Pub Date : 2023-12-11DOI: 10.18311/ti/2023/v30i4/35082
R. Kanojia, A. K. Jaiswal, Arkaja Goswami, Sunita Bhagat
Viscera analysis plays a major and important role in forensics, Scientists use their own tried and tested methods to avoid excess time consumption and errors, to analyse the viscera samples for the presence of various illicit drugs, pesticides, heavy metals, or any other poisonous substances that may be the reason of death. In this article, the current scenario of viscera handling in forensic science laboratories in India is mentioned in detail with a step-by-step procedure. Tests for phosphine and various pesticides are performed in the stomach and small intestine. Drugs are extracted according to different procedures depending upon the affinity of the drug i.e., acidic, basic, or neutral. After that, Tests for drugs and other toxic substances are usually performed in blood, liver, spleen, and kidney. Blood usually comes in the third jar, and is tested for drugs, alcohol, and maybe for pesticides, phosphine and for any other suspected toxin. Viscera sample needs to be digested before the analysis of heavy metals. Any part of the viscera can be digested and tested for heavy metal. Usually, a mixture of all the viscera parts is digested and analysed. The techniques mentioned in this article are rigorously used in the chemistry and toxicology division in forensic laboratories in India.
{"title":"Development of a New Methodology for Extraction and Analysis of Pesticides, Drugs, Heavy Metals and Various Toxins from Viscera Samples","authors":"R. Kanojia, A. K. Jaiswal, Arkaja Goswami, Sunita Bhagat","doi":"10.18311/ti/2023/v30i4/35082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/ti/2023/v30i4/35082","url":null,"abstract":"Viscera analysis plays a major and important role in forensics, Scientists use their own tried and tested methods to avoid excess time consumption and errors, to analyse the viscera samples for the presence of various illicit drugs, pesticides, heavy metals, or any other poisonous substances that may be the reason of death. In this article, the current scenario of viscera handling in forensic science laboratories in India is mentioned in detail with a step-by-step procedure. Tests for phosphine and various pesticides are performed in the stomach and small intestine. Drugs are extracted according to different procedures depending upon the affinity of the drug i.e., acidic, basic, or neutral. After that, Tests for drugs and other toxic substances are usually performed in blood, liver, spleen, and kidney. Blood usually comes in the third jar, and is tested for drugs, alcohol, and maybe for pesticides, phosphine and for any other suspected toxin. Viscera sample needs to be digested before the analysis of heavy metals. Any part of the viscera can be digested and tested for heavy metal. Usually, a mixture of all the viscera parts is digested and analysed. The techniques mentioned in this article are rigorously used in the chemistry and toxicology division in forensic laboratories in India.","PeriodicalId":23205,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology International","volume":"49 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139010279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-11DOI: 10.18311/ti/2023/v30i4/34393
M. Dodamani, Muniswamy David
The histopathology of the brain and gill tissues of the fish Cyprinus carpio following exposure to afidopyropen was determined by light microscopy. This particular carp species is one of the most prevalent in India. Afidopyropen (0.2 mg/L) was administered to fish for 1, 10, 20, and 30 days as part of an experiment. The tissues in the control group were found healthy. The abnormalities in the brain were Neural Degeneration (ND) Pyknotic Neuron (PN) Necrotic Internal Granule Cells (NIGC) Demyelination (DM). In gill tissues exposed to afidopyropen, hyperplasia, telangiectasia, epithelial separation, and total destruction of lamellae were seen. In the current study, afidopyropen damaged the organs, indicating its potential for harm. There were no sudden histological changes in one day-exposed group of the fishes. It could be due to healthy fish’s strong and quick adaptation capacity. The severity of stress and the associated histological changes would likely increase over time as the exposure to afidopyropen continues. However, prolonged exposure to the toxicant extremely affects the fish physiology leading to the form of above said pathological lesions.
{"title":"Studies on Histopathological Alterations in the Brain and Gill, of Cyprinus carpio Exposed to the Insecticide Afidopyropen","authors":"M. Dodamani, Muniswamy David","doi":"10.18311/ti/2023/v30i4/34393","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/ti/2023/v30i4/34393","url":null,"abstract":"The histopathology of the brain and gill tissues of the fish Cyprinus carpio following exposure to afidopyropen was determined by light microscopy. This particular carp species is one of the most prevalent in India. Afidopyropen (0.2 mg/L) was administered to fish for 1, 10, 20, and 30 days as part of an experiment. The tissues in the control group were found healthy. The abnormalities in the brain were Neural Degeneration (ND) Pyknotic Neuron (PN) Necrotic Internal Granule Cells (NIGC) Demyelination (DM). In gill tissues exposed to afidopyropen, hyperplasia, telangiectasia, epithelial separation, and total destruction of lamellae were seen. In the current study, afidopyropen damaged the organs, indicating its potential for harm. There were no sudden histological changes in one day-exposed group of the fishes. It could be due to healthy fish’s strong and quick adaptation capacity. The severity of stress and the associated histological changes would likely increase over time as the exposure to afidopyropen continues. However, prolonged exposure to the toxicant extremely affects the fish physiology leading to the form of above said pathological lesions.","PeriodicalId":23205,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology International","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138979047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-11DOI: 10.18311/ti/2023/v30i4/35228
S. Chavhan, C. Balachandran, A. Nambi, G. D. Raj, S. Vairamuthu
Considering the need for alternative medicine in alleviation of tumors and use of nanotechnology in furthering the action of herbal/natural products, the present study was designed to evaluate the anti-carcinogenic potential of Neem leaf Extract (NE) loaded calcium phosphate nanoparticles (NE-CaNP) on 7, 12-Dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA) induced mammary tumors in female Sprague-Dawley rats. Ultrastructurally, the NE-CaNP were smooth, spherical with a tendency to agglomerate and evenly distributed. The NE-CaNP had a mean diameter of 231.4 ± 89.2 nm and zeta potential of -31.3mV. The mean coupling efficiency of CaNP was 90-91 %. The experimental trial consisted of control, NE-CaNP control, DMBA, DMBA+NE and DMBA+NE-CaNP groups. The mean latency periods for occurrence of mammary tumor were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased in the DMBA+NE and DMBA+NE-CaNP groups compared to the DMBA group. The mean latency period in the DMBA+NE-CaNP group was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher than the DMBA+NE group. The mean tumor frequency, volume and weight were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) decreased in the DMBA+NE-CaNP group. Histopathologically, the number of benign lesions was found highest (47.54%) in DMBA+NE-CaNP group rats. The relative percent reduction in malignancy as compared to the DMBA group was 42.86% and 54.29% in the DMBA+NE and DMBA+NE-CaNP groups respectively. In conclusion, the neem leaf extract loaded calcium phosphate nanoparticles were found to have better anti-carcinogenic potential by significantly reducing the incidence, frequency, weight, volume, malignancy and increased the tumor latency period of DMBA induced mammary tumors in female Sprague-Dawley rats as compared to rats treated with neem extract alone. Findings of the present study suggested that the neem leaf extract loaded calcium phosphate nanoparticles (NE-CaNP) has immense anticancer potential in terms of reduction in tumor burden and malignancy.
{"title":"Assessment of Anti-Carcinogenic Potential of Neem (Azadirachta indica) Leaf Extract Loaded Calcium Phosphate Nanoparticles against Experimentally Induced Mammary Carcinogenesis in Rats","authors":"S. Chavhan, C. Balachandran, A. Nambi, G. D. Raj, S. Vairamuthu","doi":"10.18311/ti/2023/v30i4/35228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/ti/2023/v30i4/35228","url":null,"abstract":"Considering the need for alternative medicine in alleviation of tumors and use of nanotechnology in furthering the action of herbal/natural products, the present study was designed to evaluate the anti-carcinogenic potential of Neem leaf Extract (NE) loaded calcium phosphate nanoparticles (NE-CaNP) on 7, 12-Dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA) induced mammary tumors in female Sprague-Dawley rats. Ultrastructurally, the NE-CaNP were smooth, spherical with a tendency to agglomerate and evenly distributed. The NE-CaNP had a mean diameter of 231.4 ± 89.2 nm and zeta potential of -31.3mV. The mean coupling efficiency of CaNP was 90-91 %. The experimental trial consisted of control, NE-CaNP control, DMBA, DMBA+NE and DMBA+NE-CaNP groups. The mean latency periods for occurrence of mammary tumor were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased in the DMBA+NE and DMBA+NE-CaNP groups compared to the DMBA group. The mean latency period in the DMBA+NE-CaNP group was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher than the DMBA+NE group. The mean tumor frequency, volume and weight were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) decreased in the DMBA+NE-CaNP group. Histopathologically, the number of benign lesions was found highest (47.54%) in DMBA+NE-CaNP group rats. The relative percent reduction in malignancy as compared to the DMBA group was 42.86% and 54.29% in the DMBA+NE and DMBA+NE-CaNP groups respectively. In conclusion, the neem leaf extract loaded calcium phosphate nanoparticles were found to have better anti-carcinogenic potential by significantly reducing the incidence, frequency, weight, volume, malignancy and increased the tumor latency period of DMBA induced mammary tumors in female Sprague-Dawley rats as compared to rats treated with neem extract alone. Findings of the present study suggested that the neem leaf extract loaded calcium phosphate nanoparticles (NE-CaNP) has immense anticancer potential in terms of reduction in tumor burden and malignancy.","PeriodicalId":23205,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology International","volume":"65 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138979409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-11DOI: 10.18311/ti/2023/v30i4/30998
V. S. Devi, Chitra Vellapandian, R. Ilavarasan, M. Sumithra
Diabetic nephropathy is a growing disorder among diabetic patients. A multifactorial disorder affects various factors like elevated metabolism and hypertension and blocks various molecular pathways such as AGE (Advanced Glycation End Product), RAAS (Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System), PKC (Protein Kinase C), Hexosomamine, and polyol. Individuals are temporarily relieved by available combined treatments like ACE inhibitors and calcium channel blockers for blood pressure control as well as for severe albuminuria conditions, but these therapies have significant adverse health consequences. Herbal preparations play a potential role in the cure of various ailments that come first in the mind for humans which have least or without side effects and are economically stable for consumption. Since these constituents are cost-effective and have minimal side effects, scientifically validated phytochemicals or combined formulations are significant against diabetic nephropathy. This review focuses on the mechanism of receptors and the genes involved in the disease and the potential phytochemicals effectiveness against it.
{"title":"Role of Phytochemicals against Diabetic Nephropathy: An Insight into Molecular Receptors","authors":"V. S. Devi, Chitra Vellapandian, R. Ilavarasan, M. Sumithra","doi":"10.18311/ti/2023/v30i4/30998","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/ti/2023/v30i4/30998","url":null,"abstract":"Diabetic nephropathy is a growing disorder among diabetic patients. A multifactorial disorder affects various factors like elevated metabolism and hypertension and blocks various molecular pathways such as AGE (Advanced Glycation End Product), RAAS (Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System), PKC (Protein Kinase C), Hexosomamine, and polyol. Individuals are temporarily relieved by available combined treatments like ACE inhibitors and calcium channel blockers for blood pressure control as well as for severe albuminuria conditions, but these therapies have significant adverse health consequences. Herbal preparations play a potential role in the cure of various ailments that come first in the mind for humans which have least or without side effects and are economically stable for consumption. Since these constituents are cost-effective and have minimal side effects, scientifically validated phytochemicals or combined formulations are significant against diabetic nephropathy. This review focuses on the mechanism of receptors and the genes involved in the disease and the potential phytochemicals effectiveness against it.","PeriodicalId":23205,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology International","volume":"9 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138980723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-11DOI: 10.18311/ti/2023/v30i4/34908
Chandana Narasimha Rao, M. Sujatha
industrial applications led to an alarming rise in their presence, heightening the potential for contamination in various environmental mediums. In order to mitigate the adverse impacts of these heavy metals, it is imperative to reduce their concentrations in environmental samples. Therefore, this study aimed to produce zinc nanoparticles employing Diospyros chloroxylon (Roxb.) to effectively eliminate carcinogenic metals from water. The produced nanoparticles were subjected to comprehensive characterization using FT-IR, XRD, SEM, and EDX techniques. The XRD data indicated the emergence of a hexagonal wurtzite structure. SEM images illustrated the spherical morphology of the synthesized particles, with an average diameter measuring 53 nm and having elemental zinc accounting for 69.4% of the composition. The subsequent heavy metal sorption experiments encompassed a range of variables, remarkably, the nanoparticles displayed exceptional adsorption capabilities, achieving maximum removal rates of 95.81%, 90.13%, and 91.25% within an equilibrium time of 90 minutes for Cr, Pb, and Cd, respectively. The adsorption process adhered to a pseudo-first-order reaction kinetics model, with high correlation coefficients of 0.9561, 0.99058, and 0.98481, along with respective rate constants (K) of 0.483, 0.233, and 0.328 for Cr, Pb, and Cd. The outcomes highlight that the synthesized zinc nanoparticles exhibit biocompatibility, stability, and reusability, making them a promising tool for effectively removing carcinogenic heavy metals from polluted water sources.
{"title":"Green Synthesis of Stable and Reusable Zinc Nanoparticle Adsorbents for the Removal of Carcinogenic Heavy Metals in Aqueous Solution","authors":"Chandana Narasimha Rao, M. Sujatha","doi":"10.18311/ti/2023/v30i4/34908","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/ti/2023/v30i4/34908","url":null,"abstract":"industrial applications led to an alarming rise in their presence, heightening the potential for contamination in various environmental mediums. In order to mitigate the adverse impacts of these heavy metals, it is imperative to reduce their concentrations in environmental samples. Therefore, this study aimed to produce zinc nanoparticles employing Diospyros chloroxylon (Roxb.) to effectively eliminate carcinogenic metals from water. The produced nanoparticles were subjected to comprehensive characterization using FT-IR, XRD, SEM, and EDX techniques. The XRD data indicated the emergence of a hexagonal wurtzite structure. SEM images illustrated the spherical morphology of the synthesized particles, with an average diameter measuring 53 nm and having elemental zinc accounting for 69.4% of the composition. The subsequent heavy metal sorption experiments encompassed a range of variables, remarkably, the nanoparticles displayed exceptional adsorption capabilities, achieving maximum removal rates of 95.81%, 90.13%, and 91.25% within an equilibrium time of 90 minutes for Cr, Pb, and Cd, respectively. The adsorption process adhered to a pseudo-first-order reaction kinetics model, with high correlation coefficients of 0.9561, 0.99058, and 0.98481, along with respective rate constants (K) of 0.483, 0.233, and 0.328 for Cr, Pb, and Cd. The outcomes highlight that the synthesized zinc nanoparticles exhibit biocompatibility, stability, and reusability, making them a promising tool for effectively removing carcinogenic heavy metals from polluted water sources.","PeriodicalId":23205,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology International","volume":"33 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138979352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-11DOI: 10.18311/ti/2023/v30i4/33071
Shelly Sharma, Sukanya Mehra, Pooja Chadha
The present study was planned to evaluate the mitigating effect of cow urine against the detrimental effects induced by Chlorpyrifos (CPF), an organophosphate pesticide, in different tissues of rat. The LD50 was determined and 1/4th of LD50 i.e., 38mg/ kg b.wt was selected for treatment. Sexually mature rats weighing 120±10 g was orally administered with selected dose and cow urine. After 24, 48 and 72 hours biochemical analysis was done using different biomarkers in different tissues. In light of available data, it was deduced that CPF has propensity to cause marked perturbations in the antioxidant enzymes. Further, cow urine mitigated the oxidative stress induced by CPF in different tissues. Thus, this study emphasizes the importance of use of cow urine as a natural source of antioxidants which could be beneficial in the therapeutic world for the treatment of various disorders implicating oxidative stress.
{"title":"Mitigating Effect of Cow Urine against Chlorpyrifos Induced Oxidative Stress","authors":"Shelly Sharma, Sukanya Mehra, Pooja Chadha","doi":"10.18311/ti/2023/v30i4/33071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/ti/2023/v30i4/33071","url":null,"abstract":"The present study was planned to evaluate the mitigating effect of cow urine against the detrimental effects induced by Chlorpyrifos (CPF), an organophosphate pesticide, in different tissues of rat. The LD50 was determined and 1/4th of LD50 i.e., 38mg/ kg b.wt was selected for treatment. Sexually mature rats weighing 120±10 g was orally administered with selected dose and cow urine. After 24, 48 and 72 hours biochemical analysis was done using different biomarkers in different tissues. In light of available data, it was deduced that CPF has propensity to cause marked perturbations in the antioxidant enzymes. Further, cow urine mitigated the oxidative stress induced by CPF in different tissues. Thus, this study emphasizes the importance of use of cow urine as a natural source of antioxidants which could be beneficial in the therapeutic world for the treatment of various disorders implicating oxidative stress.","PeriodicalId":23205,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology International","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138981669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-11DOI: 10.18311/ti/2023/v30i4/33893
J. Bhardwaj, Vishavjeet Rathee
The widespread utilization of Nanoparticles (NPs) in industrial, medical, and consumer goods prompted worries about their possible toxicity. Growing concerns towards individual well- being may however impede the widespread use of this intriguing invention. Although people are exposed to nanoparticles from an early age, but it has increased significantly in the past several years owing to anthropogenic sources of these nanoparticles. The consequences of nanoparticles on the male and female reproductive system are addressed in this review. NPs can infiltrate the epithelial barrier, placental barrier, and blood-testis-barrier and then amass in reproductive organs. NPs amassing impairs organs such as the testis, ovaries and uterus via obliterating Leydig cells, Sertoli cells and Germ Cells, exacerbating reproductive system impairment which unduly affects the quality, amount, morphology, and mobility of sperms or decreasing the amount of egg maturation and distress the folliculogenesis mainly primary and secondary follicular development. NPs may also alter secreted hormone levels and induce effects on sexual behavior. These detrimental effects correlate to nanoparticle composition, surface modification, dosage, mode of transmission and animal species. The current review, however, concentrates on nanoparticles induced toxicological issues and their potential toxicity mechanisms such as oxidative damage, apoptosis, inflammation as well as genotoxicity. NPs may enhance inflammatory response, and oxidative stress, and produce ROS damage, which leads to cytotoxicity at both molecular and genetic levels.
{"title":"Toxicological Impact of Nanoparticles on Reproductive System: A Review","authors":"J. Bhardwaj, Vishavjeet Rathee","doi":"10.18311/ti/2023/v30i4/33893","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/ti/2023/v30i4/33893","url":null,"abstract":"The widespread utilization of Nanoparticles (NPs) in industrial, medical, and consumer goods prompted worries about their possible toxicity. Growing concerns towards individual well- being may however impede the widespread use of this intriguing invention. Although people are exposed to nanoparticles from an early age, but it has increased significantly in the past several years owing to anthropogenic sources of these nanoparticles. The consequences of nanoparticles on the male and female reproductive system are addressed in this review. NPs can infiltrate the epithelial barrier, placental barrier, and blood-testis-barrier and then amass in reproductive organs. NPs amassing impairs organs such as the testis, ovaries and uterus via obliterating Leydig cells, Sertoli cells and Germ Cells, exacerbating reproductive system impairment which unduly affects the quality, amount, morphology, and mobility of sperms or decreasing the amount of egg maturation and distress the folliculogenesis mainly primary and secondary follicular development. NPs may also alter secreted hormone levels and induce effects on sexual behavior. These detrimental effects correlate to nanoparticle composition, surface modification, dosage, mode of transmission and animal species. The current review, however, concentrates on nanoparticles induced toxicological issues and their potential toxicity mechanisms such as oxidative damage, apoptosis, inflammation as well as genotoxicity. NPs may enhance inflammatory response, and oxidative stress, and produce ROS damage, which leads to cytotoxicity at both molecular and genetic levels.","PeriodicalId":23205,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology International","volume":"76 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138978642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-11DOI: 10.18311/ti/2023/v30i4/35270
S. Raut, Bhupinder Singh Chopra, Neeraj Khatri
Animal models are frequently employed in scientific studies to collect data from an entire set of experiments. Haematological tests on these laboratory mice are essential for confirming scientific findings because diverse mouse strains have been used to examine various diseases and novel therapeutic methods. This work is aimed to establish haematological values in mouse strains used in biomedical research. Blood samples were taken from the retro-orbital sinus of mice from various strains and haematological parameters including total White Blood Cells (WBC), Red Blood Cells (RBC), Haemoglobin (HGB), Haematocrit (HCT), Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV), Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin (MCH), Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin Concentration (MCHC), Red Blood Cell Dimension Width ( RDW), platelets, Mean Platelet Volume (MPV) and Platelet Dimension Width (PDW) were assessed. Compared to other strains (BALB/c, M:9.61, F:9.51; C57BL6/N, M:10.13, F:10.73; DBA/2, M:11.96, F:10.88), the mean values of WBCs (*103/μL) in DBA/1 mice were higher (M:14.02; F:14.65) and lower in NOD (M:7.14; F:6.54). The mean RBCs in different strains of mice used in this study ranged from 8.78-11.67*106/μL. Male mean haemoglobin valves in BALB/c, C57BL/6N, DBA/1, DBA/2 and NOD were 14.60, 13.32, 13.00, 14.35 and 13.48 (g/dL), respectively, while in females were 14.3, 14.09, 13.11, 12.65 and 13.24 (g/dL), respectively. The mean platelet counts in NOD mice (M:1826.60 and F:1557.80*103/μL) were significantly higher than other strains. Haematological profiles of the mice used in the study were consistent as reported previously for mice maintained in different animal facilities. The haematological values presented in this study can be used as reference values in biomedical research.
{"title":"Haematological Profile of Various Inbred Strains of Mice Maintained at IMTech Centre for Animal Resources and Experimentation (iCARE)","authors":"S. Raut, Bhupinder Singh Chopra, Neeraj Khatri","doi":"10.18311/ti/2023/v30i4/35270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/ti/2023/v30i4/35270","url":null,"abstract":"Animal models are frequently employed in scientific studies to collect data from an entire set of experiments. Haematological tests on these laboratory mice are essential for confirming scientific findings because diverse mouse strains have been used to examine various diseases and novel therapeutic methods. This work is aimed to establish haematological values in mouse strains used in biomedical research. Blood samples were taken from the retro-orbital sinus of mice from various strains and haematological parameters including total White Blood Cells (WBC), Red Blood Cells (RBC), Haemoglobin (HGB), Haematocrit (HCT), Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV), Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin (MCH), Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin Concentration (MCHC), Red Blood Cell Dimension Width ( RDW), platelets, Mean Platelet Volume (MPV) and Platelet Dimension Width (PDW) were assessed. Compared to other strains (BALB/c, M:9.61, F:9.51; C57BL6/N, M:10.13, F:10.73; DBA/2, M:11.96, F:10.88), the mean values of WBCs (*103/μL) in DBA/1 mice were higher (M:14.02; F:14.65) and lower in NOD (M:7.14; F:6.54). The mean RBCs in different strains of mice used in this study ranged from 8.78-11.67*106/μL. Male mean haemoglobin valves in BALB/c, C57BL/6N, DBA/1, DBA/2 and NOD were 14.60, 13.32, 13.00, 14.35 and 13.48 (g/dL), respectively, while in females were 14.3, 14.09, 13.11, 12.65 and 13.24 (g/dL), respectively. The mean platelet counts in NOD mice (M:1826.60 and F:1557.80*103/μL) were significantly higher than other strains. Haematological profiles of the mice used in the study were consistent as reported previously for mice maintained in different animal facilities. The haematological values presented in this study can be used as reference values in biomedical research.","PeriodicalId":23205,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology International","volume":"2 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138980783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-21DOI: 10.18311/ti/2023/v30i4/34631
Y. Prashar, Nilesh J. Patel, Deepanshi Sharma
Regulation of feeding behavior to control obesity is an alternative line of research for the treatment of obesity and diabetes. Compared to other models of obesity, the progesterone-induced obesity model is more specific to the female population; it focuses on the eating behavior and behavioral and emotional changes associated with progesterone. We aimed to study the changes in feeding behavior upon progesterone administration and the effects of Myrica nagi Thunb (Myricaceae) extracts on these changes. Further, this study aimed to provide insights into the progesterone-induced hyperphagia modulated by serotonergic and dopaminergic systems. In this study, experimental obesity was induced in female mice by treating with a high dose of progesterone for 28 days (sub-chronic study) followed by the assessment of parameters such as food consumption behavior, behavioral parameters including ambulatory movements, rearing, and grooming, and biochemical parameters such as lipid profile (total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein, and low-density lipoprotein), liver parameters (alkaline phosphatase and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase), serotonin and dopamine levels, and liver histopathology. The sub-chronic administration of progesterone, via the subcutaneous route, induced significant hyperphagia and promoted fat accumulation. Even though we did not find significant differences in food intake between mice in the control group and progesterone-treated groups, the final weight in the progesterone-administered groups increased, signifying the impact of this progesterone-induced obesity model. Treatment with MEMN extract reversed the progesterone-induced effects suggesting that herbal extracts can be exploited as serotonergic and dopaminergic agents for the treatment of progesterone-induced eating disorders, especially in the female population.
{"title":"Progesterone-Induced Hyperphagia is Attenuated by Myrica nagi through Dopaminergic and Serotonergic Modulation in Female Mice","authors":"Y. Prashar, Nilesh J. Patel, Deepanshi Sharma","doi":"10.18311/ti/2023/v30i4/34631","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/ti/2023/v30i4/34631","url":null,"abstract":"Regulation of feeding behavior to control obesity is an alternative line of research for the treatment of obesity and diabetes. Compared to other models of obesity, the progesterone-induced obesity model is more specific to the female population; it focuses on the eating behavior and behavioral and emotional changes associated with progesterone. We aimed to study the changes in feeding behavior upon progesterone administration and the effects of Myrica nagi Thunb (Myricaceae) extracts on these changes. Further, this study aimed to provide insights into the progesterone-induced hyperphagia modulated by serotonergic and dopaminergic systems. In this study, experimental obesity was induced in female mice by treating with a high dose of progesterone for 28 days (sub-chronic study) followed by the assessment of parameters such as food consumption behavior, behavioral parameters including ambulatory movements, rearing, and grooming, and biochemical parameters such as lipid profile (total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein, and low-density lipoprotein), liver parameters (alkaline phosphatase and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase), serotonin and dopamine levels, and liver histopathology. The sub-chronic administration of progesterone, via the subcutaneous route, induced significant hyperphagia and promoted fat accumulation. Even though we did not find significant differences in food intake between mice in the control group and progesterone-treated groups, the final weight in the progesterone-administered groups increased, signifying the impact of this progesterone-induced obesity model. Treatment with MEMN extract reversed the progesterone-induced effects suggesting that herbal extracts can be exploited as serotonergic and dopaminergic agents for the treatment of progesterone-induced eating disorders, especially in the female population.","PeriodicalId":23205,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology International","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139254255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-10DOI: 10.18311/ti/2023/v30i4/34207
S. Gaidhani, S. Reddy, S. Ala, Sanjaya Kumar, S. Jamadagni, Pranita Joshi Deshmukh, K. Subrahmanyam, G. Avinash
The present study is focused on establishing the safety of the formulation through acute and 90 days of repeated oral dose toxicity as per the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) guidelines. During the acute toxicity test, the drug was orally administered at a limited test dose of 2000 mg/kg. Clinical signs, feed and body weight were recorded. At the end of 14 days, the animals were euthanized and subjected to a detailed post-mortem examination (necropsy). As per OECD, 408 the 90 days repeated dose oral toxicity study was carried out with three different doses of test drug i.e., 1500, 1000 and 500 mg/kg. Cage side observations, body weight and feed intake were recorded. Upon termination of the study, urine analysis, haematology and clinical biochemical examinations were performed. Finally, the rats were subjected to euthanasia, a gross necropsy was conducted and vital organs were weighed and made prone for histopathological evaluation. Cage-side observation of AYUSH-SC-3 treated animals showed no signs of toxicity, and the mortality or moribund state was observed in both of the studies. No significant change in body weight and feed intake was seen in AYUSH-SC-3 treated animals. Gross morphology and necropsy findings of the animals revealed no treatment-related. Haematological and biochemical parameters of rats treated with AYUSH-SC-3 were found to be non-significant when compared to the control group. Necropsy findings and relative organ weights did not change significantly. Further, the histopathological analysis of major organs showed no major lesions and treatment-related changes. The LD50 of AYUSH SC-3 is greater than 2000 mg/kg and NOAEL is up to 1500 mg/kg.
{"title":"Safety Assessment of AYUSH SC-3 through Acute and 90 Days Repeated Dose Oral Toxicity Study","authors":"S. Gaidhani, S. Reddy, S. Ala, Sanjaya Kumar, S. Jamadagni, Pranita Joshi Deshmukh, K. Subrahmanyam, G. Avinash","doi":"10.18311/ti/2023/v30i4/34207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/ti/2023/v30i4/34207","url":null,"abstract":"The present study is focused on establishing the safety of the formulation through acute and 90 days of repeated oral dose toxicity as per the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) guidelines. During the acute toxicity test, the drug was orally administered at a limited test dose of 2000 mg/kg. Clinical signs, feed and body weight were recorded. At the end of 14 days, the animals were euthanized and subjected to a detailed post-mortem examination (necropsy). As per OECD, 408 the 90 days repeated dose oral toxicity study was carried out with three different doses of test drug i.e., 1500, 1000 and 500 mg/kg. Cage side observations, body weight and feed intake were recorded. Upon termination of the study, urine analysis, haematology and clinical biochemical examinations were performed. Finally, the rats were subjected to euthanasia, a gross necropsy was conducted and vital organs were weighed and made prone for histopathological evaluation. Cage-side observation of AYUSH-SC-3 treated animals showed no signs of toxicity, and the mortality or moribund state was observed in both of the studies. No significant change in body weight and feed intake was seen in AYUSH-SC-3 treated animals. Gross morphology and necropsy findings of the animals revealed no treatment-related. Haematological and biochemical parameters of rats treated with AYUSH-SC-3 were found to be non-significant when compared to the control group. Necropsy findings and relative organ weights did not change significantly. Further, the histopathological analysis of major organs showed no major lesions and treatment-related changes. The LD50 of AYUSH SC-3 is greater than 2000 mg/kg and NOAEL is up to 1500 mg/kg.","PeriodicalId":23205,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology International","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139280751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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