One of the major threats to humanity is from the exposure of heavy metals irrespective of its source. Cadmium is one of such heavy metals to which humans are exposed in their daily lives via food or environment. Regardless of this, there is no established or efficient way of recycling Cadmium. On the other hand, Pumpkin seeds have innumerable health aiding properties. The present study aims to understand the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties of Pumpkin Seeds Protein Isolate (PSPI) against Cadmium mediated oxidative stress in spleen. Twenty male albino rats were divided into four groups; Control, Cadmium treated, Cadmium treated and PSPI 1 supplemented, Cadmium treated and PSPI 2 supplemented. After completion of treatment period (21 days), oxidative stress parameters, ROS generation levels and proinflammatory cytokines were measured along with histopathological evaluations. PSPI supplementation was observed to have significant free radical scavenging activities as evidenced by decreased lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide generation simultaneously with increased glutathione level, activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase. Cadmium also caused an elevation in tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-6 as well as ROS generation levels which were substantially reduced upon supplementation with PSPI. Furthermore, cadmium-induced micro architectural changes in the spleen were also countered upon PSPI supplementation. In summary, both lower and higher doses of PSPI supplementation curtail the cadmium induced oxidative stress, ROS levels, proinflammatory cytokines and damage in the splenic tissue. The Results of this study necessitates further mechanistic study to establish key role of PSPI in amelioration of cadmium toxicity.
{"title":"Cadmium-Induced Perturbation of Spleen Redox Status: Therapeutic Role of Pumpkin Seed Protein Isolate","authors":"Siddhartha Singh, Oly Banerjee, Ishita Saha, Sudipta Kundu, Alak Kumar Syamal, Bithin Kumar Maji, Sandip Mukherjee","doi":"10.18311/ti/2023/v30i3/32544","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/ti/2023/v30i3/32544","url":null,"abstract":"One of the major threats to humanity is from the exposure of heavy metals irrespective of its source. Cadmium is one of such heavy metals to which humans are exposed in their daily lives via food or environment. Regardless of this, there is no established or efficient way of recycling Cadmium. On the other hand, Pumpkin seeds have innumerable health aiding properties. The present study aims to understand the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties of Pumpkin Seeds Protein Isolate (PSPI) against Cadmium mediated oxidative stress in spleen. Twenty male albino rats were divided into four groups; Control, Cadmium treated, Cadmium treated and PSPI 1 supplemented, Cadmium treated and PSPI 2 supplemented. After completion of treatment period (21 days), oxidative stress parameters, ROS generation levels and proinflammatory cytokines were measured along with histopathological evaluations. PSPI supplementation was observed to have significant free radical scavenging activities as evidenced by decreased lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide generation simultaneously with increased glutathione level, activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase. Cadmium also caused an elevation in tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-6 as well as ROS generation levels which were substantially reduced upon supplementation with PSPI. Furthermore, cadmium-induced micro architectural changes in the spleen were also countered upon PSPI supplementation. In summary, both lower and higher doses of PSPI supplementation curtail the cadmium induced oxidative stress, ROS levels, proinflammatory cytokines and damage in the splenic tissue. The Results of this study necessitates further mechanistic study to establish key role of PSPI in amelioration of cadmium toxicity.","PeriodicalId":23205,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology International","volume":"110 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136378259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-20DOI: 10.18311/ti/2023/v30i3/32175
Aparmita Das, Arun Kumar Yadav, Bishnupada Roy
Acute and sub-acute oral toxicity assessment of Flemingia vestita root-peel extract was performed in Swiss albino mice as per OECD guidelines 425 and 407. In acute toxicity test, mice were administered extract doses of 175, 550, and 1760 mg/ kg body weight (b.w.), and finally, 2000 mg/kg b.w., limit dose. The treated animals were observed for adverse signs or mortality for 14 days. In the sub-acute toxicity study, mice were divided into seven groups (n = 5). Animals in group one served as control, while group five received acetaminophen to act as positive control. Groups two, three and four of animals were given 75, 150 and 300 mg/kg doses of extract for 28 days. Animals in groups six and seven served as the satellite groups for 300 mg/kg and acetaminophen-treated groups for another two weeks to monitor any delayed effects or reversal from adverse effects. The study was approved by the Member-Secretary and the Chairman, Institutional Ethics Committee (Animal Models) of North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong vide letter number: IEC/MS/Misc./08/dated September 26, 2019. Body weight, relative organ weight, haematological and biochemical parameters, and histopathology of the liver, kidney, intestine and spleen of animals were studied. No adverse effects or mortality of animals was observed at 2000 mg/kg b.w., limit dose. The LD50 of the extract was estimated to be greater than 2000 mg/kg. In a sub-acute toxicity study, a 300 mg/kg dose showed a noticeable decrease in food, water consumption, and body weight. Likewise, haematological observations revealed an increase in leukocyte count, and biochemical parameters showed an increase in aspartate aminotransferase in 300 mg/kg extract dose. In histopathological studies, mildly disrupted hepatocytes were observed in liver sections of high-dose treated mice. The findings suggest that F. vestita root-peel extract is safe for consumption but may cause mild toxicity at a high dose of 300 mg extract/kg b.w.
{"title":"Safety Evaluation of a Traditional Medicinal Plant, <i>Flemingia vestita</i> Benth and Hooker in Swiss Albino Mice: An Acute and Sub-acute Toxicity Study","authors":"Aparmita Das, Arun Kumar Yadav, Bishnupada Roy","doi":"10.18311/ti/2023/v30i3/32175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/ti/2023/v30i3/32175","url":null,"abstract":"Acute and sub-acute oral toxicity assessment of Flemingia vestita root-peel extract was performed in Swiss albino mice as per OECD guidelines 425 and 407. In acute toxicity test, mice were administered extract doses of 175, 550, and 1760 mg/ kg body weight (b.w.), and finally, 2000 mg/kg b.w., limit dose. The treated animals were observed for adverse signs or mortality for 14 days. In the sub-acute toxicity study, mice were divided into seven groups (n = 5). Animals in group one served as control, while group five received acetaminophen to act as positive control. Groups two, three and four of animals were given 75, 150 and 300 mg/kg doses of extract for 28 days. Animals in groups six and seven served as the satellite groups for 300 mg/kg and acetaminophen-treated groups for another two weeks to monitor any delayed effects or reversal from adverse effects. The study was approved by the Member-Secretary and the Chairman, Institutional Ethics Committee (Animal Models) of North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong vide letter number: IEC/MS/Misc./08/dated September 26, 2019. Body weight, relative organ weight, haematological and biochemical parameters, and histopathology of the liver, kidney, intestine and spleen of animals were studied. No adverse effects or mortality of animals was observed at 2000 mg/kg b.w., limit dose. The LD50 of the extract was estimated to be greater than 2000 mg/kg. In a sub-acute toxicity study, a 300 mg/kg dose showed a noticeable decrease in food, water consumption, and body weight. Likewise, haematological observations revealed an increase in leukocyte count, and biochemical parameters showed an increase in aspartate aminotransferase in 300 mg/kg extract dose. In histopathological studies, mildly disrupted hepatocytes were observed in liver sections of high-dose treated mice. The findings suggest that F. vestita root-peel extract is safe for consumption but may cause mild toxicity at a high dose of 300 mg extract/kg b.w.","PeriodicalId":23205,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology International","volume":"188 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136378257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-20DOI: 10.18311/ti/2023/v30i3/33446
Hasan Ansari, Prekshi Garg, Radhika Rastogi, Rekha Sharma, Prachi Srivastava
In the past decade, the consumption of caffeine has increased exponentially throughout the world. Caffeine is now not only limits to coffee but is present in several desserts and other beverages as well. Caffeine is a psychostimulant that helps in improving your performance but its excessive consumption can also affect the cognitive functions of the Central Nervous System (CNS) negatively. The present research is an attempt to understand the mechanism of caffeine action in blocking central nervous system receptors thereby affecting brain function adversely. The reverse docking approach of computational biology has been implied to visualize the interaction of several neurotransmitter receptors with caffeine. Reverse molecular docking is an approach for determining the effect of a ligand on a range of receptors. The binding energy of the receptors with caffeine is considered for determining the best receptor-ligand complex. A list of 7 different neurotransmitters was identified through a literature study and taken into consideration in the current research. The molecular interaction of the human neuro-receptors was seen with caffeine using AutoDock4.0 to study the impact of caffeine on several biological processes of the human brain. The molecular docking approach identifies glutamate gluR2 receptor to be adversely affected by caffeine toxicity thereby affecting the neurotransmission process in the human nervous system.
{"title":"Reverse Docking Approach Reveals the Negative Effect of Caffeine Toxicity on Glutamate GluR2 Receptor","authors":"Hasan Ansari, Prekshi Garg, Radhika Rastogi, Rekha Sharma, Prachi Srivastava","doi":"10.18311/ti/2023/v30i3/33446","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/ti/2023/v30i3/33446","url":null,"abstract":"In the past decade, the consumption of caffeine has increased exponentially throughout the world. Caffeine is now not only limits to coffee but is present in several desserts and other beverages as well. Caffeine is a psychostimulant that helps in improving your performance but its excessive consumption can also affect the cognitive functions of the Central Nervous System (CNS) negatively. The present research is an attempt to understand the mechanism of caffeine action in blocking central nervous system receptors thereby affecting brain function adversely. The reverse docking approach of computational biology has been implied to visualize the interaction of several neurotransmitter receptors with caffeine. Reverse molecular docking is an approach for determining the effect of a ligand on a range of receptors. The binding energy of the receptors with caffeine is considered for determining the best receptor-ligand complex. A list of 7 different neurotransmitters was identified through a literature study and taken into consideration in the current research. The molecular interaction of the human neuro-receptors was seen with caffeine using AutoDock4.0 to study the impact of caffeine on several biological processes of the human brain. The molecular docking approach identifies glutamate gluR2 receptor to be adversely affected by caffeine toxicity thereby affecting the neurotransmission process in the human nervous system.","PeriodicalId":23205,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology International","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136378261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-20DOI: 10.18311/ti/2023/v30i3/33491
R. Ilavarasan, R. Arunadevi, Susan Thomas, Shrirang Balkrishna Jamadagani, Sudesh N. Gaidhani, M. Thenmozhi, N. Manikandan
Vaisvanara churna an ayurvedic formulation was screened for its toxicity profile. The study was carried out based on CCRAS Protocols. For the acute oral toxicity study, Group I served as vehicle control, Vaisvanara churna at a single oral dose of 6500 mg/kg b.w., was administered to 5 male and 5 female Swiss albino mice (Group II) and observed for 14 consecutive days for clinical signs, body weight and mortality. For 90 days repeated dose toxicity study eighty animals (40 male and 40 female) were distributed into four groups. Group I served as vehicle control. Groups II, III, and IV were administered with 450, 2250 and 4500 mg/kg b.w., respectively for 90 days orally. During this period, feed intake, body weight, signs of toxicity, haematological and biochemical parameters were recorded at periodical intervals. After 90 days animals were sacrificed for necropsy, vital organs were weighed and preserved for histopathological analysis. In an acute toxicity study, a single dose of Vaisvanara churna at 6500 mg/kg b.w., caused no mortality in animals, suggesting that the median lethal dose is greater than 6500 mg/kg b.w. In 90-day, repeated dose toxicity study, administration of Vaisvanara churna for 90 days, up to 4500 mg/kg b.w., caused no significant changes in body weights or organ weights of rats in the treated groups when compared with the control group. In addition, haematological and biochemical parameters were within the physiological limits. Histopathological analysis revealed no signs of degeneration. These results showed that Vaisvanara churna is apparently safe as indicated therapeutically for long-term administration for chronic ailments.
{"title":"Toxicological Evaluation of <i>Vaisvanara churna</i> an Ayurvedic Formulation","authors":"R. Ilavarasan, R. Arunadevi, Susan Thomas, Shrirang Balkrishna Jamadagani, Sudesh N. Gaidhani, M. Thenmozhi, N. Manikandan","doi":"10.18311/ti/2023/v30i3/33491","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/ti/2023/v30i3/33491","url":null,"abstract":"Vaisvanara churna an ayurvedic formulation was screened for its toxicity profile. The study was carried out based on CCRAS Protocols. For the acute oral toxicity study, Group I served as vehicle control, Vaisvanara churna at a single oral dose of 6500 mg/kg b.w., was administered to 5 male and 5 female Swiss albino mice (Group II) and observed for 14 consecutive days for clinical signs, body weight and mortality. For 90 days repeated dose toxicity study eighty animals (40 male and 40 female) were distributed into four groups. Group I served as vehicle control. Groups II, III, and IV were administered with 450, 2250 and 4500 mg/kg b.w., respectively for 90 days orally. During this period, feed intake, body weight, signs of toxicity, haematological and biochemical parameters were recorded at periodical intervals. After 90 days animals were sacrificed for necropsy, vital organs were weighed and preserved for histopathological analysis. In an acute toxicity study, a single dose of Vaisvanara churna at 6500 mg/kg b.w., caused no mortality in animals, suggesting that the median lethal dose is greater than 6500 mg/kg b.w. In 90-day, repeated dose toxicity study, administration of Vaisvanara churna for 90 days, up to 4500 mg/kg b.w., caused no significant changes in body weights or organ weights of rats in the treated groups when compared with the control group. In addition, haematological and biochemical parameters were within the physiological limits. Histopathological analysis revealed no signs of degeneration. These results showed that Vaisvanara churna is apparently safe as indicated therapeutically for long-term administration for chronic ailments.","PeriodicalId":23205,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology International","volume":"157 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136378262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-20DOI: 10.18311/ti/2023/v30i3/32276
Rasia Yousuf, Pawan Kumar Verma, Priyanka Sharma, Shilpa Sood, N. K. Pankaj, Sanjay Agarwal
Mancozeb (MZ) is a contact fungicide having low toxicity in non-target species, but its continuous exposure can be harmful. The aim of the present study was to determine the impact of the toxic interaction between MZ and arsenic on the testicular tissue of rats and to compare the amelioration potential of quercetin and catechin against the induced toxicity. Sixty adult rats were randomly allocated into 10 groups with 6 animals in each. A significant (p<0.05) decline in TAS, TTH, SOD, CAT, GPx, GR and TTH and a rise (p<0.05) in MDA and AOPP-were recorded in testicular tissue of MZ-treated rats in comparison to control. Exposure to different doses of arsenic (10, 50, 100 ppb) also produced a dose-dependent effect on these oxidative biomarkers. Arsenic exposure produces potentiating MZ-induced testicular toxicity in Wistar rats. Testicular damage was further corroborated by extremely severe histopathological changes viz., interstitial as well as sub-capsular congestion, oedema aside from degeneration, necrosis and loss of seminiferous tubules and a drastic deterioration in sperm motility in this group. In contrast, administration of toxicants along with quercetin or catechin markedly attenuated the alterations in oxidative as well as cellular damage biomarkers and testicular histopathological alterations. Our results suggested that simultaneous low dose exposure to arsenic potentiated testicular toxicity induced by MZ. Furthermore, catechin was more potent as compared to quercetin in ameliorating testicular changes induced by concurrent arsenic and MZ exposure.
{"title":"Testicular Toxicity following Subacute Exposure of Arsenic and Mancozeb alone and in Combination: Ameliorative Efficacy of Quercetin and Catechin","authors":"Rasia Yousuf, Pawan Kumar Verma, Priyanka Sharma, Shilpa Sood, N. K. Pankaj, Sanjay Agarwal","doi":"10.18311/ti/2023/v30i3/32276","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/ti/2023/v30i3/32276","url":null,"abstract":"Mancozeb (MZ) is a contact fungicide having low toxicity in non-target species, but its continuous exposure can be harmful. The aim of the present study was to determine the impact of the toxic interaction between MZ and arsenic on the testicular tissue of rats and to compare the amelioration potential of quercetin and catechin against the induced toxicity. Sixty adult rats were randomly allocated into 10 groups with 6 animals in each. A significant (p<0.05) decline in TAS, TTH, SOD, CAT, GPx, GR and TTH and a rise (p<0.05) in MDA and AOPP-were recorded in testicular tissue of MZ-treated rats in comparison to control. Exposure to different doses of arsenic (10, 50, 100 ppb) also produced a dose-dependent effect on these oxidative biomarkers. Arsenic exposure produces potentiating MZ-induced testicular toxicity in Wistar rats. Testicular damage was further corroborated by extremely severe histopathological changes viz., interstitial as well as sub-capsular congestion, oedema aside from degeneration, necrosis and loss of seminiferous tubules and a drastic deterioration in sperm motility in this group. In contrast, administration of toxicants along with quercetin or catechin markedly attenuated the alterations in oxidative as well as cellular damage biomarkers and testicular histopathological alterations. Our results suggested that simultaneous low dose exposure to arsenic potentiated testicular toxicity induced by MZ. Furthermore, catechin was more potent as compared to quercetin in ameliorating testicular changes induced by concurrent arsenic and MZ exposure.","PeriodicalId":23205,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology International","volume":"90 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136378110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-23DOI: 10.18311/ti/2023/v30i2/32418
Shivaramakrishnan Balasubramanian, Kavitha Giridharan, K. Kavya, V. Vellaipandi, Gurumurthy Balasubramanian
Substance abuse is a global concern, having a significant influence on society, healthcare, and the economy. Athletes are increasingly using substances to improve their performance or to cope with stress. Therefore, having a thorough awareness of the often misused substances, their effects, and potential toxicities is essential. One such chemical is the mixture of Creatinine Monohydrate (CM) and -Hydroxy Methyl Butyrate (HMB), which is widely used by athletes to increase strength and performance. According to studies, the combination can boost athletic performance, build muscle, and offer several health advantages. To determine the chemicals’ long-term impacts on human health, more research is required because their safety and toxicity are not well-established. Using TOPKAT(Computer-Aided Toxicity Prediction) and Discovery Studio Version 4.0, this study examined the toxicity and pharmacokinetic profiles of CM and HMB. The interaction of HMB and CM may significantly reduce cell viability compared to either drug alone. There were no negative effects seen in the animal models used for the acute oral toxicity study, but additional research is needed to confirm these results and determine the compounds’ long-term safety for human use. The study also performed cytotoxicity studies of individual substances and combinations on VERO and HEP-G2 cell lines and a 28-day repeated dose toxicity study in Wistar albino rats. The study results provide valuable information for healthcare professionals to understand the physiological complications of exposure to such drugs. Overall, the article emphasizes the importance of understanding the potential toxicity of chemical compounds, particularly those used as nutritional supplements.
药物滥用是一个全球性问题，对社会、医疗保健和经济都有重大影响。运动员越来越多地使用物质来提高成绩或应对压力。因此，对经常被滥用的物质、其影响和潜在毒性有一个彻底的认识是至关重要的。其中一种化学物质是肌酸酐一水合物（CM）和羟基丁酸甲酯（HMB）的混合物，运动员广泛使用它来提高力量和表现。根据研究，这种组合可以提高运动成绩，增强肌肉，并提供多种健康优势。为了确定这些化学品对人类健康的长期影响，需要进行更多的研究，因为它们的安全性和毒性还不明确。使用TOPKAT（计算机辅助毒性预测）和Discovery Studio 4.0版，本研究检查了CM和HMB的毒性和药代动力学特征。与单独使用任一药物相比，HMB和CM的相互作用可能显著降低细胞活力。在用于急性口服毒性研究的动物模型中没有发现负面影响，但还需要进一步的研究来证实这些结果，并确定这些化合物对人类使用的长期安全性。该研究还对VERO和HEP-G2细胞系上的单个物质和组合进行了细胞毒性研究，并对Wistar白化大鼠进行了28天的重复剂量毒性研究。研究结果为医疗保健专业人员了解接触此类药物的生理并发症提供了有价值的信息。总的来说，这篇文章强调了了解化合物的潜在毒性的重要性，特别是那些用作营养补充剂的化合物。
{"title":"A 28-Day Repeated Dose Toxicity Evaluation of Creatinine Monohydrate and β-Hydroxy β-Methyl Butyrate Combination in Rodent Model","authors":"Shivaramakrishnan Balasubramanian, Kavitha Giridharan, K. Kavya, V. Vellaipandi, Gurumurthy Balasubramanian","doi":"10.18311/ti/2023/v30i2/32418","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/ti/2023/v30i2/32418","url":null,"abstract":"Substance abuse is a global concern, having a significant influence on society, healthcare, and the economy. Athletes are increasingly using substances to improve their performance or to cope with stress. Therefore, having a thorough awareness of the often misused substances, their effects, and potential toxicities is essential. One such chemical is the mixture of Creatinine Monohydrate (CM) and -Hydroxy Methyl Butyrate (HMB), which is widely used by athletes to increase strength and performance. According to studies, the combination can boost athletic performance, build muscle, and offer several health advantages. To determine the chemicals’ long-term impacts on human health, more research is required because their safety and toxicity are not well-established. Using TOPKAT(Computer-Aided Toxicity Prediction) and Discovery Studio Version 4.0, this study examined the toxicity and pharmacokinetic profiles of CM and HMB. The interaction of HMB and CM may significantly reduce cell viability compared to either drug alone. There were no negative effects seen in the animal models used for the acute oral toxicity study, but additional research is needed to confirm these results and determine the compounds’ long-term safety for human use. The study also performed cytotoxicity studies of individual substances and combinations on VERO and HEP-G2 cell lines and a 28-day repeated dose toxicity study in Wistar albino rats. The study results provide valuable information for healthcare professionals to understand the physiological complications of exposure to such drugs. Overall, the article emphasizes the importance of understanding the potential toxicity of chemical compounds, particularly those used as nutritional supplements.","PeriodicalId":23205,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology International","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45245303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-23DOI: 10.18311/ti/2023/v30i2/31433
Rajbir Kaur, Arvinder Kaur, Satinder Kaur
The present study explored the potential use of brain anti-oxidative enzymes as pollution biomarkers in fish Labeo rohita. Experiments were conducted to see the neurotoxic effects of dye Basic violet-1 on fish brain enzymes such as lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase. Acute toxicity tests were performed for 96 hrs with dye concentrations of 0.2 (LC20), 0.4 (LC40), 0.6 (LC60), 0.8 (LC80) and 1 (LC100) mg/l to study biochemical changes. Behavioural observations were also recorded. Recovery experiments were run for 15 and 30 days. Exposure to the dye adversely affects the brain of the fish as evidenced by altered swimming behavior. Significant dose and duration-dependent increase in enzyme activity was recorded for alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase while lactate dehydrogenase activity showed a decrease when compared to the control. Lactate dehydrogenase was found to be a maximally affected enzyme as the percentage change over control is 301.26%. The results indicate prolonged neurotoxic effects of the dye as indicated by the altered swimming behaviour and enzymatic profile of fish. The present study recommends the use of L. rohita as sentinel species in water quality studies and supports the incorporation of fish biochemical profiles as a biomarker in water/ wastewater monitoring programs.
{"title":"Basic Violet-1 Dye Induced Variation in Antioxidative Enzymes Leads to Neurotoxicity in Labeo rohita","authors":"Rajbir Kaur, Arvinder Kaur, Satinder Kaur","doi":"10.18311/ti/2023/v30i2/31433","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/ti/2023/v30i2/31433","url":null,"abstract":"The present study explored the potential use of brain anti-oxidative enzymes as pollution biomarkers in fish Labeo rohita. Experiments were conducted to see the neurotoxic effects of dye Basic violet-1 on fish brain enzymes such as lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase. Acute toxicity tests were performed for 96 hrs with dye concentrations of 0.2 (LC20), 0.4 (LC40), 0.6 (LC60), 0.8 (LC80) and 1 (LC100) mg/l to study biochemical changes. Behavioural observations were also recorded. Recovery experiments were run for 15 and 30 days. Exposure to the dye adversely affects the brain of the fish as evidenced by altered swimming behavior. Significant dose and duration-dependent increase in enzyme activity was recorded for alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase while lactate dehydrogenase activity showed a decrease when compared to the control. Lactate dehydrogenase was found to be a maximally affected enzyme as the percentage change over control is 301.26%. The results indicate prolonged neurotoxic effects of the dye as indicated by the altered swimming behaviour and enzymatic profile of fish. The present study recommends the use of L. rohita as sentinel species in water quality studies and supports the incorporation of fish biochemical profiles as a biomarker in water/ wastewater monitoring programs.","PeriodicalId":23205,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology International","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49434364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-23DOI: 10.18311/ti/2023/v30i2/32299
Roshan Lal, M. Sharma, S. Behera, R. K. Regar, Deepika Tripathi, G. N. Kumar, Satvinder Singh, D. Verma, Pankaj Gupta, S. Kaushik, A. Khurana
Arsenic album is frequently prescribed in homoeopathy for many diseases. However, its safety data is not available. Thus, the study’s purpose is to evaluate the oral toxicity of Arsenic album 6C, 30C, and 200C in rats. Arsenic album (6C, 30C, and 200C) was given at 2000 μl/kg for acute toxicity and observed for up to 14 days. For subacute toxicity, it was given for 28 days and observed for clinical signs, change in body weight and Mortality. Hematological, biochemical, organ weight and histopathological analyses were assessed. Results indicate no mortality of arsenic album in acute toxicity and LD50 is >2000 μl/kg. In the subacute toxicity study, arsenic album (200 μl/kg) did not show any significant changes in above parameters. It may be concluded that the arsenic album (6C, 30C, and 200C) is safe and produces no toxicity when administered orally for a prolonged duration at 200 μl/kg in rats.
{"title":"Safety Evaluation of Arsenicum Album in Acute and Sub-Acute Toxicity Studies in Rats","authors":"Roshan Lal, M. Sharma, S. Behera, R. K. Regar, Deepika Tripathi, G. N. Kumar, Satvinder Singh, D. Verma, Pankaj Gupta, S. Kaushik, A. Khurana","doi":"10.18311/ti/2023/v30i2/32299","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/ti/2023/v30i2/32299","url":null,"abstract":"Arsenic album is frequently prescribed in homoeopathy for many diseases. However, its safety data is not available. Thus, the study’s purpose is to evaluate the oral toxicity of Arsenic album 6C, 30C, and 200C in rats. Arsenic album (6C, 30C, and 200C) was given at 2000 μl/kg for acute toxicity and observed for up to 14 days. For subacute toxicity, it was given for 28 days and observed for clinical signs, change in body weight and Mortality. Hematological, biochemical, organ weight and histopathological analyses were assessed. Results indicate no mortality of arsenic album in acute toxicity and LD50 is >2000 μl/kg. In the subacute toxicity study, arsenic album (200 μl/kg) did not show any significant changes in above parameters. It may be concluded that the arsenic album (6C, 30C, and 200C) is safe and produces no toxicity when administered orally for a prolonged duration at 200 μl/kg in rats.","PeriodicalId":23205,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology International","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44092774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-19DOI: 10.18311/ti/2023/v30i2/30617
M. Bora, Barnali Sinha, M. Gautam, S. Gaidhani, S. Upadhyay, S. Jamadagni, A. Dixit
The present study was undertaken to evaluate the Maximum Tolerated Dose and No Observed Adverse Effect Level of Trayodashang guggulu (TG), an Ayurvedic classical formulation, in Wistar rats. TG was administered orally to Wistar rats in as single dose (2000 mg/kg body weight) in an acute toxicity study. Ninety days repeated dose oral toxicity (subchronic) study was carried out by using three dose levels (250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg body weight) administered orally daily for 90 consecutive days and derived from 28 days dose range-finding study. In acute and subchronic toxicity studies, animals were observed for general clinical signs, mortality, weekly body weight changes, weekly feed intake, weekly water intake, blood biochemical investigation, haematological parameters, and gross pathological and histological investigations. In an acute toxicity study, the dose level of 2000 mg/kg of TG was found to be safe when given at a single dose. In the dose rangefinding study and subchronic toxicity study TG was found to be safe at all tested dose levels. No significant changes in food and water consumption, haematological and blood biochemical parameters were noticed at any dose level in both studies. No major changes were noticed during histopathological evaluation in ninety days repeated dose oral toxicity study. The study concluded that the Maximum Tolerated Dose of TG was found at 2000 mg/kg body weight and the No Observed Adverse Effect Level was found at 1000 mg/kg in Wistar rats.
{"title":"Toxicity Studies of Trayodashang guggulu, A Classical Ayurvedic Formulation in Experimental Animals","authors":"M. Bora, Barnali Sinha, M. Gautam, S. Gaidhani, S. Upadhyay, S. Jamadagni, A. Dixit","doi":"10.18311/ti/2023/v30i2/30617","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/ti/2023/v30i2/30617","url":null,"abstract":"The present study was undertaken to evaluate the Maximum Tolerated Dose and No Observed Adverse Effect Level of Trayodashang guggulu (TG), an Ayurvedic classical formulation, in Wistar rats. TG was administered orally to Wistar rats in as single dose (2000 mg/kg body weight) in an acute toxicity study. Ninety days repeated dose oral toxicity (subchronic) study was carried out by using three dose levels (250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg body weight) administered orally daily for 90 consecutive days and derived from 28 days dose range-finding study. In acute and subchronic toxicity studies, animals were observed for general clinical signs, mortality, weekly body weight changes, weekly feed intake, weekly water intake, blood biochemical investigation, haematological parameters, and gross pathological and histological investigations. In an acute toxicity study, the dose level of 2000 mg/kg of TG was found to be safe when given at a single dose. In the dose rangefinding study and subchronic toxicity study TG was found to be safe at all tested dose levels. No significant changes in food and water consumption, haematological and blood biochemical parameters were noticed at any dose level in both studies. No major changes were noticed during histopathological evaluation in ninety days repeated dose oral toxicity study. The study concluded that the Maximum Tolerated Dose of TG was found at 2000 mg/kg body weight and the No Observed Adverse Effect Level was found at 1000 mg/kg in Wistar rats.","PeriodicalId":23205,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology International","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43589405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-19DOI: 10.18311/ti/2023/v30i2/32429
P. Shankar, Rana Vikram Singh, Arun Kumar
Arsenic (As) is an environmental toxin distributed in groundwater which is presently a global concern. The present study aimed to investigate the efficacy of SCEE in the mitigation of arsenic-induced hepato-renal dysfunction and oxidative stress in rats. Thirty male Charles foster rats (140-160 g) were randomly assigned into three groups. Group I (n = 6) - Control, Group II (n = 6) - SCEE control was administrated with 600 mg kg-1 body weight daily for 60 days and the last Group III (n = 24) was As-treated at 8 mg kg-1 body weight daily for 90 days. Subsequently, Group III was further divided into three subgroups. The subgroup I (n = 6) was immediately sacrificed to observe the arsenic-induced toxicity. Subgroup II (n = 6) was kept on a normal diet for 60 days for auto recovery. Subgroup III (n = 6) was administrated orally by SCEE at 600 mg kg-1 body weight daily for 60 days to decipher the therapeutic potential against arsenic-induced toxicity. The experimental exposure reveals various changes in biochemical parameters of the liver function test and kidney function test in addition to histopathological studies. Chronic exposure to arsenic significantly (p < 0.0001) increased the levels of lipid peroxidation along with significantly reducing the activity of glutathione, superoxide dismutase and catalase. Significant (p < 0.0001) arsenic accumulation was observed in the hepatic-nephron tissues. The dose-dependent SCEE administration against Astoxicity had progressive survival benefits on antioxidant levels, enzymatic activities and histopathological changes. Thus, the study concludes that S.cumini seed has a protective effect against As-induced oxidative stress and hepato-renal intoxication.
{"title":"Therapeutic Protection of Arsenic-Induced Oxidative Stress and Hepato-Nephro Toxicity by Syzygium cumini (Seed) Ethanolic Extract (SCEE) in Charles Foster Rats","authors":"P. Shankar, Rana Vikram Singh, Arun Kumar","doi":"10.18311/ti/2023/v30i2/32429","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/ti/2023/v30i2/32429","url":null,"abstract":"Arsenic (As) is an environmental toxin distributed in groundwater which is presently a global concern. The present study aimed to investigate the efficacy of SCEE in the mitigation of arsenic-induced hepato-renal dysfunction and oxidative stress in rats. Thirty male Charles foster rats (140-160 g) were randomly assigned into three groups. Group I (n = 6) - Control, Group II (n = 6) - SCEE control was administrated with 600 mg kg-1 body weight daily for 60 days and the last Group III (n = 24) was As-treated at 8 mg kg-1 body weight daily for 90 days. Subsequently, Group III was further divided into three subgroups. The subgroup I (n = 6) was immediately sacrificed to observe the arsenic-induced toxicity. Subgroup II (n = 6) was kept on a normal diet for 60 days for auto recovery. Subgroup III (n = 6) was administrated orally by SCEE at 600 mg kg-1 body weight daily for 60 days to decipher the therapeutic potential against arsenic-induced toxicity. The experimental exposure reveals various changes in biochemical parameters of the liver function test and kidney function test in addition to histopathological studies. Chronic exposure to arsenic significantly (p < 0.0001) increased the levels of lipid peroxidation along with significantly reducing the activity of glutathione, superoxide dismutase and catalase. Significant (p < 0.0001) arsenic accumulation was observed in the hepatic-nephron tissues. The dose-dependent SCEE administration against Astoxicity had progressive survival benefits on antioxidant levels, enzymatic activities and histopathological changes. Thus, the study concludes that S.cumini seed has a protective effect against As-induced oxidative stress and hepato-renal intoxication.","PeriodicalId":23205,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology International","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45037707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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