Tribology International最新文献

Finite element modal analysis of a twin-disc tribometer: Sensitivity analysis and experimental validation using vibrometry 双盘摩擦计的有限元模态分析：灵敏度分析和使用振动仪的实验验证

IF 6.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Tribology International

Pub Date : 2026-02-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.triboint.2026.111778

G. Brunbauer , M.J. Hochrainer , S. Krenn , A.M. Puhwein , M.S. Bonney , S.J. Eder , P.A. Fotiu

Investigating tribological systems using tribometers is challenging due to the complex interaction between machine vibrations and contact forces. Numerical simulations are therefore essential for interpreting tribological measurements and for improving the design and reproducibility of test rigs. To support the analysis of wear patterns by coupling structural dynamics and contact behaviour, this study develops and validates a high-fidelity finite element model of a twin-disc tribometer as the structural-dynamic foundation of a digital twin. The model includes detailed geometry, bolt pretension, nonlinear contact, nonlinear joints and rigid body components to accurately capture the dynamic behaviour of the system. A sensitivity study quantifies the influence of model parameters on the modal system characteristics. Operational modal analysis of vibrometer measurements confirms the numerical model, and enables the identification of vibration modes that strongly modulate the disc contact forces. These modes are shown to be governed primarily by disc cover stiffness, contact friction and bearing stiffness, explaining experimentally observed shifts in resonance frequencies associated with periodic wear patterns. The validated model therefore provides insights into the interaction between machine dynamics and contact behaviour and forms a basis for the development of a digital twin, taking machine dynamic effects into account.

由于机器振动和接触力之间复杂的相互作用，使用摩擦计研究摩擦学系统具有挑战性。因此，数值模拟对于解释摩擦学测量和改进试验台的设计和再现性至关重要。为了支持通过耦合结构动力学和接触行为来分析磨损模式，本研究开发并验证了双盘摩擦计的高保真有限元模型，作为数字孪生的结构动力学基础。该模型包括详细的几何结构、螺栓预紧、非线性接触、非线性关节和刚体组件，以准确地捕捉系统的动态行为。灵敏度研究量化了模型参数对模态系统特性的影响。振动计测量的运行模态分析证实了数值模型，并能够识别强烈调节圆盘接触力的振动模式。这些模式主要受圆盘盖刚度、接触摩擦和轴承刚度的影响，解释了实验观察到的与周期性磨损模式相关的共振频率的变化。因此，经过验证的模型提供了对机器动力学和接触行为之间相互作用的见解，并为考虑到机器动态效应的数字双胞胎的开发奠定了基础。

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引用次数: 0

Solid particle erosion behavior and failure mechanism of medium-entropy AlCrTiSiN coatings 中熵AlCrTiSiN涂层固相颗粒侵蚀行为及破坏机理

IF 6.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Tribology International

Pub Date : 2026-01-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.triboint.2026.111775

Y. Hong , S.Q. Huang , W.L. Chen , S.S. Lin , T.W. Fan , Y.Z. Wu , W. Xu , D.Z. Gong , J. Yan , B. Deng

Multi-principal nitride coatings have received growing attention for their significant potential as protective coatings against solid particle erosion. In this study, the solid particle erosion behavior and associated failure mechanisms of medium-entropy AlCrTiSiN coatings and ternary AlCrN coatings were investigated. The results show that AlCrTiSiN coatings exhibit better erosion resistance than AlCrN coatings due to their higher hardness and greater fracture toughness. The outstanding performance of AlCrTiSiN coatings arises not only from the powerful solid solution strengthening effect and elevated surface energy imparted by their multi-principal elements, but also from the unique microstructures generated by the arc ion plating process. AlCrTiSiN coatings are composed of columnar AlCrTiSiN nitrides and spherical metal-droplets. These columnar AlCrTiSiN nitrides are deposited as a nanolayer structure, consisting of CrN phase solid solutions with periodic fluctuations in elemental composition. During erosion, metal-droplets dissipate impact energy through the formation of dense microcracks, rotations of nanocrystallites, and internal plastic deformations. Simultaneously, the nanolayer structure promotes formation of transverse microcracks and deflects long cracks, thus increasing the driving energy consumed by crack propagation.

多主体氮化物涂层因其作为固体颗粒侵蚀防护涂层的巨大潜力而受到越来越多的关注。研究了中熵AlCrTiSiN涂层和三元AlCrN涂层的固相颗粒侵蚀行为及其破坏机制。结果表明，AlCrTiSiN涂层具有较高的硬度和断裂韧性，比AlCrN涂层具有更好的抗冲蚀性能。AlCrTiSiN涂层的优异性能不仅源于其多主元素所赋予的强大的固溶体强化效果和表面能的提高，还源于电弧离子镀工艺所产生的独特的微观结构。AlCrTiSiN涂层由柱状AlCrTiSiN氮化物和球形金属液滴组成。这些柱状AlCrTiSiN氮化物以纳米层结构沉积，由元素组成周期性波动的CrN相固溶体组成。在侵蚀过程中，金属液滴通过致密微裂纹的形成、纳米晶的旋转和内部塑性变形来耗散冲击能量。同时，纳米层结构促进横向微裂纹的形成和长裂纹的偏转，从而增加裂纹扩展所消耗的驱动能量。

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引用次数: 0

Modeling with experimental validation of power loss in high-speed rolling bearings with oil-jet lubrication for helicopter transmission systems 直升机传动系统油喷射润滑高速滚动轴承功率损失建模与实验验证

IF 6.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Tribology International

Pub Date : 2026-01-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.triboint.2026.111762

Pengfei Zhou, Jie Ling, Ruifeng Zhao

Targeting the critical need for efficiency and thermal management in helicopter transmission systems, this study focuses on the power loss of high-speed rolling bearings under oil-jet lubrication — a dominant lubrication method in such systems. To address this issue, this paper establishes a localized mathematical model for predicting the power loss of rolling bearings under oil-jet lubrication. The model’s completeness is enhanced by incorporating two key mechanisms: the dynamic load effect on rolling elements at high speeds and the oil shear drag loss at the bearing inlet interface. Based on this model, the power losses of several typical bearing types under identical operating conditions with low radial load are calculated. To validate the model, a dedicated test rig was built to conduct oil-jet lubrication experiments under the same low-load condition. Although this specific loading condition imposes certain limitations on the model’s applicability, the experimental results can still be used for model verification. The results show that the theoretical predictions agree well with the experimental data in overall trend. Further analysis reveals the variation patterns of individual loss sources with rotational speed, particularly the contribution proportion of the newly introduced power loss terms, thereby validating the correctness and necessity of the supplemented mechanisms. This study provides a generalized model and a theoretical basis for optimal bearing selection and loss suppression, directly supporting efficiency improvements in helicopter transmissions.

针对直升机传动系统对效率和热管理的迫切需求，研究了高速滚动轴承在油喷射润滑下的功率损失。针对这一问题，本文建立了预测油喷射润滑下滚动轴承功率损失的局部数学模型。考虑了高速动载荷对滚动体的影响和轴承入口界面油剪切阻力损失两个关键机理，提高了模型的完整性。在此基础上，计算了几种典型轴承在低径向载荷的相同工况下的功率损耗。为了验证该模型的有效性，搭建了专用试验台，在相同的低负荷条件下进行了喷油润滑实验。虽然这种特定的加载条件对模型的适用性有一定的限制，但实验结果仍可用于模型验证。结果表明，理论预测在总体趋势上与实验数据吻合较好。进一步分析揭示了各个损耗源随转速的变化规律，特别是新引入的功率损耗项的贡献比例，从而验证了补充机构的正确性和必要性。该研究为优化轴承选择和抑制损耗提供了广义模型和理论基础，直接支持直升机传动效率的提高。

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引用次数: 0

Theoretical and experimental investigation on PCD tool wear in longitudinal-torsional ultrasonic- and laser-assisted milling of 2.5D Cf/SiC composites 超声和激光辅助铣削2.5D Cf/SiC复合材料时PCD刀具磨损的理论和实验研究

IF 6.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Tribology International

Pub Date : 2026-01-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.triboint.2026.111760

Junhao Wang , Xiaoxin Chen , Huapan Xiao , Changjuan Zhang , Xiaoliang Liang

Carbon fiber-reinforced silicon carbide (Cf/SiC) is employed in high-temperature regions due to its excellent thermal stability and lightweight characteristics. However, the inherent brittleness and hardness of Cf/SiC lead to rapid tool wear during conventional machining (CM), significantly compromising machining quality and limiting practical application. In this paper, a longitudinal–torsional ultrasonic- and laser-assisted milling (LTULAM) was employed to suppress tool wear for machining 2.5D Cf/SiC composites. A mathematical model of average flank wear width (VB) was established. The results indicate that the VB model, based on the tool motion trajectory under longitudinal-torsional ultrasonic vibration, classical friction-wear models, and the microhardness of laser-softened material, can effectively capture the actual wear behavior. The error between the experimental and model of VB values ranges from –5 μm to 20 μm, demonstrating a high prediction accuracy. Compared with CM, laser-assisted milling (LAM), and ultrasonic-assisted milling (UAM), the life of polycrystalline diamond (PCD) tools under LTULAM was extended by 90.47 %, 44.15 %, and 46.79 %, respectively. The wear mechanisms of PCD tools include abrasive wear, adhesive behavior, and oxidative wear in LTULAM. The optimal LTUALM parameters are determined to minimizing tool wear. Tool wear decreased with increasing laser power, and it increased with higher feed rate and cutting depth. Tool wear first decreased and then increased with greater ultrasonic amplitude, while it decreased with higher cutting speed. This research provides reliable analytical insights for mitigating tool wear during the LTULAM of 2.5D Cf/SiC composites.

碳纤维增强碳化硅（Cf/SiC）由于其优异的热稳定性和轻质特性而被用于高温地区。然而，Cf/SiC固有的脆性和硬度导致常规加工（CM）过程中刀具的快速磨损，严重影响加工质量并限制了实际应用。采用纵向-扭转超声-激光辅助铣削（LTULAM）加工2.5D Cf/SiC复合材料，以抑制刀具磨损。建立了平均齿面磨损宽度（VB）的数学模型。结果表明，基于超声纵扭振动作用下刀具运动轨迹、经典摩擦磨损模型和激光软化材料显微硬度的VB模型能有效捕捉刀具的实际磨损行为。VB值与实验值的误差在-5 ~ 20 μm之间，具有较高的预测精度。与CM、激光辅助铣削（LAM）和超声辅助铣削（UAM）相比，LTULAM下聚晶金刚石（PCD）刀具的寿命分别延长了90.47 %、44.15 %和46.79 %。PCD刀具的磨损机制包括磨料磨损、粘接行为和LTULAM中的氧化磨损。确定最佳LTUALM参数以最大限度地减少刀具磨损。刀具磨损随激光功率的增大而减小，随进给速率和切削深度的增大而增大。刀具磨损随超声振幅的增大先减小后增大，随切削速度的增大而减小。该研究为2.5D Cf/SiC复合材料LTULAM期间减轻刀具磨损提供了可靠的分析见解。

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引用次数: 0

Fretting wear behavior of micro-arc oxidized Ti6Al4V articulating against ZTA and CoCrMo for taper junctions in artificial hip joints 人工髋关节锥形接头微弧氧化Ti6Al4V对ZTA和CoCrMo的微动磨损行为

IF 6.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Tribology International

Pub Date : 2026-01-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.triboint.2026.111756

Zhangyue Qin , Yali Zhang , Xiaogang Zhang , Xinlu Yuan , Zhongmin Jin

Fretting wear at taper junctions of artificial hip joints is a major cause of allergy, prosthesis loosening, and even revision surgery. Micro‑arc oxidation (MAO) of Ti6Al4V for femoral stems offers a practical and promising approach to mitigating this problem. However, the fretting wear behavior between MAO‑Ti6Al4V and femoral head materials remains unclear. In this study, a high‑quality ceramic coating was first fabricated on Ti6Al4V by MAO. Fretting wear tests were then conducted under conditions representative of service environments of taper junctions in artificial hip joints. The fretting wear behavior and mechanisms of MAO‑Ti6Al4V/ZTA and MAO‑Ti6Al4V/CoCrMo pairs, as well as the respective contributions of the substrate and counterbody to material loss, were systematically investigated. The results demonstrated that, for both pairs, MAO treatment significantly reduced the fretting friction coefficient and wear rate of Ti6Al4V alloy, thereby providing effective protection and indicating considerable potential for clinical application in taper junctions. Moreover, the MAO‑Ti6Al4V/CoCrMo pair exhibited three‑body wear and a more pronounced micro‑cutting effect under the gross slip regime (GSR) and mixed fretting regime (MFR), which led to greater material loss and induced fatigue damage. In contrast, the MAO‑Ti6Al4V/ZTA pair was associated with lower fretting damage and superior fretting wear resistance. Notably, in the MAO‑Ti6Al4V/CoCrMo pair, the majority of material loss originated from CoCrMo, whereas in the MAO‑Ti6Al4V/ZTA pair, material loss occurred predominantly in MAO‑Ti6Al4V. For potential future clinical application, when MAO‑Ti6Al4V/CoCrMo pairs are employed at taper junctions, particular attention should be paid to the wear state of CoCrMo femoral heads.

人工髋关节锥形连接处的微动磨损是导致过敏、假体松动甚至翻修手术的主要原因。微弧氧化（MAO）的Ti6Al4V股茎提供了一个实用的和有前途的方法来减轻这一问题。然而，MAO‑Ti6Al4V与股骨头材料之间的微动磨损行为尚不清楚。本研究首次在Ti6Al4V表面制备了高质量的陶瓷涂层。然后在具有代表性的人工髋关节锥形接头使用环境条件下进行微动磨损试验。系统地研究了MAO‑Ti6Al4V/ZTA和MAO‑Ti6Al4V/CoCrMo对微动磨损的行为和机理，以及基体和基体对材料损耗的贡献。结果表明，MAO处理显著降低了Ti6Al4V合金的微动摩擦系数和磨损率，从而为Ti6Al4V合金提供了有效的保护，在锥度连接处的临床应用具有很大的潜力。此外，MAO - Ti6Al4V/CoCrMo合金在总滑移（GSR）和混合微动（MFR）状态下表现出三体磨损和更明显的微切削效应，导致更大的材料损失和诱发疲劳损伤。相比之下，MAO‑Ti6Al4V/ZTA对具有较低的微动损伤和优异的微动耐磨性。值得注意的是，在MAO - Ti6Al4V/CoCrMo对中，大部分材料损失来自CoCrMo，而在MAO - Ti6Al4V/ZTA对中，材料损失主要发生在MAO - Ti6Al4V中。为了潜在的未来临床应用，当MAO‑Ti6Al4V/CoCrMo对用于锥形连接处时，应特别注意CoCrMo股骨头的磨损状态。

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引用次数: 0

Influence of laser-induced discrete hardening units on gear surface fatigue resistance Ⅱ: Distribution-dependent fatigue damage and contact behavior via equivalent cylindrical rolling contact 激光诱导离散硬化单元对齿轮表面抗疲劳性能的影响Ⅱ：分布依赖的疲劳损伤和等效圆柱滚动接触的接触行为

IF 6.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Tribology International

Pub Date : 2026-01-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.triboint.2026.111763

Yuyang He, Jinghu Ji, Hao Fu, Yifan Wei, Yonghong Fu

The discrete laser spot-matrix hardening (DLSH) process is an innovative eco-friendly surface strengthening technique that enhances the surface strength of materials while preserving their inherent toughness. This unique configuration effectively reduces maximum contact stress while mitigating tooth surface fatigue damage through stress redistribution mechanisms ‎[1,2]. However, due to the intricate interface contact dynamics during meshing, it is necessary to elucidate the influence of hard-phase distribution parameters on fatigue damage progression and contact stress redistribution. Therefore, an equivalent rolling disk was employed to investigate the influence of hardened unit distribution patterns on rolling contact fatigue (RCF) behavior at the pitch circle position through coupled experimental and finite element analysis. The result showed that the rolling contact wear volumes were reduced by 41.9 % and 55.4 % for the "large-sparse" and "small-dense" hardened unit distributions, respectively, compared to the untreated samples, which significantly enhanced the contact fatigue wear resistance of the cylindrical surfaces. It was also observed that the hardened units exerted a distinct spatial blocking effect on interfacial plastic flow, with the plastic flow layer depths being reduced by over 60 % and 83 % for the two configurations, respectively. The originally uniform contact stress distribution was discretized, leading to the formation of localized stress concentrations within the hardened unit regions while the contact stress in the soft matrix was reduced, inducing a periodically fluctuating and locally concentrated contact stress field. During different stages of rolling contact, a "pinning effect" was induced, which simultaneously protected the substrate material and impeded crack propagation.

离散激光点阵硬化（DLSH）工艺是一种创新的环保表面强化技术，可以在保持材料固有韧性的同时提高材料的表面强度。这种独特的结构有效地降低了最大接触应力，同时通过应力重分配机制减轻了齿面疲劳损伤[1,2]。然而，由于啮合过程中复杂的界面接触动力学，有必要研究硬相分布参数对疲劳损伤进展和接触应力重分布的影响。为此，采用等效滚动盘，通过试验与有限元耦合分析，研究了硬化单元分布方式对节圆位置滚动接触疲劳（RCF）行为的影响。结果表明，与未处理试样相比，“大-稀疏”和“小-密集”硬化单元分布的滚动接触磨损体积分别减少了41.9 %和55.4 %，显著提高了圆柱表面的接触疲劳磨损性能。研究还发现，硬化单元对界面塑性流动具有明显的空间阻塞效应，两种构型的塑性流动层深度分别减少了60% %和83% %以上。将原本均匀的接触应力分布离散化，导致硬化单元区内形成局部应力集中，而软基体内的接触应力降低，形成周期性波动的局部集中的接触应力场。在不同的滚动接触阶段，会产生“钉住效应”，在保护基体材料的同时阻碍裂纹扩展。

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引用次数: 0

Fabrication of photoluminescent thin films via tribochemical deposition of upconversion nanoparticles 上转换纳米颗粒摩擦化学沉积制备光致发光薄膜

IF 6.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Tribology International

Pub Date : 2026-01-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.triboint.2026.111764

Yuyang Yuan , Chun Wang , Abdel Dorgham , Tarun Kakkar , Gin Jose , Ardian Morina

Micro- and nano-scale manufacturing enables the creation of high-precision structures for diverse applications in optics, electronics, biomedical devices, and sensors. Tribochemistry, which harnesses friction-induced interfacial reactions, provides a promising route for film fabrication at these scales. Among various functional materials, upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) have gained significant attention over the years due to their unique characteristics, including anti-Stokes shifts, sharp emission peaks, resistance to photobleaching, and long luminescent lifetimes. In this study, lanthanide-doped UCNPs were investigated as tribofilm precursors for the fabrication of functionalized tribofilms responsive to near-infrared (NIR) light at both the micro- and nano-scale. Micro-scale fabrication experiments demonstrated that UCNPs could be successfully incorporated into iron oxide-based tribofilms after extended sliding, while retaining their luminescent properties. Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) analysis revealed a layered tribofilm structure, with UCNPs predominantly concentrated in the upper and middle regions. At the nanoscale, in-situ AFM experiments showed that stable UCNPs tribofilm formation required the presence of iron oxide, which also account for the film’s limited thickness and high susceptibility to load-induced wear. This study demonstrates a viable strategy for integrating optical functionality into tribofilms, opening opportunities for tribochemistry-driven fabrication in sensing and micro/nanomanufacturing applications.

微型和纳米级制造可以为光学、电子、生物医学设备和传感器的各种应用创造高精度结构。摩擦化学利用摩擦引起的界面反应，为在这些尺度上制造薄膜提供了一条有前途的途径。在各种功能材料中，上转换纳米颗粒（UCNPs）由于其独特的特性，包括抗斯托克斯位移、尖锐的发射峰、抗光漂白和长发光寿命，近年来受到了广泛的关注。在本研究中，研究了镧系掺杂UCNPs作为摩擦膜前驱体，用于在微纳米尺度上制备响应近红外（NIR）光的功能化摩擦膜。微尺度制备实验表明，UCNPs可以在延长滑动后成功地结合到氧化铁基摩擦膜中，同时保持其发光特性。次级离子质谱（SIMS）分析揭示了层状摩擦膜结构，UCNPs主要集中在上部和中部区域。在纳米尺度上，原位AFM实验表明，稳定的UCNPs摩擦膜的形成需要氧化铁的存在，这也解释了膜的有限厚度和对载荷诱导磨损的高敏感性。这项研究展示了一种将光学功能集成到摩擦膜中的可行策略，为摩擦化学驱动的传感和微/纳米制造应用提供了机会。

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引用次数: 0

Benzimidazole-based polyimide composite for high-temperature wear-resistant liners: Molecular design and synergistic reinforcement mechanisms 用于高温耐磨衬垫的苯并咪唑基聚酰亚胺复合材料：分子设计和协同增强机制

IF 6.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Tribology International

Pub Date : 2026-01-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.triboint.2026.111757

Yu He , Sai Ma , Xiangjian Meng , Zixu Wang , Zhaoyang Li , Xuehu Men , Junya Yuan

Polymer-fabric composite liners, with their inherent wear-resistant properties, are extensively used as friction materials, while investigating their tribological performance at higher temperatures remains challenging. A breakthrough in 400℃ temperature resistance of polymer-fabric composite liners has been initially demonstrated through a multi-level structural strategy integrating matrix molecular design, fabric reinforcement construction, and ceramic filler synergy, systematically constructing a high-temperature wear-resistant system from the molecular level to macroscopic properties. By tailoring the chain configuration of polyimide (PI) matrix and selecting three types of typical dianhydride monomers with different symmetries, the regulatory mechanism of molecular configuration on the thermal stability and mechanical properties of PI fabric/PI composites were systematically revealed, laying a foundation for subsequent research on high-temperature tribological behavior. Building upon this foundation, the friction and wear behavior of composite enhanced with a TiB₂/BN hybrid filler system under dry sliding against GCr15 steel at 400℃ was investigated. The results demonstrate that TiB₂/BN-PI fabric/sPI composite achieves a friction coefficient as low as 0.06 at 400℃. Ultimately, a full-chain performance optimization across the entire process, from molecular design to structural construction and functional filler synergy, was achieved.

聚合物织物复合衬垫具有固有的耐磨性能，被广泛用作摩擦材料，但研究其在高温下的摩擦学性能仍然具有挑战性。通过结合基体分子设计、织物增强结构和陶瓷填料协同作用的多层次结构策略，系统构建了从分子水平到宏观性能的高温耐磨体系，初步证明了聚合物-织物复合衬垫在耐400℃温度方面的突破。通过裁剪聚酰亚胺（PI）基体的链构型，选择3种不同对称度的典型二酐单体，系统揭示了分子构型对PI织物/PI复合材料热稳定性和力学性能的调控机理，为后续高温摩擦学行为的研究奠定了基础。在此基础上，研究了TiB2/BN复合填料体系增强复合材料与GCr15钢在400℃干滑动条件下的摩擦磨损行为。结果表明，在400℃时，TiB2/BN-PI织物/sPI复合材料的摩擦系数低至0.06。最终，实现了从分子设计到结构构建和功能性填料协同作用的整个过程的全链性能优化。

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引用次数: 0

CuO-BN hybrid nanofluid for enhanced viscosity, pour point, and flash point of turbine oil CuO-BN混合纳米流体，用于提高涡轮油的粘度、倾点和闪点

IF 6.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Tribology International

Pub Date : 2026-01-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.triboint.2026.111755

Rashid Pourrajab , Mohammad Behbahani , Mohammad karim Rezaei asl

This study primarily focuses on the fundamental thermophysical and rheological properties as a critical first step in evaluating the nanofluids' potential. Amid the pursuit of advanced lubricants for industrial operations—most notably gas turbines—this study rigorously examines how incorporating Copper Oxide (CuO) and Boron Nitride (BN) nanoparticles, both as single and hybrid additives, modifies the thermophysical and rheological performance of turbine oil. Experimental formulations spanned nanoparticle concentrations from 500 to 2000 mg/L and were evaluated at temperatures between 50 and 80 °C, with viscosity assessed across shear rates of 70–200 rpm. The maximum enhancement in dynamic viscosity for the CuO nanofluid and the CuO-BN hybrid nanofluid relative to the base oil was 37.2 % (at 1500 ppm, 70°C, and 70 rpm) and 20.2 % (at 1500 ppm, 80°C, and 150 rpm), respectively. Furthermore, the presence of nanoparticles increased the flash point by up to 7.7 % and substantially reduced the pour point by up to 60 % compared to unmodified oil. Collectively, these results affirm the efficacy of hybrid nanoparticle strategies in optimising both the operational performance and safety margins of turbine lubricants. These findings are consistent with existing literature reporting the beneficial effects of nanomaterials on the rheological and thermal performance of lubricants. This study primarily focuses on the fundamental thermophysical and rheological properties as a critical first step in evaluating the nanofluids' potential. The optimal nanoparticle concentration range of 1000--1500 mg/L suggests practical applicability for enhancing lubrication efficiency and operational performance in turbine systems.

本研究主要关注基本的热物理和流变特性，作为评估纳米流体潜力的关键的第一步。在工业操作（最著名的是燃气轮机）对先进润滑油的追求中，本研究严格检查了氧化铜（CuO）和氮化硼（BN）纳米颗粒作为单一和混合添加剂如何改变涡轮油的热物理和流变性能。实验配方的纳米颗粒浓度从500到2000 mg/L不等，温度在50到80°C之间进行评估，粘度在70-200 rpm的剪切速率下进行评估。相对于基础油，CuO纳米流体和CuO- bn混合纳米流体的最大动态粘度增强分别为37.2% %（在1500 ppm、70°C和70 rpm时）和20.2% %（在1500 ppm、80°C和150 rpm时）。此外，与未改性的油相比，纳米颗粒的存在使闪点提高了7.7 %，并使倾点大幅降低了60 %。总的来说，这些结果证实了混合纳米颗粒策略在优化涡轮润滑油的运行性能和安全边际方面的有效性。这些发现与现有文献报道的纳米材料对润滑剂流变学和热性能的有益影响是一致的。本研究主要关注基本的热物理和流变特性，作为评估纳米流体潜力的关键的第一步。最佳纳米颗粒浓度范围为1000—1500 mg/L，对于提高涡轮系统的润滑效率和运行性能具有实际适用性。

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引用次数: 0

A dynamic model of three-point contact ball bearings integrated with a finite element flexible cage model 结合有限元柔性保持架模型的三点接触球轴承动力学模型

IF 6.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Tribology International

Pub Date : 2026-01-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.triboint.2026.111728

Shuaiyu Pang , Siqi Guo , Haibo Zhang , Rui Tang , He Liang , Wenzhong Wang

In three-point contact ball bearings (TPCBB), the collision between balls and pockets play an important role in bearing dynamic performance. On one hand, the collision force may cause the cage to deform, which in turn will change the collision force. On the other hand, the collision force causes changes in the stress distribution of the cage, which may lead to fatigue failure of the cage. However, most existing models have ignored these effects. A new bearing dynamic model integrating a finite element cage model is established, which can comprehensively consider the pocket and cage deformation. The model is validated via commercial finite element software and experiments. In comparison with the rigid cage model, the effect of cage flexibility on the dynamic behavior of the bearing is examined through key parameters such as the actual pocket clearance, strain energy, and curvature radius of the contact area. The proposed model offers potential benefits for optimizing cage structure and mitigating cage failures in TPCBBs.

在三点接触球轴承（TPCBB）中，球与袋之间的碰撞对轴承动态性能起着重要作用。一方面，碰撞力可能会使保持架变形，从而改变碰撞力。另一方面，碰撞力使保持架的应力分布发生变化，可能导致保持架的疲劳失效。然而，大多数现有模型都忽略了这些影响。建立了一种集成有限元保持架模型的新型轴承动力学模型，该模型可以综合考虑保持架和轴承的变形。通过商业有限元软件和实验对模型进行了验证。与刚性保持架模型相比，通过实际袋隙、应变能和接触区域曲率半径等关键参数，研究了保持架柔性对轴承动态行为的影响。所提出的模型为优化笼型结构和减少笼型失效提供了潜在的好处。

引用次数: 0