Pub Date : 2023-03-20DOI: 10.18311/ti/2023/v30i1/30444
Sapna S. Anigol, Srinivas B Neglur, M. David
Pesticides are non-biodegradable substances used to control bugs, weeds, snails, and plant diseases. They are widely utilised in forestry, farming, and veterinary practices and are of incredible general well-being significance. Pesticides can be ordered by their utilisation into three significant sorts (in particular insect sprays, herbicides, and fungicides). Water defilement by these pesticides is known to prompt harmful effects on the creation, proliferation, and survivability of aquatic life forms, like green growth, amphibian plants, and fish (shellfish and finfish species). The information presented in this study is used to assess the negative effects of exposing fish species to pesticide concentrations. Pyrethroids are regularly utilised around the home and in agricultural production to control bugs. Human contact with at least one pyrethroid bug spray is reasonable. These synthetic substances cause serious harm to aquatic biological systems, particularly fish. The principle points and objective of the present investigation are to assess the effect of cyphenothrin on carbohydrate metabolism in the fish. Cirrihinus mrigal is a monetarily significant Indian major carp. A freshwater fish, Cirrihinus mrigal, was exposed to bug spray, i.e., cyphenothrin a manufactured pyrethroid. The LC50 for cyphenothrin at 96 hrs was 6 μg/L by probit analysis. One-fifth of LC50 (120 μg/L), was chosen as the sublethal focus. The fish were subjected to sub-lethal concentrations for 10, 20, 30 and 40 days, and the changes in starch digestion, for example, absolute glycogen, as well as the activities of catalysts Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) and Succinate Dehydrogenase (SDH) in critical organs, such as the gill, kidney, and liver, were studied.
{"title":"Blood Glucose and Glycogen Levels as Indicators of Stress in the Freshwater Fish, Cirrihinus mrigal under Cyphenothrin Intoxication","authors":"Sapna S. Anigol, Srinivas B Neglur, M. David","doi":"10.18311/ti/2023/v30i1/30444","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/ti/2023/v30i1/30444","url":null,"abstract":"Pesticides are non-biodegradable substances used to control bugs, weeds, snails, and plant diseases. They are widely utilised in forestry, farming, and veterinary practices and are of incredible general well-being significance. Pesticides can be ordered by their utilisation into three significant sorts (in particular insect sprays, herbicides, and fungicides). Water defilement by these pesticides is known to prompt harmful effects on the creation, proliferation, and survivability of aquatic life forms, like green growth, amphibian plants, and fish (shellfish and finfish species). The information presented in this study is used to assess the negative effects of exposing fish species to pesticide concentrations. Pyrethroids are regularly utilised around the home and in agricultural production to control bugs. Human contact with at least one pyrethroid bug spray is reasonable. These synthetic substances cause serious harm to aquatic biological systems, particularly fish. The principle points and objective of the present investigation are to assess the effect of cyphenothrin on carbohydrate metabolism in the fish. Cirrihinus mrigal is a monetarily significant Indian major carp. A freshwater fish, Cirrihinus mrigal, was exposed to bug spray, i.e., cyphenothrin a manufactured pyrethroid. The LC50 for cyphenothrin at 96 hrs was 6 μg/L by probit analysis. One-fifth of LC50 (120 μg/L), was chosen as the sublethal focus. The fish were subjected to sub-lethal concentrations for 10, 20, 30 and 40 days, and the changes in starch digestion, for example, absolute glycogen, as well as the activities of catalysts Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) and Succinate Dehydrogenase (SDH) in critical organs, such as the gill, kidney, and liver, were studied.","PeriodicalId":23205,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology International","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43619822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-20DOI: 10.18311/ti/2023/v30i1/31892
R. Shukla, Veena Sharma
Contagious infections cause over 17 million human deaths in a year among which diseases caused by bacteria are the most prominent ones. Additionally, in the last few years, the haphazard usage of antibiotics has provoked the condition of multifarious defiance in the bacterial strains against these chemical drugs thus contributing to an upsurge towards severe economic and communal welfare-related uncertainties. Thus, to annihilate such situations there is a compelling demand to explore novel substitutes to overcome these concerns. Hence, such problematic situations bring up the limelight towards plant-derived proteins/peptides possessing antimicrobial activity which prove to be excellent alternatives against bacterial pathogens causing serious maladies in humans. Therefore, in this context the current study investigated the antibacterial potential of the Ethanol, Methanol and Chloroform peptides/protein isolate obtained from pods of Acacia nilotica by Disc-Diffusion Assay and MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) against E. coli and B. subtilis bacterial strains. The antibacterial activity of all three solvent peptide isolates was found to be exhibiting antimicrobial activity at a concentration of 100μg/ml against B. subtilis with Disc-Diffusion as well as MIC with Chloroform isolate displaying the highest activity against gram-positive Bacillus species. Therefore, such plant-derived antibacterial proteins/peptides in the future can be used as a therapeutic drug to combat various severe bacterial maladies thus providing a better alternative than antibiotics both in terms of safety against unwanted secondary effects as well as will also help in bringing down the graphs of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) posing a serious threat to the human health. As a result, the study concludes that peptide isolates obtained from Acacia nilotica pods are effective against gram-positive Bacillus species, making them an important antibacterial compound.
{"title":"Validating the Antimicrobial Potentiality of Peptides from Pods of Acacia nilotica Willd.ex Delile: A Spotlight on Bacterial Fauna","authors":"R. Shukla, Veena Sharma","doi":"10.18311/ti/2023/v30i1/31892","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/ti/2023/v30i1/31892","url":null,"abstract":"Contagious infections cause over 17 million human deaths in a year among which diseases caused by bacteria are the most prominent ones. Additionally, in the last few years, the haphazard usage of antibiotics has provoked the condition of multifarious defiance in the bacterial strains against these chemical drugs thus contributing to an upsurge towards severe economic and communal welfare-related uncertainties. Thus, to annihilate such situations there is a compelling demand to explore novel substitutes to overcome these concerns. Hence, such problematic situations bring up the limelight towards plant-derived proteins/peptides possessing antimicrobial activity which prove to be excellent alternatives against bacterial pathogens causing serious maladies in humans. Therefore, in this context the current study investigated the antibacterial potential of the Ethanol, Methanol and Chloroform peptides/protein isolate obtained from pods of Acacia nilotica by Disc-Diffusion Assay and MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) against E. coli and B. subtilis bacterial strains. The antibacterial activity of all three solvent peptide isolates was found to be exhibiting antimicrobial activity at a concentration of 100μg/ml against B. subtilis with Disc-Diffusion as well as MIC with Chloroform isolate displaying the highest activity against gram-positive Bacillus species. Therefore, such plant-derived antibacterial proteins/peptides in the future can be used as a therapeutic drug to combat various severe bacterial maladies thus providing a better alternative than antibiotics both in terms of safety against unwanted secondary effects as well as will also help in bringing down the graphs of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) posing a serious threat to the human health. As a result, the study concludes that peptide isolates obtained from Acacia nilotica pods are effective against gram-positive Bacillus species, making them an important antibacterial compound.","PeriodicalId":23205,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology International","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45618660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-20DOI: 10.18311/ti/2023/v30i1/30246
Leena Khurana, P. Chaturvedi, C. Sharma, P. Bhatnagar, Nidhi Gupta
The neonicotinoid class of insecticide is nicotine-like neuro-toxicants used to control the pests of agriculture crops and ornamental plants. They act as selective agonists of acetylcholine receptors in the central nervous system of insect pests and work by disrupting their nerve impulses. Some of the properties of this class of insecticides are a long half-life in soil, low volatility, and higher water solubility, leading to their accumulation in soil, underground water, and water bodies due to surface runoff. This, in turn, results in exposure to many beneficial non-target aquatic and soil fauna such as arthropods, fish, birds, mammals, etc. Although it has a selective mode of action for insects, some in vivo and in vitro investigations have also shown toxicity in non-target invertebrates and vertebrates. Initially, neonicotinoid toxicity was observed in honey bees, which are essential pollinators of crops. Later, studies reported the accumulation of neonicotinoid residues leading to the mortality of aquatic fauna, including salt marsh and freshwater mosquitoes, brine shrimp, fleas, and crayfish. Imidacloprid exposure led to disruption of larval development in the Mayfly larvae. Also, earthworms that play a crucial role in enhancing soil fertility were drastically affected by acetamiprid, clothianidin, imidacloprid, nitenpyram, and thiacloprid. Apart from these, toxicological impacts were also observed in vertebrates such as birds, where imidacloprid, clothianidin, acetamiprid, and thiacloprid caused reproductive, metabolic, and morphological alterations. Similarly, imidacloprid and acetamiprid caused gills, brain and liver dysfunction with embryo mortality. Even after the selective action of neonicotinoids, instances of mammalian toxicity were also reported in many in vivo studies. DNA damage and liver dysfunctions due to imidacloprid in rabbits were observed in various studies. In a recent study, imidacloprid exposure led to DNA damage and oxidative stress in bone marrow-derived mesenchymal cells of buffalo. Also, many instances of neurotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, immunotoxicity, genotoxicity and cytotoxicity in mouse and rat models were observed due to different neonicotinoids. Many in vitro studies using mammalian cell lines have also established potential risks of neonicotinoid exposure. This review, therefore, is a compilation of various toxicity studies of different types of neonicotinoid pesticides in both nontarget invertebrates and vertebrates, including several kinds of toxicities caused in mammals with neonicotinoid exposure.
{"title":"Toxic Effects Associated With Neonicotinoid Exposure on Non-target Organisms: A Review","authors":"Leena Khurana, P. Chaturvedi, C. Sharma, P. Bhatnagar, Nidhi Gupta","doi":"10.18311/ti/2023/v30i1/30246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/ti/2023/v30i1/30246","url":null,"abstract":"The neonicotinoid class of insecticide is nicotine-like neuro-toxicants used to control the pests of agriculture crops and ornamental plants. They act as selective agonists of acetylcholine receptors in the central nervous system of insect pests and work by disrupting their nerve impulses. Some of the properties of this class of insecticides are a long half-life in soil, low volatility, and higher water solubility, leading to their accumulation in soil, underground water, and water bodies due to surface runoff. This, in turn, results in exposure to many beneficial non-target aquatic and soil fauna such as arthropods, fish, birds, mammals, etc. Although it has a selective mode of action for insects, some in vivo and in vitro investigations have also shown toxicity in non-target invertebrates and vertebrates. Initially, neonicotinoid toxicity was observed in honey bees, which are essential pollinators of crops. Later, studies reported the accumulation of neonicotinoid residues leading to the mortality of aquatic fauna, including salt marsh and freshwater mosquitoes, brine shrimp, fleas, and crayfish. Imidacloprid exposure led to disruption of larval development in the Mayfly larvae. Also, earthworms that play a crucial role in enhancing soil fertility were drastically affected by acetamiprid, clothianidin, imidacloprid, nitenpyram, and thiacloprid. Apart from these, toxicological impacts were also observed in vertebrates such as birds, where imidacloprid, clothianidin, acetamiprid, and thiacloprid caused reproductive, metabolic, and morphological alterations. Similarly, imidacloprid and acetamiprid caused gills, brain and liver dysfunction with embryo mortality. Even after the selective action of neonicotinoids, instances of mammalian toxicity were also reported in many in vivo studies. DNA damage and liver dysfunctions due to imidacloprid in rabbits were observed in various studies. In a recent study, imidacloprid exposure led to DNA damage and oxidative stress in bone marrow-derived mesenchymal cells of buffalo. Also, many instances of neurotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, immunotoxicity, genotoxicity and cytotoxicity in mouse and rat models were observed due to different neonicotinoids. Many in vitro studies using mammalian cell lines have also established potential risks of neonicotinoid exposure. This review, therefore, is a compilation of various toxicity studies of different types of neonicotinoid pesticides in both nontarget invertebrates and vertebrates, including several kinds of toxicities caused in mammals with neonicotinoid exposure.","PeriodicalId":23205,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology International","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43492750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-20DOI: 10.18311/ti/2023/v30i1/31390
N. G V, Chitra Vellapandian
Sargassum tenerrimum is a marine brown algae rich in phlorotannins, a class of marine polyphenols with significant biological activities. The present study aimed to prepare a phlorotannin-rich fraction from S. tenerrimum (PST) and evaluate its acute and subacute oral toxicity in Wistar albino rats according to the procedures and methods of the OECD test guidelines for acute and repeated dose 28-day oral toxicity studies. S. tenerrimum powder was extracted with ethanol and further fractionated with ethylacetate, 1-butanol, and water. The ethyl acetate fraction was found to have the highest total phlorotannin concentration and was evaluated for its safety. In the acute oral toxicity study, a single dose of PST at 2000 mg/kg body weight did not result in any treatment-related clinical symptoms of toxicity or mortality. Therefore, the median lethal dose (LD50) of PST was identified as greater than 2000 mg/kg. The subacute oral toxicity investigation at 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg doses administered for 28 days with a 14-day recovery period revealed no treatment-related adverse clinical symptoms or mortality/morbidity. The treated animals exhibited normal weight gain, feed intake and did not result in clinically significant toxicity as measured by clinical blood chemistry and hematological markers. Gross and histological examinations of selected tissues did not reveal any notable adverse alterations associated with the intervention. Under the study's findings, the LD50 for PST was determined to be >2000 mg/kg b.wt. and No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) to be 800 mg/kg rat b.wt.
{"title":"Acute and Repeated Dose 28-Day Oral Toxicity Studies of Phlorotannin Rich Fraction of Sargassum tenerrimum, A Marine Brown Algae","authors":"N. G V, Chitra Vellapandian","doi":"10.18311/ti/2023/v30i1/31390","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/ti/2023/v30i1/31390","url":null,"abstract":"Sargassum tenerrimum is a marine brown algae rich in phlorotannins, a class of marine polyphenols with significant biological activities. The present study aimed to prepare a phlorotannin-rich fraction from S. tenerrimum (PST) and evaluate its acute and subacute oral toxicity in Wistar albino rats according to the procedures and methods of the OECD test guidelines for acute and repeated dose 28-day oral toxicity studies. S. tenerrimum powder was extracted with ethanol and further fractionated with ethylacetate, 1-butanol, and water. The ethyl acetate fraction was found to have the highest total phlorotannin concentration and was evaluated for its safety. In the acute oral toxicity study, a single dose of PST at 2000 mg/kg body weight did not result in any treatment-related clinical symptoms of toxicity or mortality. Therefore, the median lethal dose (LD50) of PST was identified as greater than 2000 mg/kg. The subacute oral toxicity investigation at 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg doses administered for 28 days with a 14-day recovery period revealed no treatment-related adverse clinical symptoms or mortality/morbidity. The treated animals exhibited normal weight gain, feed intake and did not result in clinically significant toxicity as measured by clinical blood chemistry and hematological markers. Gross and histological examinations of selected tissues did not reveal any notable adverse alterations associated with the intervention. Under the study's findings, the LD50 for PST was determined to be >2000 mg/kg b.wt. and No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) to be 800 mg/kg rat b.wt.","PeriodicalId":23205,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology International","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47804778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-20DOI: 10.18311/ti/2023/v30i1/24528
Anfal Fedala, O. Adjroud, Asma Saouli, Imène Salah
Hexavalent chromium is an environmental pollutant considered to be an endocrine-disrupting metal. Selenium and zinc are essential trace elements, known to play a crucial role in thyroid homeostasis. The purpose of the current work is to investigate the effects of potassium dichromate (K₂Cr₂O7) administrated subcutaneously (s.c) on the 3rd day of pregnancy in preimplanted rats by using graded doses (10, 50, 100 mg/kg, s.c) or K₂Cr₂O7 (10 mg/kg, s.c) in association with Selenium (0.3 mg/kg, s.c) and Zinc chloride (20 mg/kg, s.c). The hormonal profile, apoptosis induction and histological changes in thyroids were evaluated. Our main findings showed that K₂Cr₂O7 promoted hypothyroidism with a significant decrease in plasma T3 and T4 levels (P<0.001), while plasma TSH level increased significantly (P<0.001), in addition, a hypertrophy of the thyroid was noted (P<0.01). Moreover, K2Cr2O7 (10 mg/kg, s.c) induced apoptosis via the caspase 3 pathway (P<0.001) and altered the gland histoarchitecture. The co-treatment with Se or ZnCl₂ has ameliorated the hormonal status and restored partially the thyroid histoarchitecture. We concluded that the administration of Selenium and Zinc can prevent the hazardous effects of potassium dichromate on the hormonal and histological status of the thyroid gland in preimplanted Wistar albino rats.
{"title":"Assessment of the Protective Effects of Selenium and Zinc against Potassium Dichromate Induced Thyrotoxicity in Preimplanted Wistar albinos Rats","authors":"Anfal Fedala, O. Adjroud, Asma Saouli, Imène Salah","doi":"10.18311/ti/2023/v30i1/24528","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/ti/2023/v30i1/24528","url":null,"abstract":"Hexavalent chromium is an environmental pollutant considered to be an endocrine-disrupting metal. Selenium and zinc are essential trace elements, known to play a crucial role in thyroid homeostasis. The purpose of the current work is to investigate the effects of potassium dichromate (K₂Cr₂O7) administrated subcutaneously (s.c) on the 3rd day of pregnancy in preimplanted rats by using graded doses (10, 50, 100 mg/kg, s.c) or K₂Cr₂O7 (10 mg/kg, s.c) in association with Selenium (0.3 mg/kg, s.c) and Zinc chloride (20 mg/kg, s.c). The hormonal profile, apoptosis induction and histological changes in thyroids were evaluated. Our main findings showed that K₂Cr₂O7 promoted hypothyroidism with a significant decrease in plasma T3 and T4 levels (P<0.001), while plasma TSH level increased significantly (P<0.001), in addition, a hypertrophy of the thyroid was noted (P<0.01). Moreover, K2Cr2O7 (10 mg/kg, s.c) induced apoptosis via the caspase 3 pathway (P<0.001) and altered the gland histoarchitecture. The co-treatment with Se or ZnCl₂ has ameliorated the hormonal status and restored partially the thyroid histoarchitecture. We concluded that the administration of Selenium and Zinc can prevent the hazardous effects of potassium dichromate on the hormonal and histological status of the thyroid gland in preimplanted Wistar albino rats.","PeriodicalId":23205,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology International","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48679850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-20DOI: 10.18311/ti/2023/v30i1/32123
Sunayana Mali, R. Yadav, V. Gauttam, Jyotiram A. Sawale
Taxonomy is a discipline of study that deals with the identification, naming, and categorization of plants. The word taxonomy is derived from the Greek words taxis, which means arrangement, and nomos, which means law. The Convention on Biological Diversity's administration and implementation is supported by the taxonomy's identification and enumeration of its constituent parts. Chemotaxonomy, also known as chemosystematics, is the endeavour to categorise and identify organisms (initially plants) based on biochemical compositional differences and similarities. About 10-25% species of the total over 400,000 species present on the planet Earth are used for human welfare. Plants and their habitats are destroyed for human benefit, and thus, valuable diversity is lost without understanding the utility. The classification and identification of organisms based on verifiable differences and similarities in their biochemical compositions are known as chemotaxonomy, sometimes known as chemosystematics. There are several methods for taxonomizing organisms. Chemotaxonomy-based plant selection is a prerequisite for successful natural product research. The rise of chemotaxonomy is mainly due to the advancement in analytical techniques for chemical analysis that can detect even trace amounts of chemical compounds. The current methodology, particularly for plants, is chemotaxonomy. In a nutshell, the biochemical makeup of plants and animals is used to classify them biologically based on similarities and differences. In this brief overview, problems associated with biodiversity and the use of modern tools to resolve these issues are discussed. In this review, the various plant drugs are discussed related to their various morphology, phytogeography, chemotaxonomy and taxonomy.
{"title":"An Updated Review on Taxonomy and Chemotaxonomy","authors":"Sunayana Mali, R. Yadav, V. Gauttam, Jyotiram A. Sawale","doi":"10.18311/ti/2023/v30i1/32123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/ti/2023/v30i1/32123","url":null,"abstract":"Taxonomy is a discipline of study that deals with the identification, naming, and categorization of plants. The word taxonomy is derived from the Greek words taxis, which means arrangement, and nomos, which means law. The Convention on Biological Diversity's administration and implementation is supported by the taxonomy's identification and enumeration of its constituent parts. Chemotaxonomy, also known as chemosystematics, is the endeavour to categorise and identify organisms (initially plants) based on biochemical compositional differences and similarities. About 10-25% species of the total over 400,000 species present on the planet Earth are used for human welfare. Plants and their habitats are destroyed for human benefit, and thus, valuable diversity is lost without understanding the utility. The classification and identification of organisms based on verifiable differences and similarities in their biochemical compositions are known as chemotaxonomy, sometimes known as chemosystematics. There are several methods for taxonomizing organisms. Chemotaxonomy-based plant selection is a prerequisite for successful natural product research. The rise of chemotaxonomy is mainly due to the advancement in analytical techniques for chemical analysis that can detect even trace amounts of chemical compounds. The current methodology, particularly for plants, is chemotaxonomy. In a nutshell, the biochemical makeup of plants and animals is used to classify them biologically based on similarities and differences. In this brief overview, problems associated with biodiversity and the use of modern tools to resolve these issues are discussed. In this review, the various plant drugs are discussed related to their various morphology, phytogeography, chemotaxonomy and taxonomy.","PeriodicalId":23205,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology International","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47548482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-20DOI: 10.18311/ti/2023/v30i1/30863
V. Bhargava, A. Netam, Rambir Singh, Poonam Sharma
Background and Aim: Exposure to Aluminium (Al) has been reported to cause neurotoxicity in laboratory animals. Amyloid-β (Aβ) plaque formation, tau protein hyperphosphorylation, and neuroinflammation have been indicated as the possible mechanism of Al-induced neurodegeneration. The present study aimed to understand the mechanism of aluminium chloride (AlCl3)-induced neurotoxicity in Wistar rats and to assess the neuroprotective effect of methanolic extract of Cassia tora leaves (MECT). Material and Methods: Seventy-two male Wistar rats were randomly divided into nine groups. AlCl3 (100 mg/kg bw) and MECT (300 mg/kg bw) were given orally by gavage and memantine (MEM) was administered intraperitoneally (20 mg/kg bw) to rats, daily for 60 days. The spatial learning memory and recognition memory were evaluated using the Morris Water Maze (MWM) test. The levels of oxidative stress, neurotransmitter markers, pro-inflammatory markers, Aβ proteins plaques formation and tau protein hyperphosphorylation were evaluated. Histopathology of brain tissue was performed to assess the extent of tissue damage on AlCl3 exposure. Results: MECT significantly improved cognitive behaviours in AlCl3-exposed rats during the MWM test. Treatment with MECT resulted in a significant recovery of antioxidant enzyme function, the activity of neurotransmitter markers and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. MECT prevented the aggregation of Aβ proteins and tau protein phosphorylation. Also, it inhibited the loss of neuronal integrity in the cortex and hippocampus regions of the brain in AlCl3-exposed rats. Conclusion: The findings demonstrate that a methanolic extract of Cassia tora leaves ameliorated AlCl3-induced neurodegeneration in Wistar rats.
{"title":"Cassia tora Mitigates Aluminium Chloride Induced Alterations in Pro-inflammatory Cytokines, Neurotransmitters, and Beta-amyloid and Tau Protein Markers in Wistar Rats","authors":"V. Bhargava, A. Netam, Rambir Singh, Poonam Sharma","doi":"10.18311/ti/2023/v30i1/30863","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/ti/2023/v30i1/30863","url":null,"abstract":"Background and Aim: Exposure to Aluminium (Al) has been reported to cause neurotoxicity in laboratory animals. Amyloid-β (Aβ) plaque formation, tau protein hyperphosphorylation, and neuroinflammation have been indicated as the possible mechanism of Al-induced neurodegeneration. The present study aimed to understand the mechanism of aluminium chloride (AlCl3)-induced neurotoxicity in Wistar rats and to assess the neuroprotective effect of methanolic extract of Cassia tora leaves (MECT). Material and Methods: Seventy-two male Wistar rats were randomly divided into nine groups. AlCl3 (100 mg/kg bw) and MECT (300 mg/kg bw) were given orally by gavage and memantine (MEM) was administered intraperitoneally (20 mg/kg bw) to rats, daily for 60 days. The spatial learning memory and recognition memory were evaluated using the Morris Water Maze (MWM) test. The levels of oxidative stress, neurotransmitter markers, pro-inflammatory markers, Aβ proteins plaques formation and tau protein hyperphosphorylation were evaluated. Histopathology of brain tissue was performed to assess the extent of tissue damage on AlCl3 exposure. Results: MECT significantly improved cognitive behaviours in AlCl3-exposed rats during the MWM test. Treatment with MECT resulted in a significant recovery of antioxidant enzyme function, the activity of neurotransmitter markers and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. MECT prevented the aggregation of Aβ proteins and tau protein phosphorylation. Also, it inhibited the loss of neuronal integrity in the cortex and hippocampus regions of the brain in AlCl3-exposed rats. Conclusion: The findings demonstrate that a methanolic extract of Cassia tora leaves ameliorated AlCl3-induced neurodegeneration in Wistar rats.","PeriodicalId":23205,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology International","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43531614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-07DOI: 10.18311/ti/2022/v29i4/30294
K. Gouri, P. Sinha
Di (2-ethyl hexyl) Phthalate (DEHP) is one of the plasticizers widely used in the manufacturing of plastics to make it flexible and durable. Present study is focussed to observe the deleterious effects of DEHP on male reproductive system of animals. For this, 1000 mg/kg body wt. of DEHP was administered to different groups of male Wistar rat for 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks. After each interval, rats were sacrificed and histological alterations in testis of rats were observed. On hormonal assay, testosterone level decreased significantly in DEHP exposed groups. The histological structure of the testis was also observed to be disrupted significantly with increasing duration of DEHP exposure. Organisation of seminiferous tubule was found distorted and disoriented showing large gaps between them along with degenerated epithelium. Evident changes in morphology of spermatozoa were seen with gradual loss of head and tail structure. Decrease in the number of Leydig cells and sertoli cells were also found suggesting DEHP as a potent toxicant for male reproductive system.
{"title":"Impact of DEHP Toxicity on Testis of Rat Leading to Disruption of Testis Histology","authors":"K. Gouri, P. Sinha","doi":"10.18311/ti/2022/v29i4/30294","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/ti/2022/v29i4/30294","url":null,"abstract":"Di (2-ethyl hexyl) Phthalate (DEHP) is one of the plasticizers widely used in the manufacturing of plastics to make it flexible and durable. Present study is focussed to observe the deleterious effects of DEHP on male reproductive system of animals. For this, 1000 mg/kg body wt. of DEHP was administered to different groups of male Wistar rat for 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks. After each interval, rats were sacrificed and histological alterations in testis of rats were observed. On hormonal assay, testosterone level decreased significantly in DEHP exposed groups. The histological structure of the testis was also observed to be disrupted significantly with increasing duration of DEHP exposure. Organisation of seminiferous tubule was found distorted and disoriented showing large gaps between them along with degenerated epithelium. Evident changes in morphology of spermatozoa were seen with gradual loss of head and tail structure. Decrease in the number of Leydig cells and sertoli cells were also found suggesting DEHP as a potent toxicant for male reproductive system.","PeriodicalId":23205,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology International","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67530860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-07DOI: 10.18311/ti/2022/v29i4/30376
B. Vijaya Geetha, K. Shreenidhi, Varshini Anand, H. Savithakshini, S. Subashini
One of the fastest-growing freshwater fish varieties is the Pangasius sp., which has a great capability for production and export growth. When Pangasius sp. is exposed to substances such as diclofenac, phenol, quinolones, sulfonamides, and tetracycline, even at low environmental exposure levels the fish tissue can develop chronic risk, genetic abnormalities, and histopathological changes. They come into contact with these antibiotics mostly through the discharge of pharmaceutical industry effluents, which contain antibiotic residues that are not been completely eliminated by wastewater treatment, thereby posing environmental concerns when released into aquatic ecosystems. The main objective of this review paper is to study the effect of the concentration of pharmaceutical drugs, farming techniques, and various substitutes for antibiotics that can be utilized to enhance the growth performance of Pangasius sp. Few studies conducted on toxicity demonstrated that increased mucus production in the gills and intestines, histological abnormalities in the liver and skin, and impaired immunoglobulin production have all been linked to sublethal phenol concentrations in fish. The consumption of these contaminated Pangasius sp. can raise various human health concerns. Therefore, exposure of Pangasius sp. to the detrimental pharmaceutical drug from industrial effluent must be held serious concern. Further research is required to conserve human health and the ecosystem.
{"title":"Pharmaceutical Drugs in Aquatic Environment and their Toxic Effect on Pangasius sp. : An Overview","authors":"B. Vijaya Geetha, K. Shreenidhi, Varshini Anand, H. Savithakshini, S. Subashini","doi":"10.18311/ti/2022/v29i4/30376","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/ti/2022/v29i4/30376","url":null,"abstract":"One of the fastest-growing freshwater fish varieties is the Pangasius sp., which has a great capability for production and export growth. When Pangasius sp. is exposed to substances such as diclofenac, phenol, quinolones, sulfonamides, and tetracycline, even at low environmental exposure levels the fish tissue can develop chronic risk, genetic abnormalities, and histopathological changes. They come into contact with these antibiotics mostly through the discharge of pharmaceutical industry effluents, which contain antibiotic residues that are not been completely eliminated by wastewater treatment, thereby posing environmental concerns when released into aquatic ecosystems. The main objective of this review paper is to study the effect of the concentration of pharmaceutical drugs, farming techniques, and various substitutes for antibiotics that can be utilized to enhance the growth performance of Pangasius sp. Few studies conducted on toxicity demonstrated that increased mucus production in the gills and intestines, histological abnormalities in the liver and skin, and impaired immunoglobulin production have all been linked to sublethal phenol concentrations in fish. The consumption of these contaminated Pangasius sp. can raise various human health concerns. Therefore, exposure of Pangasius sp. to the detrimental pharmaceutical drug from industrial effluent must be held serious concern. Further research is required to conserve human health and the ecosystem.","PeriodicalId":23205,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology International","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47346412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-07DOI: 10.18311/ti/2022/v29i4/30296
Bidhan Mahajon, A. Ramamurthy, Rupashri Nath, M. Gautam, Neeladrisingha Das, P. Roy
An experimental evaluation of anti-fatigue activity of Shramahara Mahaakashaaya (SM) and its applicability in sports medicine has been systematically evaluated. Aqueous, ethanolic and petroleum ether extracts of SM granules (200mg/kg) were studies for light-dark model test for assessment anti-anxiety effect, rota-rod test for assessment of the effect on muscle tone and muscle balance, weight loaded forced swimming test for assessment of anti-fatigue activity. The acute toxicity study of SM granules has also been evaluated as per the OECD 423. SM granules showed significant anti-fatigue activity in different experimental models and found safe up to 2000mg/kg body weight dose. The results provide an important basis for considering Shramahara Mahaakashaaya (SM) as an alternative medicine having anti-fatigue effects which can be further included in the sports medicine.
{"title":"Safety and Anti-Fatigue Activity of Ayurvedic Formulation Sramahara Mahaakaasaya - A Pre-Clinical Study","authors":"Bidhan Mahajon, A. Ramamurthy, Rupashri Nath, M. Gautam, Neeladrisingha Das, P. Roy","doi":"10.18311/ti/2022/v29i4/30296","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/ti/2022/v29i4/30296","url":null,"abstract":"An experimental evaluation of anti-fatigue activity of Shramahara Mahaakashaaya (SM) and its applicability in sports medicine has been systematically evaluated. Aqueous, ethanolic and petroleum ether extracts of SM granules (200mg/kg) were studies for light-dark model test for assessment anti-anxiety effect, rota-rod test for assessment of the effect on muscle tone and muscle balance, weight loaded forced swimming test for assessment of anti-fatigue activity. The acute toxicity study of SM granules has also been evaluated as per the OECD 423. SM granules showed significant anti-fatigue activity in different experimental models and found safe up to 2000mg/kg body weight dose. The results provide an important basis for considering Shramahara Mahaakashaaya (SM) as an alternative medicine having anti-fatigue effects which can be further included in the sports medicine.","PeriodicalId":23205,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology International","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44723464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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