Pub Date : 2022-12-12DOI: 10.18311/ti/2022/v29i3/29913
N. Chishty, N. Choudhary
Surface and ground water have been contaminated is a result of the improper disposal of industrial and municipal waste. Seasonal variations in human interference and natural processes particularly rainfall and temperature have an impact on the water quality of aquatic ecosystems. During the study, Sarjana tank showed the lowest average value of water temperature, 25.31ºC, whereas Gadwa pond had the maximum average value of water temperature (28.25ºC). The highest depth of visibility observed in Bada Madar tank (104cm) in winter 2019 and lowest depth of visibility observed in downstream pond (9.2cm) in monsoon 2019. Industrial pollution was responsible for comparatively low pH in the ponds of Berach river viz Upstream, Downstream, Gadwa, Daroli pond and Sarjana tank. The maximum average dissolved oxygen was found in Fatehsagar lake and minimum average dissolved oxygen found in Daroli pond. Udaisagar lake had highest alkalinity of 324.00 mg/l during winter 2018 and the lowest value of 68mg/l was observed in Down-stream pond in winter 2019. Chhota Madar tank had the lowest average hardness value of 136.61 mg/L. The highest mean conductivity (3.1018 m.mhos.) value was observed in the Down-stream pond and the lowest mean conductivity (0.3178 m.mhos.) in Chota Madar pond. Lowest TDS value (151.8 ppm) was in Bada Madar tank during the monsoon of 2018 and highest (4999.2 ppm) was in the downstream pond during winter 2018. Lowest mean chloride was found in Fatehsagar lake while highest mean chloride was found in downstream pond. Chhota Madar tank was found to be most rich in phosphates (0.4856 mg/l).
{"title":"Seasonal Dynamic of Physicochemical Parameters of Berach River System in Udaipur District, Rajasthan","authors":"N. Chishty, N. Choudhary","doi":"10.18311/ti/2022/v29i3/29913","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/ti/2022/v29i3/29913","url":null,"abstract":"Surface and ground water have been contaminated is a result of the improper disposal of industrial and municipal waste. Seasonal variations in human interference and natural processes particularly rainfall and temperature have an impact on the water quality of aquatic ecosystems. During the study, Sarjana tank showed the lowest average value of water temperature, 25.31ºC, whereas Gadwa pond had the maximum average value of water temperature (28.25ºC). The highest depth of visibility observed in Bada Madar tank (104cm) in winter 2019 and lowest depth of visibility observed in downstream pond (9.2cm) in monsoon 2019. Industrial pollution was responsible for comparatively low pH in the ponds of Berach river viz Upstream, Downstream, Gadwa, Daroli pond and Sarjana tank. The maximum average dissolved oxygen was found in Fatehsagar lake and minimum average dissolved oxygen found in Daroli pond. Udaisagar lake had highest alkalinity of 324.00 mg/l during winter 2018 and the lowest value of 68mg/l was observed in Down-stream pond in winter 2019. Chhota Madar tank had the lowest average hardness value of 136.61 mg/L. The highest mean conductivity (3.1018 m.mhos.) value was observed in the Down-stream pond and the lowest mean conductivity (0.3178 m.mhos.) in Chota Madar pond. Lowest TDS value (151.8 ppm) was in Bada Madar tank during the monsoon of 2018 and highest (4999.2 ppm) was in the downstream pond during winter 2018. Lowest mean chloride was found in Fatehsagar lake while highest mean chloride was found in downstream pond. Chhota Madar tank was found to be most rich in phosphates (0.4856 mg/l).","PeriodicalId":23205,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology International","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43854291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-15DOI: 10.18311/ti/2022/v29i2/29000
Vara Prasad Saka, V. Chitra, N. D. Amodharan
Excessive usage of gadgets Emitting Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR), especially smartphones, by people of all age groups, and so forth chronic exposure to the radiation, were indeed sounding the alarm about a multitude of health risks. The nervous system was significantly affected, altering the brain and behavior of people and animals. Many preclinical experimental studies have been performed to uncover the pathways that lead to injury, but the results have been contradictory. A strategic search was conducted to identify studies published between 2011 and 2020, using electronic databases such as PubMed and Science Direct. Based on predefined criteria, studies were identified for study and assessed individually. All of the included studies were assessed for the risk of bias, and no study was found to be free of bias. In preclinical research, heterogenicity was detected in the exposure settings (EMF-RF type, MW, pulsed, SAR value, and length of exposure) after a thorough assessment of the studies included. Exposure to mobile phone radiation can produce oxidative stress, which can lead to the activation of apoptotic and necrotic pathways if not reversed in time. The available scientific literature is insufficient to draw particular conclusions, but the possibility of harmful impacts cannot be ruled out, according to the authors. There is a great need to restrict extensive investigations and instead conduct a systematic and complete blinded study with significant reproducibility and long-term research. This review intended to explain the potential mechanisms and risks associated with mobile phone radiation exposure.
{"title":"Effect of Mobile Phone Radiation on Neurobehaviour: Possible Mechanisms from Preclinical Studies","authors":"Vara Prasad Saka, V. Chitra, N. D. Amodharan","doi":"10.18311/ti/2022/v29i2/29000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/ti/2022/v29i2/29000","url":null,"abstract":"Excessive usage of gadgets Emitting Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR), especially smartphones, by people of all age groups, and so forth chronic exposure to the radiation, were indeed sounding the alarm about a multitude of health risks. The nervous system was significantly affected, altering the brain and behavior of people and animals. Many preclinical experimental studies have been performed to uncover the pathways that lead to injury, but the results have been contradictory. A strategic search was conducted to identify studies published between 2011 and 2020, using electronic databases such as PubMed and Science Direct. Based on predefined criteria, studies were identified for study and assessed individually. All of the included studies were assessed for the risk of bias, and no study was found to be free of bias. In preclinical research, heterogenicity was detected in the exposure settings (EMF-RF type, MW, pulsed, SAR value, and length of exposure) after a thorough assessment of the studies included. Exposure to mobile phone radiation can produce oxidative stress, which can lead to the activation of apoptotic and necrotic pathways if not reversed in time. The available scientific literature is insufficient to draw particular conclusions, but the possibility of harmful impacts cannot be ruled out, according to the authors. There is a great need to restrict extensive investigations and instead conduct a systematic and complete blinded study with significant reproducibility and long-term research. This review intended to explain the potential mechanisms and risks associated with mobile phone radiation exposure.","PeriodicalId":23205,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology International","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45993602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-15DOI: 10.18311/ti/2022/v29i2/28338
Dipali Parekh, Om Pandey, M. Nariya, Swapnil Chudhri, B. Patgiri
Shodhita Haratala (processed orpiment) is a single ingredient of Rasamanikya (RM). Arsenicals are known for producing toxic effects in humans, if not processed as per classical text therefore, the present study was aim to generate data for the safety of RM in albino rats. In the present study, two samples of RM were prepared by using two different purification media of orpiment, i.e., juice of Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cong. and lime water. Extract of Tinospora cordifolia Linn. (GG) was used as an adjuvant. Both the samples of RM along with GG were administered to the albino rats for 60 consecutive days at the therapeutic dose, TED (90 mg/kg) and TED×5 (450 mg/kg) orally in albino rats. Sample of RM along with GG not having the potential to produce any mutagenic or genotoxicity effects in albino rats. Further, there is no significant difference found in the safety of the orpiment on changing of media for purification.
{"title":"Assessment of the Genotoxic Potential of Rasamanikya, an Ayurvedic Arsenical Formulation in Albino Rats","authors":"Dipali Parekh, Om Pandey, M. Nariya, Swapnil Chudhri, B. Patgiri","doi":"10.18311/ti/2022/v29i2/28338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/ti/2022/v29i2/28338","url":null,"abstract":"Shodhita Haratala (processed orpiment) is a single ingredient of Rasamanikya (RM). Arsenicals are known for producing toxic effects in humans, if not processed as per classical text therefore, the present study was aim to generate data for the safety of RM in albino rats. In the present study, two samples of RM were prepared by using two different purification media of orpiment, i.e., juice of Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cong. and lime water. Extract of Tinospora cordifolia Linn. (GG) was used as an adjuvant. Both the samples of RM along with GG were administered to the albino rats for 60 consecutive days at the therapeutic dose, TED (90 mg/kg) and TED×5 (450 mg/kg) orally in albino rats. Sample of RM along with GG not having the potential to produce any mutagenic or genotoxicity effects in albino rats. Further, there is no significant difference found in the safety of the orpiment on changing of media for purification.","PeriodicalId":23205,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology International","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47815471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-15DOI: 10.18311/ti/2022/v29i2/29271
Ashlesh M. Upadhyaya, Zankruti S. Hathi, S. Dalai, Devendrasinh D Jhala
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is used as a selective herbicide and associated with a variety of toxicities in mammals. In contrast, melatonin is an antioxidant that promotes the elimination of free radicals. In the present study, the protective effects of melatonin (10 mg/kg body weight) against 2,4- D (low, mid, and high dose-16.5, 33.0, and 66.0 mg/kg body weight) induced testicular steroidogenesis alteration were examined using in vivo and in silico models. Doses of 2,4-D and melatonin were administered orally for 28 days. The evaluated parameters were body weight, total protein, markers for male reproductive function, and steroidogenesis i.e. testis weight, total lipid, cholesterol, testosterone, 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 17 betahydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, total sperm count, sperm motility, and sperm viability along with the histopathology of the testis. The statistical significant value was considered at p<0.05. Molecular docking study was performed for interaction of 2,4-D and melatonin with steroid binding proteins. In vivo results revealed that 2,4-D treatment showed a significant dose-dependent alteration in above all studied parameters. No significant auto-recovery was observed in the withdrawal study, on the contrarily, the altered parameters were normalized and comparable to control when melatonin was given alone and in combination with 2,4-D. In silico results also demonstrated that the binding affinity of melatonin with steroid binding proteins is higher than 2,4-D. Collectively, these in vivo and in silico findings indicated that 2,4-D induced testicular toxicity accompanied by steroidogenesis upset and can be reduced by melatonin significantly by interacting directly and strongly with studied molecular markers.
{"title":"Melatonin Ameliorates 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid Induced Testicular Steroidogenesis Upset in Mice: An In Vivo and In Silico Study","authors":"Ashlesh M. Upadhyaya, Zankruti S. Hathi, S. Dalai, Devendrasinh D Jhala","doi":"10.18311/ti/2022/v29i2/29271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/ti/2022/v29i2/29271","url":null,"abstract":"2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is used as a selective herbicide and associated with a variety of toxicities in mammals. In contrast, melatonin is an antioxidant that promotes the elimination of free radicals. In the present study, the protective effects of melatonin (10 mg/kg body weight) against 2,4- D (low, mid, and high dose-16.5, 33.0, and 66.0 mg/kg body weight) induced testicular steroidogenesis alteration were examined using in vivo and in silico models. Doses of 2,4-D and melatonin were administered orally for 28 days. The evaluated parameters were body weight, total protein, markers for male reproductive function, and steroidogenesis i.e. testis weight, total lipid, cholesterol, testosterone, 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 17 betahydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, total sperm count, sperm motility, and sperm viability along with the histopathology of the testis. The statistical significant value was considered at p<0.05. Molecular docking study was performed for interaction of 2,4-D and melatonin with steroid binding proteins. In vivo results revealed that 2,4-D treatment showed a significant dose-dependent alteration in above all studied parameters. No significant auto-recovery was observed in the withdrawal study, on the contrarily, the altered parameters were normalized and comparable to control when melatonin was given alone and in combination with 2,4-D. In silico results also demonstrated that the binding affinity of melatonin with steroid binding proteins is higher than 2,4-D. Collectively, these in vivo and in silico findings indicated that 2,4-D induced testicular toxicity accompanied by steroidogenesis upset and can be reduced by melatonin significantly by interacting directly and strongly with studied molecular markers.","PeriodicalId":23205,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology International","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41677594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-15DOI: 10.18311/ti/2022/v29i2/29010
R. Jino Affrald
Sanitizers are anti-microbial products in the form of spray, lotions, and creams. Sodium hypochlorite now plays an essential role in preserving hand cleanliness by denaturing microbial proteins by lysing the cell. These Sanitizers have also been used in medical, dental, and surgical treatments. If consumed, or through cutaneous or ocular exposure, sodium hypochlorite can be hazardous. When combined with acid it forms chlorine gas and when combined with basic solutions, chloramine is formed, both of which contribute to harmful consequences and it is an incredibly powerful oxidant. Furthermore, chlorination of drinking water with sodium hypochlorite oxidase organic pollutants, resulting in trihalomethanes, which are hazardous. It is critical for health care practitioners, particularly physicians, to understand the ways in which NaOCl can cause toxicity. The study of natural cures used to treat human sickness over millennia has laid the foundation for pharmaceutical development. The adaptation of alternative hand sanitizer formulations based on natural and herbal resources is one reasonable solution to address this toxicity problem. More extensive screens of indigenous plants with elevated flavonoids levels for antibacterial activities and the development of ecofriendly and efficient hand sanitizers should be conducted as contrast to artificial formulations.
{"title":"Sodium Hypochlorite and its Environmental Impacts; Time to Switch for Herbal Alternatives","authors":"R. Jino Affrald","doi":"10.18311/ti/2022/v29i2/29010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/ti/2022/v29i2/29010","url":null,"abstract":"Sanitizers are anti-microbial products in the form of spray, lotions, and creams. Sodium hypochlorite now plays an essential role in preserving hand cleanliness by denaturing microbial proteins by lysing the cell. These Sanitizers have also been used in medical, dental, and surgical treatments. If consumed, or through cutaneous or ocular exposure, sodium hypochlorite can be hazardous. When combined with acid it forms chlorine gas and when combined with basic solutions, chloramine is formed, both of which contribute to harmful consequences and it is an incredibly powerful oxidant. Furthermore, chlorination of drinking water with sodium hypochlorite oxidase organic pollutants, resulting in trihalomethanes, which are hazardous. It is critical for health care practitioners, particularly physicians, to understand the ways in which NaOCl can cause toxicity. The study of natural cures used to treat human sickness over millennia has laid the foundation for pharmaceutical development. The adaptation of alternative hand sanitizer formulations based on natural and herbal resources is one reasonable solution to address this toxicity problem. More extensive screens of indigenous plants with elevated flavonoids levels for antibacterial activities and the development of ecofriendly and efficient hand sanitizers should be conducted as contrast to artificial formulations.","PeriodicalId":23205,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology International","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44970166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-15DOI: 10.18311/ti/2022/v29i2/28974
Y. Anil Kumar, V. Chitra
The purpose of this review is to discuss and summarize the prospects of combinatorial approach involving immunogenic cell death induction and immunosuppressive adenosine A2A receptor pathway inhibition in enhancing anti-tumor immunity. Majority of chemotherapeutic agents can elicit antitumor immunity and modulate the composition, density, function, and distribution of Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TILs), to influence differential therapeutic responses and prognosis in cancer patients. Accumulating evidence indicates that the clinical success of these agents not only dependents on their cytotoxic activity but also by the enhancement of pre-existing immunity. Over expression of CD39 or CD73 enzymes has been implicated in limiting the ICD caused by chemotherapeutic agents like anthracyclines and oxaliplatin. Conversion of ATP released by chemotherapeutic drugs into adenosine dampens its capacity to attract antigen presenting cells including Dendritic Cells (DC) into the proximity of dying and dead cells. In addition, released adenosine exits potent immunosuppressive activities on different immune cells through A2A receptors in the TME and contributes to the resistance against chemotherapy. Resistance either intrinsic or acquired is the major hurdle for most of the therapeutic interventions. In order to enhance immunogenic cell death by chemotherapeutic agents, it has become clear that blockade of adenosine production or its signaling need to be specifically targeted as they represent highly resistant mechanisms. Given the prominent role of adenosine mediated immune suppression and resistance to ICD induction in TME, combination strategies that involve ICD induction and adenosine signaling blockade are further warranted.
{"title":"Prospects of Combinatorial Approach Involving ICD Induction and Adenosine A2A Receptor Pathway Inhibition to Improve Cancer Immunotherapy","authors":"Y. Anil Kumar, V. Chitra","doi":"10.18311/ti/2022/v29i2/28974","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/ti/2022/v29i2/28974","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this review is to discuss and summarize the prospects of combinatorial approach involving immunogenic cell death induction and immunosuppressive adenosine A2A receptor pathway inhibition in enhancing anti-tumor immunity. Majority of chemotherapeutic agents can elicit antitumor immunity and modulate the composition, density, function, and distribution of Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TILs), to influence differential therapeutic responses and prognosis in cancer patients. Accumulating evidence indicates that the clinical success of these agents not only dependents on their cytotoxic activity but also by the enhancement of pre-existing immunity. Over expression of CD39 or CD73 enzymes has been implicated in limiting the ICD caused by chemotherapeutic agents like anthracyclines and oxaliplatin. Conversion of ATP released by chemotherapeutic drugs into adenosine dampens its capacity to attract antigen presenting cells including Dendritic Cells (DC) into the proximity of dying and dead cells. In addition, released adenosine exits potent immunosuppressive activities on different immune cells through A2A receptors in the TME and contributes to the resistance against chemotherapy. Resistance either intrinsic or acquired is the major hurdle for most of the therapeutic interventions. In order to enhance immunogenic cell death by chemotherapeutic agents, it has become clear that blockade of adenosine production or its signaling need to be specifically targeted as they represent highly resistant mechanisms. Given the prominent role of adenosine mediated immune suppression and resistance to ICD induction in TME, combination strategies that involve ICD induction and adenosine signaling blockade are further warranted.","PeriodicalId":23205,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology International","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46985993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-15DOI: 10.18311/ti/2022/v29i2/29161
Annie Mande, N. Malothu, Nagaraju Banadaru, T. Murthy
The present study aimed to determine the acute toxicity and screening of central analgesic activity of various extracts of Rhizophora apiculata leaves. The animals (Mice) were divided into control (no drug) and extract-treated groups (n=5), which were treated with diethyl ether, ethyl alcohol, and aqueous extract of R. apiculata leaves in various doses for specific regulatory needs. The groups which were given the highest safe doses were observed for 14 days. Then, blood samples were collected from high dose treated live mice through the retro-orbital route and were analysed for haematological, biochemical, and histopathological study. Evaluation of central analgesic activity was carried out by using tail immersion and hot plate methods. No considerable alterations were observed in body weight and organ-to-body weight index with the administration of extracts. An increase in albumin, globulin, total protein content and high-density lipoproteins, white blood cells, mean corpuscular volume, and eosinophils were observed. And a decrease in low-density lipoproteins, very low-density lipoproteins, triglycerides, and red blood cells were observed. Lymphocyte and monocyte levels were also reduced. The results also showed that the ethyl alcohol and aqueous extracts have elevated the time taken to flick response in the tail immersion test, and reduced the number of jumps, paw lick responses in the hot plate method. It was concluded that the diethyl ether and ethanolic extracts were found to be safe, which falls under non-toxic chemicals (LD50>2000 smg/kg) whereas the aqueous extract was found safe up to 550 mg/kg beyond which, it was shown mortality. Ethyl alcohol and aqueous extracts were also proved to have analgesic activity.
{"title":"Acute Oral Toxicity Studies and Evaluation of Central Analgesic Activity of Various extracts of Leaves of Rhizophora apiculata","authors":"Annie Mande, N. Malothu, Nagaraju Banadaru, T. Murthy","doi":"10.18311/ti/2022/v29i2/29161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/ti/2022/v29i2/29161","url":null,"abstract":"The present study aimed to determine the acute toxicity and screening of central analgesic activity of various extracts of Rhizophora apiculata leaves. The animals (Mice) were divided into control (no drug) and extract-treated groups (n=5), which were treated with diethyl ether, ethyl alcohol, and aqueous extract of R. apiculata leaves in various doses for specific regulatory needs. The groups which were given the highest safe doses were observed for 14 days. Then, blood samples were collected from high dose treated live mice through the retro-orbital route and were analysed for haematological, biochemical, and histopathological study. Evaluation of central analgesic activity was carried out by using tail immersion and hot plate methods. No considerable alterations were observed in body weight and organ-to-body weight index with the administration of extracts. An increase in albumin, globulin, total protein content and high-density lipoproteins, white blood cells, mean corpuscular volume, and eosinophils were observed. And a decrease in low-density lipoproteins, very low-density lipoproteins, triglycerides, and red blood cells were observed. Lymphocyte and monocyte levels were also reduced. The results also showed that the ethyl alcohol and aqueous extracts have elevated the time taken to flick response in the tail immersion test, and reduced the number of jumps, paw lick responses in the hot plate method. It was concluded that the diethyl ether and ethanolic extracts were found to be safe, which falls under non-toxic chemicals (LD50>2000 smg/kg) whereas the aqueous extract was found safe up to 550 mg/kg beyond which, it was shown mortality. Ethyl alcohol and aqueous extracts were also proved to have analgesic activity.","PeriodicalId":23205,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology International","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48597311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-15DOI: 10.18311/ti/2022/v29i2/29129
K. Bisai, Bijay Kumar Behera, Sukanta Kumar Nayak, Manoj Kumar Pati
Di-(2-Ethyl-Hexyl) Phthalate (DEHP) is a plasticizer commonly found in aquatic environment due to wide use of plastics for various purposes. In this study, common carp (Cyprinus carpio) (length 14.2 ± 0.82 cm and weight 32.8 ± 0.66 g) were exposed to DEHP at three different concentration levels i.e., 10, 100 and 1000 ?g l-1 water for 30 d to find out its effect on certain haematological and histological parameters. Haematological studies revealed significant (p<0.05) decrease in erythrocyte counts, while leukocyte counts were significantly increased in treated group with increasing concentration of DEHP. Further, treatment of DEHP in concentration dependent manner showed deformities in erythrocytes whereas leukocytes were unaffected. The total plasma protein level was significantly (p<0.05) decreased in lower to higher concentration of the exposure. Histological studies showed gill and liver tissues were affected with impaired histoarchitecture in a dose dependent manner.
邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)是水生环境中常见的增塑剂，因为塑料被广泛用于各种用途。本研究以体长14.2±0.82 cm、体重32.8±0.66 g的鲤鱼(Cyprinus carpio)为研究对象，在10、100和1000 μ g l-1水中分别暴露DEHP 30 d，观察其对某些血液学和组织学参数的影响。血液学研究显示，随着DEHP浓度的升高，治疗组红细胞计数显著减少(p<0.05)，白细胞计数显著增加(p<0.05)。此外，DEHP以浓度依赖的方式处理显示红细胞畸形，而白细胞未受影响。血浆总蛋白水平随暴露浓度的升高而显著降低(p<0.05)。组织学研究显示，鳃和肝组织受影响，组织结构受损呈剂量依赖性。
{"title":"Effect of Di-(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate on Certain Haematological and Histological Parameters of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio)","authors":"K. Bisai, Bijay Kumar Behera, Sukanta Kumar Nayak, Manoj Kumar Pati","doi":"10.18311/ti/2022/v29i2/29129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/ti/2022/v29i2/29129","url":null,"abstract":"Di-(2-Ethyl-Hexyl) Phthalate (DEHP) is a plasticizer commonly found in aquatic environment due to wide use of plastics for various purposes. In this study, common carp (Cyprinus carpio) (length 14.2 ± 0.82 cm and weight 32.8 ± 0.66 g) were exposed to DEHP at three different concentration levels i.e., 10, 100 and 1000 ?g l-1 water for 30 d to find out its effect on certain haematological and histological parameters. Haematological studies revealed significant (p<0.05) decrease in erythrocyte counts, while leukocyte counts were significantly increased in treated group with increasing concentration of DEHP. Further, treatment of DEHP in concentration dependent manner showed deformities in erythrocytes whereas leukocytes were unaffected. The total plasma protein level was significantly (p<0.05) decreased in lower to higher concentration of the exposure. Histological studies showed gill and liver tissues were affected with impaired histoarchitecture in a dose dependent manner.","PeriodicalId":23205,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology International","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41797813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-15DOI: 10.18311/ti/2022/v29i2/29288
Ashlesh M. Upadhyaya, Zankruti S. Hathi, S. Dalai, Devendrasinh D Jhala
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is a systemic phenoxy herbicide that induces oxidative stress. In contrast, melatonin is a secretory product of the pineal gland with antioxidant properties. In the present study, the ameliorative potential of melatonin (10 mg/kg body weight) was investigated against 2,4-D (low, mid, and high dose-16.5, 33.0, and 66.0 mg/kg body weight) induced altered haematological variables using in vivo and in silico models. Doses of 2,4-D and melatonin were administered orally for 28 days. The evaluated haematological indices in the present study were Haemoglobin (Hb), Red Blood Corpuscles (RBC), Haematocrit (HCT), Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV), Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin (MCH), Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin Concentration (MCHC), White Blood Corpuscles (WBC), Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Granulocytes, Platelet Count (PT), Mean Platelet Volume (MPV), Plateletcrit (PCT), and Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR). The statistical significant value was considered at p<0.05. Molecular docking study was performed for interaction of 2,4-D and melatonin with haemoglobin. In vivo results revealed that 2,4-D treatment showed a significant dose-dependent alteration in above all studied haematological indices. No significant auto reversal effects were observed in the withdrawal study, on the contrarily, the altered haematological indices were normalized and comparable to control when melatonin was given alone and in combination with 2,4-D. In silico results also demonstrated that 2,4-D and melatonin showed competitive bindings with haemoglobin. In nutshell, these in vivo and in silico findings depicted those haematological indices were altered by 2,4-D toxicity and can be abridged by melatonin attributed to its ameliorative potential as also evidenced by molecular docking.
{"title":"Protective Effects of Melatonin Against 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid Induced Altered Haematological Variables in Mice: An In Vivo and In Silico Approach","authors":"Ashlesh M. Upadhyaya, Zankruti S. Hathi, S. Dalai, Devendrasinh D Jhala","doi":"10.18311/ti/2022/v29i2/29288","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/ti/2022/v29i2/29288","url":null,"abstract":"2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is a systemic phenoxy herbicide that induces oxidative stress. In contrast, melatonin is a secretory product of the pineal gland with antioxidant properties. In the present study, the ameliorative potential of melatonin (10 mg/kg body weight) was investigated against 2,4-D (low, mid, and high dose-16.5, 33.0, and 66.0 mg/kg body weight) induced altered haematological variables using in vivo and in silico models. Doses of 2,4-D and melatonin were administered orally for 28 days. The evaluated haematological indices in the present study were Haemoglobin (Hb), Red Blood Corpuscles (RBC), Haematocrit (HCT), Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV), Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin (MCH), Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin Concentration (MCHC), White Blood Corpuscles (WBC), Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Granulocytes, Platelet Count (PT), Mean Platelet Volume (MPV), Plateletcrit (PCT), and Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR). The statistical significant value was considered at p<0.05. Molecular docking study was performed for interaction of 2,4-D and melatonin with haemoglobin. In vivo results revealed that 2,4-D treatment showed a significant dose-dependent alteration in above all studied haematological indices. No significant auto reversal effects were observed in the withdrawal study, on the contrarily, the altered haematological indices were normalized and comparable to control when melatonin was given alone and in combination with 2,4-D. In silico results also demonstrated that 2,4-D and melatonin showed competitive bindings with haemoglobin. In nutshell, these in vivo and in silico findings depicted those haematological indices were altered by 2,4-D toxicity and can be abridged by melatonin attributed to its ameliorative potential as also evidenced by molecular docking.","PeriodicalId":23205,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology International","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47014185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-15DOI: 10.18311/ti/2022/v29i2/28165
Sukanya Mehra, P. Dhammi, P. Chadha, Harvinder Singh Saini
Present study aimed to treat 2 Napthalene Sulfonate (2NS), a dye intermediate with microbial consortia and assess its potential toxicological impact before and after treatment on the integrity of Deoxyribo-Nucleic Acid (DNA) in blood cells of Channa punctatus. Symbolic elevation in DNA damage with untreated 2NS administered fishes was observed as revealed by comet assay and micronucleus test. However, 2NS after being degraded using mixed bacterial population showed significant reduction in toxicological effects of 2NS. Thus, this study not only illustrated the adverse impact of such toxic contaminant of industrial waste but also suggested a highly efficient and eco-friendly way to remove the harmful xenobiotics from the environment which may help to reduce the exposure of aquatic fauna and flora to such lethal toxicants.
{"title":"Mitigation of Toxic Effects of 2 Naphthalene Sulfonate after its Treatment with Microbial Consortia","authors":"Sukanya Mehra, P. Dhammi, P. Chadha, Harvinder Singh Saini","doi":"10.18311/ti/2022/v29i2/28165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/ti/2022/v29i2/28165","url":null,"abstract":"Present study aimed to treat 2 Napthalene Sulfonate (2NS), a dye intermediate with microbial consortia and assess its potential toxicological impact before and after treatment on the integrity of Deoxyribo-Nucleic Acid (DNA) in blood cells of Channa punctatus. Symbolic elevation in DNA damage with untreated 2NS administered fishes was observed as revealed by comet assay and micronucleus test. However, 2NS after being degraded using mixed bacterial population showed significant reduction in toxicological effects of 2NS. Thus, this study not only illustrated the adverse impact of such toxic contaminant of industrial waste but also suggested a highly efficient and eco-friendly way to remove the harmful xenobiotics from the environment which may help to reduce the exposure of aquatic fauna and flora to such lethal toxicants.","PeriodicalId":23205,"journal":{"name":"Toxicology International","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44387929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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