Pub Date : 2023-02-07DOI: 10.18311/ti/2022/v29i4/30269
Nagesh B Birajdar, Madhav Pralhad Bhilav
Paraquat is a non-selective aquatic herbicide used to control nuisance vegetation in aquatic bodies. It potentially causes fish toxicity. The present investigation was undertaken to evaluate alterations in Acid Phosphatase (ACP) and Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) activity in fingerlings of commercially important Indian Major Carp Cirrhinus mrigala. Both ACP and ALP are popular biomarkers of pesticide toxicity- induced aquatic pollution. 96 hours of acute exposure to LC0 and LC50 concentrations and 30 days of chronic exposure to LC1/20th and LC1/10th concentration of paraquat were studied during the present experiment in selected four tissues viz. gill, liver, muscle and brain to interpret its comparative impact at different effective concentrations on selected target tissues of fish. 30 days of chronic exposure to LC1/10th dose of paraquat showed exceptionally highly significant (p<0.001) decline in ACP activity of all four tissues among all other treatment groups when compared with the control. The liver tissue of fishes exposed to both the acute concentrations of paraquat shows an exceptionally highly significant (p<0.001) decrease in ALP activity among all other treatment groups and tissues when compared with control. From the present study, it can be concluded that paraquat-induced decline in ACP and ALP activity in Cirrhinus mrigala can be utilized as a prominent biomarker of aquatic toxicity induced due to pesticides in non-targeted organisms like fish. Paraquat can be potentially considered an aquatic ecosystem hazard leading to severe environmental pollution and eco-toxicity.
{"title":"Impact of Paraquat on Acid and Alkaline Phosphatase Activity in Indian Major Carp Cirrhinus mrigala Hamilton","authors":"Nagesh B Birajdar, Madhav Pralhad Bhilav","doi":"10.18311/ti/2022/v29i4/30269","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/ti/2022/v29i4/30269","url":null,"abstract":"Paraquat is a non-selective aquatic herbicide used to control nuisance vegetation in aquatic bodies. It potentially causes fish toxicity. The present investigation was undertaken to evaluate alterations in Acid Phosphatase (ACP) and Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) activity in fingerlings of commercially important Indian Major Carp Cirrhinus mrigala. Both ACP and ALP are popular biomarkers of pesticide toxicity- induced aquatic pollution. 96 hours of acute exposure to LC0 and LC50 concentrations and 30 days of chronic exposure to LC1/20th and LC1/10th concentration of paraquat were studied during the present experiment in selected four tissues viz. gill, liver, muscle and brain to interpret its comparative impact at different effective concentrations on selected target tissues of fish. 30 days of chronic exposure to LC1/10th dose of paraquat showed exceptionally highly significant (p<0.001) decline in ACP activity of all four tissues among all other treatment groups when compared with the control. The liver tissue of fishes exposed to both the acute concentrations of paraquat shows an exceptionally highly significant (p<0.001) decrease in ALP activity among all other treatment groups and tissues when compared with control. From the present study, it can be concluded that paraquat-induced decline in ACP and ALP activity in Cirrhinus mrigala can be utilized as a prominent biomarker of aquatic toxicity induced due to pesticides in non-targeted organisms like fish. Paraquat can be potentially considered an aquatic ecosystem hazard leading to severe environmental pollution and eco-toxicity.","PeriodicalId":23205,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology International","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49473432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-07DOI: 10.18311/ti/2022/v29i4/29647
A. Shelke
The present study was aimed to evaluate the toxic effect of Silver nanoparticle on the liver, gill and muscle tissues of the Zebrafish, Danio rerio. The experiment was designed to understand the chronic toxicity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in adult fish, Danio rerio. In the chronic toxicity study adult fish, Danio rerio were divided in to two groups. First group was experimental group in which fish were successively treated with a graded series of 0.3, 0.6, 0.9 mg/l an average 60 nm. PVP. coated AgNPs treatment were given for 21 days, at the end of experimental period, Reduced glutathione activity (GSH), Lipid peroxidation activity (LPO), Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and Total protein in liver, gill and muscle tissues were assayed. Second group were kept as a control which was free from AgNPs exposure. The levels of Reduced glutathione activity (GSH) and Total protein were found to be decreased were as Lipid peroxidation activity (LPO) and Lactate dehydrogenase activity (LDH) were found to be elevated in liver, gill and muscle tissue of AgNPs treated Zebrafish Danio rerio.
{"title":"Toxic Effect of Silver Nanoparticles on Liver, Gill and Muscle Tissues of Zebrafish Danio rerio","authors":"A. Shelke","doi":"10.18311/ti/2022/v29i4/29647","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/ti/2022/v29i4/29647","url":null,"abstract":"The present study was aimed to evaluate the toxic effect of Silver nanoparticle on the liver, gill and muscle tissues of the Zebrafish, Danio rerio. The experiment was designed to understand the chronic toxicity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in adult fish, Danio rerio. In the chronic toxicity study adult fish, Danio rerio were divided in to two groups. First group was experimental group in which fish were successively treated with a graded series of 0.3, 0.6, 0.9 mg/l an average 60 nm. PVP. coated AgNPs treatment were given for 21 days, at the end of experimental period, Reduced glutathione activity (GSH), Lipid peroxidation activity (LPO), Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and Total protein in liver, gill and muscle tissues were assayed. Second group were kept as a control which was free from AgNPs exposure. The levels of Reduced glutathione activity (GSH) and Total protein were found to be decreased were as Lipid peroxidation activity (LPO) and Lactate dehydrogenase activity (LDH) were found to be elevated in liver, gill and muscle tissue of AgNPs treated Zebrafish Danio rerio. ","PeriodicalId":23205,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology International","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42558399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-07DOI: 10.18311/ti/2022/v29i4/30251
Y. Ravikumar, D. Madhuri, M. Lakshman, A. Gopalareddy, B. Kalakumar, B. Anilkumar
The work was designed with 4 groups for 28 days. 1: Control. 2: CdCl2 @ 22.5mg/ kg b.wt / oral. 3: CPF @ 25 mg/ kg b.wt /per oral. 4: CdCl2@22.5 mg + CPF @ 25 mg/ kg b.wt /per oral. Higher mean values of liver, kidney and brain TBARS were observed in G-2, 3 and 4 on 15th and 29th day. Liver section in group 2 revealed mild degenerative changes in group 3; in group 4 mild to moderate peri portal fibrosis. Kidney section in group 2 showed shrunken glomeruli, necrosis; kidney section showed degeneration and necrosis of tubular epithelium with casts in the lumen in group 3 and necrosis with casts in the lumen in group 4. Brain section in group 2 showed mild perivascular cuffing, mild to moderate degeneration of Purkinji cells in group 3 and in group 4 degeneration of Purkinje cells. Effects in G-4 were severe than individual groups due to synergistic action of the combined pollutants than the individual effects.
这项工作由4组设计，为期28天。1：控制。2:CdCl2@22.5mg kg b.wt/口服。3:CPF@25 mg/kg b.wt/每次口服。4：CdCl2@22.5mg+CPF@25 mg/kg b.wt/每次口服。在第15天和第29天，G-2、3和4中观察到较高的肝、肾和脑TBARS平均值。第2组的肝脏切片显示第3组有轻度退行性变化；第4组为轻度至中度门静脉周围纤维化。第2组肾切片显示肾小球缩小、坏死；肾切片显示肾小管上皮变性坏死，其中第3组管腔内有铸型，第4组管腔内无铸型。第2组的脑切片显示轻度血管周围凹陷，第3组和第4组的浦肯野细胞轻度至中度变性。由于组合污染物的协同作用，G-4的影响比单个组更严重。
{"title":"Cadmium and Chlorpyrifos Induced Lipid Peroxidation in Brain, Liver and Kidney of Wistar Rats","authors":"Y. Ravikumar, D. Madhuri, M. Lakshman, A. Gopalareddy, B. Kalakumar, B. Anilkumar","doi":"10.18311/ti/2022/v29i4/30251","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/ti/2022/v29i4/30251","url":null,"abstract":"The work was designed with 4 groups for 28 days. 1: Control. 2: CdCl2 @ 22.5mg/ kg b.wt / oral. 3: CPF @ 25 mg/ kg b.wt /per oral. 4: CdCl2@22.5 mg + CPF @ 25 mg/ kg b.wt /per oral. Higher mean values of liver, kidney and brain TBARS were observed in G-2, 3 and 4 on 15th and 29th day. Liver section in group 2 revealed mild degenerative changes in group 3; in group 4 mild to moderate peri portal fibrosis. Kidney section in group 2 showed shrunken glomeruli, necrosis; kidney section showed degeneration and necrosis of tubular epithelium with casts in the lumen in group 3 and necrosis with casts in the lumen in group 4. Brain section in group 2 showed mild perivascular cuffing, mild to moderate degeneration of Purkinji cells in group 3 and in group 4 degeneration of Purkinje cells. Effects in G-4 were severe than individual groups due to synergistic action of the combined pollutants than the individual effects.","PeriodicalId":23205,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology International","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44469255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-07DOI: 10.18311/ti/2022/v29i4/29645
P. Jamadagni, S. Pawar, S. Jamadagni, S. Chougule, M. Wanjari, M. Gautam, S. Gaidhani, A. Gurav, N. Shrikanth
The in-vitrocytotoxicity was studied in a pancreatic cell line (RIN5F) using streptozotocin-induced cellular damage. The Cytotoxic dose of aqueous and hydro-alcoholic extracts of Mimosa pudica root powder before and after streptozotocin treatment was studied and protein expression was explored. Both the extracts were subjected to metabolite analysis by LCMS. Mimosa pudica root powder extracts prevented Streptozotocin-induced cellular damage. Proteomics studies indicated both aqueous and hydro-alcoholic extracts of Mimosa pudica regulate proteins related to insulin secretion, glucose uptake, and insulin resistance with marked changes in proteins involved in insulin secretion. The study first time reports cytotoxicity of Mimosa pudica in RIN5F cells and explores protein expression after Mimosa pudica treatment. It was also observed that the abundance of Mimosine is more in Hydro-alcoholic extracts as compared to aqueous extracts.
{"title":"Amelioration of Streptozotocin Induced Cytotoxicity by Mimosa pudica Root Extract - A Proteomic Based In-Vitro Study","authors":"P. Jamadagni, S. Pawar, S. Jamadagni, S. Chougule, M. Wanjari, M. Gautam, S. Gaidhani, A. Gurav, N. Shrikanth","doi":"10.18311/ti/2022/v29i4/29645","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/ti/2022/v29i4/29645","url":null,"abstract":"The in-vitrocytotoxicity was studied in a pancreatic cell line (RIN5F) using streptozotocin-induced cellular damage. The Cytotoxic dose of aqueous and hydro-alcoholic extracts of Mimosa pudica root powder before and after streptozotocin treatment was studied and protein expression was explored. Both the extracts were subjected to metabolite analysis by LCMS. Mimosa pudica root powder extracts prevented Streptozotocin-induced cellular damage. Proteomics studies indicated both aqueous and hydro-alcoholic extracts of Mimosa pudica regulate proteins related to insulin secretion, glucose uptake, and insulin resistance with marked changes in proteins involved in insulin secretion. The study first time reports cytotoxicity of Mimosa pudica in RIN5F cells and explores protein expression after Mimosa pudica treatment. It was also observed that the abundance of Mimosine is more in Hydro-alcoholic extracts as compared to aqueous extracts. ","PeriodicalId":23205,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology International","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41910939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-07DOI: 10.18311/ti/2022/v29i4/29728
P. Saraf, Harish Panchal, Kameshwar Sharma, S. Sharma, J. Bhardwaj
Chlorpyrifos, an organophosphate insecticide, is currently under studies due to its reproductive toxicity in non-targeted organisms. The present study on its efficacy as reproductive toxicant, revealed its effect on testicular cells of caprines. CPF was found to decrease cell viability in testicular cells, induced histo-architectural alterations like loss of tubular interactions and empty luminal spaces in testis; initiated DNA damage associated apoptosis as revealed by MTT, Histology and EB/AO fluorescence assay respectively, at both the doses (10 and 50 μM). CPF mediated toxicity induced oxidative stress in testicular cells as revealed by dose- and time-dependent increase in lipid peroxidation and decline in ferric reducing antioxidant power. However, supplementation of Zingiber officinale (ginger) extract reduced the CPF mediated decrease in cell viability, histological defects, incidence of apoptosis, and generated oxidative stress parameters; thus, proving its potential as a therapeutic agent against CPF, preventing testicular cells toxicity mediated reproductive disorders.
{"title":"Potential of Zingiber officinale Extract against Chlorpyrifos Toxicity in Caprine Testicular Cells","authors":"P. Saraf, Harish Panchal, Kameshwar Sharma, S. Sharma, J. Bhardwaj","doi":"10.18311/ti/2022/v29i4/29728","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/ti/2022/v29i4/29728","url":null,"abstract":"Chlorpyrifos, an organophosphate insecticide, is currently under studies due to its reproductive toxicity in non-targeted organisms. The present study on its efficacy as reproductive toxicant, revealed its effect on testicular cells of caprines. CPF was found to decrease cell viability in testicular cells, induced histo-architectural alterations like loss of tubular interactions and empty luminal spaces in testis; initiated DNA damage associated apoptosis as revealed by MTT, Histology and EB/AO fluorescence assay respectively, at both the doses (10 and 50 μM). CPF mediated toxicity induced oxidative stress in testicular cells as revealed by dose- and time-dependent increase in lipid peroxidation and decline in ferric reducing antioxidant power. However, supplementation of Zingiber officinale (ginger) extract reduced the CPF mediated decrease in cell viability, histological defects, incidence of apoptosis, and generated oxidative stress parameters; thus, proving its potential as a therapeutic agent against CPF, preventing testicular cells toxicity mediated reproductive disorders.","PeriodicalId":23205,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology International","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47995147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-07DOI: 10.18311/ti/2022/v29i4/30844
Prem Rajak, Sumedha Roy, S. Khatun, M. Mandi, Abhratanu Ganguly, K. Das, Anik Dutta, Sayantani Nanda, Siddhartha Ghanty, G. Biswas
Fluoride is the thirteenth most abundant element in the earth’s crust. It is highly electronegative and distributed ubiquitously in nature. During weathering of rocks and soil, fluoride can leach out and dissolve in the groundwater. Both plants and animals are exposed to several compounds of fluoride through contaminated soil and water. Fluoride contamination in groundwater is a major global concern as groundwater is frequently used for drinking in various parts of the world, especially in developing countries. Fluoride compounds have been reported to impose acute and chronic health hazards. Millions of global populations are suffering from dental and skeletal fluorosis due to high fluoride intake through drinking water. In green vegetation, fluoride accumulation causes necrosis in the tip and marginal portions of leaves. Diverse detrimental effects of fluoride on health have insisted researchers globally to identify compounds having protective potential against fluoride toxicity. Several plant extracts, vitamins, polyphenols, melatonin, hypophyseal proteins, and lycopene have been demonstrated to enhance the antioxidant status and subvert fluoride-induced health hazards in model organisms. However, more studies are required to forward conclusive opinions in terms of the real-life efficacy of these antioxidants against fluoride toxicity.
{"title":"Fluoride Contamination, Toxicity and its Potential Therapeutic Agents","authors":"Prem Rajak, Sumedha Roy, S. Khatun, M. Mandi, Abhratanu Ganguly, K. Das, Anik Dutta, Sayantani Nanda, Siddhartha Ghanty, G. Biswas","doi":"10.18311/ti/2022/v29i4/30844","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/ti/2022/v29i4/30844","url":null,"abstract":"Fluoride is the thirteenth most abundant element in the earth’s crust. It is highly electronegative and distributed ubiquitously in nature. During weathering of rocks and soil, fluoride can leach out and dissolve in the groundwater. Both plants and animals are exposed to several compounds of fluoride through contaminated soil and water. Fluoride contamination in groundwater is a major global concern as groundwater is frequently used for drinking in various parts of the world, especially in developing countries. Fluoride compounds have been reported to impose acute and chronic health hazards. Millions of global populations are suffering from dental and skeletal fluorosis due to high fluoride intake through drinking water. In green vegetation, fluoride accumulation causes necrosis in the tip and marginal portions of leaves. Diverse detrimental effects of fluoride on health have insisted researchers globally to identify compounds having protective potential against fluoride toxicity. Several plant extracts, vitamins, polyphenols, melatonin, hypophyseal proteins, and lycopene have been demonstrated to enhance the antioxidant status and subvert fluoride-induced health hazards in model organisms. However, more studies are required to forward conclusive opinions in terms of the real-life efficacy of these antioxidants against fluoride toxicity.","PeriodicalId":23205,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology International","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43657083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-07DOI: 10.18311/ti/2022/v29i4/30892
S. Rajhans, H. Pandya
The Apocynaceae family has been noted for their traditional and conventional medicinal properties for ages. The characteristic feature of this family is the milky sap or latex that is present in almost all the species. Many of the plants belonging to this family are a rich source of important drugs and are known for their pharmacological properties. Among the pharmacological properties, the antioxidant property is one that is known to protect against many chronic diseases including heart diseases and cancer. Two plants of the family i.e., Cascabela thevetia (L.) Lippold and Plumeria alba L. have been considered in the present experiment. Globally much research work has been conducted based on the different parts of these plants but, very little data is available on the latex portion. Hence in the present study, an attempt has been made to evaluate the phytochemical constituents present in the plants. Further, the total phenolic and flavonoid content and their correlation with the antioxidant potential have been evaluated.
夹竹桃科以其传统和传统的药用特性而闻名多年。该科的特征是几乎所有物种都有乳白色的树液或乳胶。该科的许多植物是重要药物的丰富来源，并以其药理特性而闻名。在药理特性中，抗氧化特性是已知的一种，可以预防包括心脏病和癌症在内的许多慢性疾病。本实验考虑了该科的两种植物，即李波德（Cascabela thevetia（L.）Lippold）和白羽（Plumeria alba L.）。在全球范围内，已经对这些植物的不同部分进行了大量研究，但关于乳胶部分的数据很少。因此，在本研究中，试图评估植物中存在的植物化学成分。此外，还评估了总酚类和类黄酮含量及其与抗氧化潜力的相关性。
{"title":"Phytochemical Characterization and Antioxidant Potential of Latex Extracts of Cardiotoxic Plants - Cascabela thevetia (L.) Lippold and Plumeria alba L.","authors":"S. Rajhans, H. Pandya","doi":"10.18311/ti/2022/v29i4/30892","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/ti/2022/v29i4/30892","url":null,"abstract":"The Apocynaceae family has been noted for their traditional and conventional medicinal properties for ages. The characteristic feature of this family is the milky sap or latex that is present in almost all the species. Many of the plants belonging to this family are a rich source of important drugs and are known for their pharmacological properties. Among the pharmacological properties, the antioxidant property is one that is known to protect against many chronic diseases including heart diseases and cancer. Two plants of the family i.e., Cascabela thevetia (L.) Lippold and Plumeria alba L. have been considered in the present experiment. Globally much research work has been conducted based on the different parts of these plants but, very little data is available on the latex portion. Hence in the present study, an attempt has been made to evaluate the phytochemical constituents present in the plants. Further, the total phenolic and flavonoid content and their correlation with the antioxidant potential have been evaluated.","PeriodicalId":23205,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology International","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44681582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-07DOI: 10.18311/ti/2022/v29i4/30325
J. Singh, Annu Phogat, Vijay Kumar, Vinay Malik
Pesticides are now a risk to the environment and public health. Monocrotophos (MCP) is known to cause organ toxicity and impart degenerative effects at cellular levels. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is a natural antioxidant having various prophylactic properties. Male Wistar rats were given NAC (200 mg/kg b.wt), MCP (0.9 mg/kg b.wt) and NAC followed by MCP; intragastrically for 28 consecutive days. Regulation of MnSOD, UCP-2 and cytochrome c was analyzed by western blotting and polymerase chain reaction. Histology, electron microscopy and weight parameters were evaluated in the liver. MCP exposure significantly decreased body weight gain, relative liver weight, and structural changes. Altered MnSOD protein expression, decreased transcription of UCP-2 and MnSOD, and released cytochrome c indicated that oxidative stress is involved in MCP exposure. Treatment of NAC to MCP-exposed rats normalized the weight and structural changes, restored MnSOD and UCP-2 levels and prevented the release of cytochrome c. The present study suggests that the regulation of UCP-2, MnSOD and cytochrome c is involved in NAC efficacy against MCP toxicity. These findings illustrate that NAC can serve as a potential therapeutic agent for toxicity and oxidative stress in mammals.
{"title":"N-Acetylcysteine Mediated Regulation of MnSOD, UCP-2 and Cytochrome C Associated with Amelioration of Monocrotophos-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats","authors":"J. Singh, Annu Phogat, Vijay Kumar, Vinay Malik","doi":"10.18311/ti/2022/v29i4/30325","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/ti/2022/v29i4/30325","url":null,"abstract":"Pesticides are now a risk to the environment and public health. Monocrotophos (MCP) is known to cause organ toxicity and impart degenerative effects at cellular levels. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is a natural antioxidant having various prophylactic properties. Male Wistar rats were given NAC (200 mg/kg b.wt), MCP (0.9 mg/kg b.wt) and NAC followed by MCP; intragastrically for 28 consecutive days. Regulation of MnSOD, UCP-2 and cytochrome c was analyzed by western blotting and polymerase chain reaction. Histology, electron microscopy and weight parameters were evaluated in the liver. MCP exposure significantly decreased body weight gain, relative liver weight, and structural changes. Altered MnSOD protein expression, decreased transcription of UCP-2 and MnSOD, and released cytochrome c indicated that oxidative stress is involved in MCP exposure. Treatment of NAC to MCP-exposed rats normalized the weight and structural changes, restored MnSOD and UCP-2 levels and prevented the release of cytochrome c. The present study suggests that the regulation of UCP-2, MnSOD and cytochrome c is involved in NAC efficacy against MCP toxicity. These findings illustrate that NAC can serve as a potential therapeutic agent for toxicity and oxidative stress in mammals. ","PeriodicalId":23205,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology International","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43329033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-07DOI: 10.18311/ti/2022/v29i4/30487
Andreia Garcês, I. Pires
Every year tons of heavy metals, plastic, pesticides, industrial chemicals, and sewage reach the oceans. Many of these compounds are not biodegradable and have a prolonged half-life, occurring and causing effects even several years after application. The consequences are diverse as biomagnification of toxins, infertility, neoplasia, hormonal alteration, or malformations. Sentinel species can be barometers for current or potential negative impacts on individuals, animal populations and ecosystem health, helping to identify hidden risks to human health and predict future changes. Several bioindicators allow us to evaluate the status of ecosystems, echinoderms are some of them. Their diversity of habitats, diet, sensibility to changes in the environment and position of the trophic chain makes them one the most ideal marine sentinels. This paper aims to present a summarized review with the latest information available that is related to the echinoderms as a sentinel of human, animal and environmental health.
{"title":"The Guardians of the Sea : Echinoderms as Sentinels of Marine Pollution","authors":"Andreia Garcês, I. Pires","doi":"10.18311/ti/2022/v29i4/30487","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/ti/2022/v29i4/30487","url":null,"abstract":"Every year tons of heavy metals, plastic, pesticides, industrial chemicals, and sewage reach the oceans. Many of these compounds are not biodegradable and have a prolonged half-life, occurring and causing effects even several years after application. The consequences are diverse as biomagnification of toxins, infertility, neoplasia, hormonal alteration, or malformations. Sentinel species can be barometers for current or potential negative impacts on individuals, animal populations and ecosystem health, helping to identify hidden risks to human health and predict future changes. Several bioindicators allow us to evaluate the status of ecosystems, echinoderms are some of them. Their diversity of habitats, diet, sensibility to changes in the environment and position of the trophic chain makes them one the most ideal marine sentinels. This paper aims to present a summarized review with the latest information available that is related to the echinoderms as a sentinel of human, animal and environmental health.","PeriodicalId":23205,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology International","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46972210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-12DOI: 10.18311/ti/2022/v29i3/29141
Latifa Mirzatika Al-Rosyid, I. Santoso, H. S. Titah, Sarwoko Mangkoedihardjo, Y. Trihadiningrum, D. Hidayati
Correlation between the BOD/COD ratio and Partition coefficient of octanol/ water (Pow) on a single organic substance shows that the Pow value is directly proportional to the toxicity level and inversely proportional to BOD/COD ratio. This research examined the correlation to a mixture of organic substances. The objective is to obtain a varied range of substances, as well as determining the quality of wastewater discharging to fresh waters. Need for analysis of organic substances used as antiseptics during the Covid-19 pandemic. In addition, organic substances from the organophosphate pesticide class, diazinon, were used. BOD5, COD, Pow, and LC50-96h toxicity tests using Daphnia magna were used. Six types of the mixture of organic substances included diazinon-formaldehyde-isopropyl alcohol, ethanol-oxalic acid-formaldehyde, isopropyl alcohol-glycerol-lactose, acetic acid-isopropyl alcohol-formaldehyde, sucrose-glycerol-acetic acid, and oxalic acid-formaldehyde-diazinon, with 3 different concentrations of 10, 100, and 1000 mg/L, three repetitions. The lowest BOD/COD ratio (<0.2) and the highest Pow value (>4) are found in diazinon-formaldehyde-IPA. Its toxicity in D. magna also showed the lowest LC-50 (11.82 mg/L). Whereas, sucrose-glycerol-acetic acid had the highest BOD/COD ratio (>0.7) and lowest Pow (<0.7) with the highest LC- 50 (567.88 mg/L). Other organic substances mixtures have characteristics in the range of these mixtures. Pow variability and the BOD/COD ratio have a negative correlation. A mixture of organic matter is more biodegradable making it has a higher tendency to dissolve in water.
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