradiol valerate), antiprogesterone (mifepristone), monosodium-L-glutamate, bisphenol-A and tributyltin chloride. This article contributed to underlying the current understanding and provides you a complete review that overall covers various aspects, including the impact of chemical-induced models, which also includes changes in the morphology of ovaries, gonadotropin as well as, and alterations in the level of various sex steroid hormone profile. Additionally it explores the metabolic abnormalities caused by various chemical-inducers used to induce PCOS in animal. The objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive review about various chemical inducers which are responsible for the development of PCOS.
多囊卵巢综合征是一种复杂的内分泌紊乱，会导致雄激素过高、下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴（HPO）功能紊乱和卵巢多发性囊肿。为了了解和研究多囊卵巢综合症的不同治疗方法，有几种化学诱导的动物模型可以模拟多囊卵巢综合症。这些动物模型的设计与特征性症状非常相似。多囊卵巢综合征的主要特征是促性腺激素和性类固醇激素、卵巢形态和代谢特征的变化。在研究多囊卵巢综合症时，经常使用直接调节激素的动物模型。啮齿类动物模型常用来复制人类多囊卵巢综合征的主要特征。各种干扰内分泌的化学物质在多囊卵巢综合症的发病中也起着重要作用。为了缩小多囊卵巢综合症领域基础研究与临床应用之间的差距，多囊卵巢综合症诱导模型是提高我们对该疾病的认识和评估创新疗法的重要工具。这篇综述讨论了通过芳香化酶抑制剂诱导剂（来曲唑）、雄激素过量诱导剂（双氢睾酮、脱氢表雄酮、睾酮）、雌激素诱导剂（戊酸雌二醇）、抗孕激素（米非司酮）、L-谷氨酸钠、双酚 A 和三丁基氯化锡等各种诱导剂诱导 PCOS 的各种动物模型。这篇文章对当前的认识做出了贡献，并为您提供了一篇完整的综述，整体上涵盖了各个方面，包括化学诱导模型的影响，其中还包括卵巢形态、促性腺激素以及各种性类固醇激素水平的变化。此外，它还探讨了用于诱导动物多囊卵巢综合症的各种化学诱导剂所引起的代谢异常。本综述旨在全面回顾导致多囊卵巢综合症发生的各种化学诱导剂。
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Pub Date : 2023-10-31DOI: 10.18311/ti/2023/v30i4/31062
S. Shewale, V. Undale, V. Addepalli, Vrushali Bhalchim, S. Desai, Vikas Wawale, M. Shelar, Shubham Padole, Shital Satone, Shweta Lembhe, S. Parekh, P. Pujari
Sansevieria cylindrica Bojer ex. Hook (Asparagaceae) and Plumeria obtusa L. (Apocynaceae) are useful traditional medicines. The present study assessed the toxicity of a combination of hydro-alcoholic extract of aerial parts of both these plants through repeat administration in Wistar albino rats. This study is an extension of an acute toxicity study, wherein female rats were orally administered with a single dose of 2000mg/kg of both plant extracts. Sub-acute toxicity of both plants (200 and 400 mg/kg p.o.) was studied by daily dosing of Wistar rats of both sexes for 28 days. Toxicity, mortality, body weight changes, food and water intake, and neurological assessments were recorded. Hematological, biochemical, and urine analysis was done before and after dosing on day 29. Absolute and relative organ weight and histological evaluation were performed on day 29. The acute toxicity study revealed no lethal effects indicating that LD50 is greater than 2000mg/ kg. The sub-acute study observed a significant increase (p < 0.05) in body weight, feed, and water intake. The body weight gain in rats from the treatment group was non-significant (p > 0.05) compared to the control group. A significant (p < 0.05) increase in lymphocytes, granulocytes, RBC, platelet, creatinine, albumin, triglycerides, and alkaline phosphatase were also observed. The evaluation of different neurobehavior parameters showed a significant increase (p < 0.05). Histopathological analysis showed mild liver distortion in male rats in both treatment groups. Most of the significant observations were considered incidental findings indicative of low toxicity of plant extract during long-term use.
{"title":"Sub-Acute Toxicity Study of Hydro-Alcoholic Extracts of Sansevieria cylindrica and Plumeria obtusa in Wistar Albino Rats","authors":"S. Shewale, V. Undale, V. Addepalli, Vrushali Bhalchim, S. Desai, Vikas Wawale, M. Shelar, Shubham Padole, Shital Satone, Shweta Lembhe, S. Parekh, P. Pujari","doi":"10.18311/ti/2023/v30i4/31062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/ti/2023/v30i4/31062","url":null,"abstract":"Sansevieria cylindrica Bojer ex. Hook (Asparagaceae) and Plumeria obtusa L. (Apocynaceae) are useful traditional medicines. The present study assessed the toxicity of a combination of hydro-alcoholic extract of aerial parts of both these plants through repeat administration in Wistar albino rats. This study is an extension of an acute toxicity study, wherein female rats were orally administered with a single dose of 2000mg/kg of both plant extracts. Sub-acute toxicity of both plants (200 and 400 mg/kg p.o.) was studied by daily dosing of Wistar rats of both sexes for 28 days. Toxicity, mortality, body weight changes, food and water intake, and neurological assessments were recorded. Hematological, biochemical, and urine analysis was done before and after dosing on day 29. Absolute and relative organ weight and histological evaluation were performed on day 29. The acute toxicity study revealed no lethal effects indicating that LD50 is greater than 2000mg/ kg. The sub-acute study observed a significant increase (p < 0.05) in body weight, feed, and water intake. The body weight gain in rats from the treatment group was non-significant (p > 0.05) compared to the control group. A significant (p < 0.05) increase in lymphocytes, granulocytes, RBC, platelet, creatinine, albumin, triglycerides, and alkaline phosphatase were also observed. The evaluation of different neurobehavior parameters showed a significant increase (p < 0.05). Histopathological analysis showed mild liver distortion in male rats in both treatment groups. Most of the significant observations were considered incidental findings indicative of low toxicity of plant extract during long-term use.","PeriodicalId":23205,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology International","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139306438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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