Pub Date : 2025-04-24DOI: 10.1016/j.triboint.2025.110747
Xuyang Jin , Yonghui Wang , Qinghua Bai , Xinming Li , Hao Jiang , Feng Guo , Xiaoyu Bai , Gerhard Poll
The dynamic motion of the cage and rolling elements in rolling bearings significantly influences lubricant redistribution and film formation. To investigate these complex interactions, a novel imental apparatus was developed by integrating a cage measurement unit into a ball-on-disc optical elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) test rig. The influence of cage pocket positions, cage dimensions, grooved surface textures, and grease properties on film thickness and friction forces at the ball-raceway and ball-cage interfaces were studied. Results showed that the cage plays a crucial role in enhancing ball-raceway lubrication by redistributing lubricant across ball surfaces, with its effectiveness governed by positional clearances, grease type, and cage design. The lubrication state of the ball-raceway interface was found to be closely linked to the cage-ball interaction forces, requiring a delicate balance for optimal performance. Analyzing and optimizing the friction behavior between the cage and rolling elements, along with cage structure optimization, can guide the design of novel cage structures for improved bearing lubrication characteristics. These findings provide valuable insights into the complex lubrication mechanisms induced by the dynamic motion of the cage and rolling elements.
{"title":"Cage parameters on friction within cage-pockets contacts and lubrication behaviors in ball-raceway contacts","authors":"Xuyang Jin , Yonghui Wang , Qinghua Bai , Xinming Li , Hao Jiang , Feng Guo , Xiaoyu Bai , Gerhard Poll","doi":"10.1016/j.triboint.2025.110747","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.triboint.2025.110747","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The dynamic motion of the cage and rolling elements in rolling bearings significantly influences lubricant redistribution and film formation. To investigate these complex interactions, a novel imental apparatus was developed by integrating a cage measurement unit into a ball-on-disc optical elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) test rig. The influence of cage pocket positions, cage dimensions, grooved surface textures, and grease properties on film thickness and friction forces at the ball-raceway and ball-cage interfaces were studied. Results showed that the cage plays a crucial role in enhancing ball-raceway lubrication by redistributing lubricant across ball surfaces, with its effectiveness governed by positional clearances, grease type, and cage design. The lubrication state of the ball-raceway interface was found to be closely linked to the cage-ball interaction forces, requiring a delicate balance for optimal performance. Analyzing and optimizing the friction behavior between the cage and rolling elements, along with cage structure optimization, can guide the design of novel cage structures for improved bearing lubrication characteristics. These findings provide valuable insights into the complex lubrication mechanisms induced by the dynamic motion of the cage and rolling elements.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23238,"journal":{"name":"Tribology International","volume":"209 ","pages":"Article 110747"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143873588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-23DOI: 10.1016/j.triboint.2025.110743
Ruoyu Wu , Feng Liu , Huiming Ning , Rui Zou , Ning Hu , Cheng Yan
Superlubricity makes graphene an excellent lubricating material. To further investigate the friction properties of graphene, we established atomic models of graphene sheet sliding on the sinusoidally rough Au surface, the randomly rough Au surface, as well as the water molecule layer intercalated on Au substrate, respectively. Our results show that the friction force increases with roughness of the surface, but in the case of a small roughness, the incommensurability between the graphene and Au substrate surfaces reduces the friction force; when a water molecule layer exists, it separates the friction pairs, which results in lower friction than in the dry environment, and the deformability of water also contributes to the frictional hysteresis behavior during the loading and unloading process.
{"title":"Friction behaviors of graphene sliding on rough Au substrates and intercalated water layer by molecular dynamics simulations","authors":"Ruoyu Wu , Feng Liu , Huiming Ning , Rui Zou , Ning Hu , Cheng Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.triboint.2025.110743","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.triboint.2025.110743","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Superlubricity makes graphene an excellent lubricating material. To further investigate the friction properties of graphene, we established atomic models of graphene sheet sliding on the sinusoidally rough Au surface, the randomly rough Au surface, as well as the water molecule layer intercalated on Au substrate, respectively. Our results show that the friction force increases with roughness of the surface, but in the case of a small roughness, the incommensurability between the graphene and Au substrate surfaces reduces the friction force; when a water molecule layer exists, it separates the friction pairs, which results in lower friction than in the dry environment, and the deformability of water also contributes to the frictional hysteresis behavior during the loading and unloading process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23238,"journal":{"name":"Tribology International","volume":"209 ","pages":"Article 110743"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143873587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-22DOI: 10.1016/j.triboint.2025.110741
Kai Jiang , Zhifeng Liu , Tao Zhang
As is well known, rough surfaces exhibit self-affine fractal. Synthesized artificial fractal surfaces with the power spectral density (PSD) and Weierstrass-Mandelbrot (WM) function methods are employed to facilitate contact research on friction, wear and lubrication. Since these two methods are independent, it is challenging to control the input parameters and ensure the creation of identical artificial surfaces with same roughness parameters. Nevertheless, comparisons between them are necessary for engineering research. In this paper, based on Nayak’s random process theory, a power spectral density that incorporates the WM function is established. The mathematical expression for the fractal roughness including , , , , and is then derived, using the definition of the root mean square roughness as a reference, to match the WM and PSD surfaces. Through extensive numerical simulations, the asperity overlap is quantified for the first time, with specified, solving the problem of the WM function's inability to accurately represent rough surfaces. Additionally, we compare the multiasperity contact models with the Persson model. When the input parameters are the constant, rough surface characteristics and their contact behavior of the two surface types are nearly identical, so far both methods can be used for accurate simulation of fractal surfaces.
{"title":"Numerical analysis of rough surface characteristics and their contact behavior: The PSD Vs WM function generated self-affine fractal surfaces","authors":"Kai Jiang , Zhifeng Liu , Tao Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.triboint.2025.110741","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.triboint.2025.110741","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As is well known, rough surfaces exhibit self-affine fractal. Synthesized artificial fractal surfaces with the power spectral density (PSD) and Weierstrass-Mandelbrot (WM) function methods are employed to facilitate contact research on friction, wear and lubrication. Since these two methods are independent, it is challenging to control the input parameters and ensure the creation of identical artificial surfaces with same roughness parameters. Nevertheless, comparisons between them are necessary for engineering research. In this paper, based on Nayak’s random process theory, a power spectral density that incorporates the WM function is established. The mathematical expression for the fractal roughness <span><math><mi>G</mi></math></span> including <span><math><mi>H</mi></math></span>, <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>q</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>l</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>, <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>q</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>s</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>, <span><math><mi>ζ</mi></math></span>, <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>h</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>rms</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> and <span><math><mi>M</mi></math></span> is then derived, using the definition of the root mean square roughness as a reference, to match the WM and PSD surfaces. Through extensive numerical simulations, the asperity overlap is quantified for the first time, with <span><math><mrow><mi>M</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>5</mn></mrow></math></span> specified, solving the problem of the WM function's inability to accurately represent rough surfaces. Additionally, we compare the multiasperity contact models with the Persson model. When the input parameters are the constant, rough surface characteristics and their contact behavior of the two surface types are nearly identical, so far both methods can be used for accurate simulation of fractal surfaces.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23238,"journal":{"name":"Tribology International","volume":"209 ","pages":"Article 110741"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143864100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-21DOI: 10.1016/j.triboint.2025.110738
Zhao Wang , Junfei Xu , Yue Yang , Zhi Han , Yinghao Li , Linyao Wu , Fusheng Liang , Cheng Fan
As the final step in surface finishing, the polishing plays a critical role in determining the quality and precision of the target surface. Despite extensive research efforts centered on the Preston Equation for polishing processes, accurately capturing material removal at the zero-velocity point remains challenging. While some studies have explored material removal based on single abrasive particle behavior, these investigations have primarily focused on traditional flat polishing. There is a notable lack of research that examines material removal from the perspective of a single abrasive particle to predict polishing profiles in inclined-axis spherical polishing head applications. Therefore, this research establishes a surface profile model of inclined-axis fixed point polishing for spherical polishing head based on material removal of single abrasive particle. In which the abrasive particle sweep cross-section versus position relationships are considered, the abrasive particle movement trajectories are calculated, and multiple abrasive particle footprints overlapping strategy are set up. Polishing experiments were carried out, varying key parameters such as vertical feed depth, inclined angle, and dwell time. The outcomes reveal that the minimum error for predicting the cross-section maximum profile depth is only 6.25 %, and the contact profile is only 5.68 %, proves the precision of the model. In additions, the results also reveal that the best prediction condition for the model of vertical feed depth ≤ 0.2 mm, the inclined angle ≥ 15°, which is also the parameter condition for the formation of the approximate Gaussian profile during the experiment. The developed model is expected to not only enhance understanding of interaction mechanisms between abrasive particle- workpiece, including particle motion trajectories, but also offer practical guidance for optimizing polishing parameters and predicting surface outcomes in industrial manufacturing applications.
{"title":"Surface profile modelling of inclined-axis polishing based on the microscopic material removal behaviour of abrasive particles","authors":"Zhao Wang , Junfei Xu , Yue Yang , Zhi Han , Yinghao Li , Linyao Wu , Fusheng Liang , Cheng Fan","doi":"10.1016/j.triboint.2025.110738","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.triboint.2025.110738","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As the final step in surface finishing, the polishing plays a critical role in determining the quality and precision of the target surface. Despite extensive research efforts centered on the Preston Equation for polishing processes, accurately capturing material removal at the zero-velocity point remains challenging. While some studies have explored material removal based on single abrasive particle behavior, these investigations have primarily focused on traditional flat polishing. There is a notable lack of research that examines material removal from the perspective of a single abrasive particle to predict polishing profiles in inclined-axis spherical polishing head applications. Therefore, this research establishes a surface profile model of inclined-axis fixed point polishing for spherical polishing head based on material removal of single abrasive particle. In which the abrasive particle sweep cross-section versus position relationships are considered, the abrasive particle movement trajectories are calculated, and multiple abrasive particle footprints overlapping strategy are set up. Polishing experiments were carried out, varying key parameters such as vertical feed depth, inclined angle, and dwell time. The outcomes reveal that the minimum error for predicting the cross-section maximum profile depth is only 6.25 %, and the contact profile is only 5.68 %, proves the precision of the model. In additions, the results also reveal that the best prediction condition for the model of vertical feed depth ≤ 0.2 mm, the inclined angle ≥ 15°, which is also the parameter condition for the formation of the approximate Gaussian profile during the experiment. The developed model is expected to not only enhance understanding of interaction mechanisms between abrasive particle- workpiece, including particle motion trajectories, but also offer practical guidance for optimizing polishing parameters and predicting surface outcomes in industrial manufacturing applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23238,"journal":{"name":"Tribology International","volume":"209 ","pages":"Article 110738"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143860325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-18DOI: 10.1016/j.triboint.2025.110734
Huixian Yang , Xiaoqiang Fan , Zhongpan Zhang , Xinrui Li , Minhao Zhu
Epoxy resin (EP) exhibits poor tribological performance when used as a friction pair. In this study, lithium composite grease (LCG) was dispersed in EP using ethyl acetate as a “booster” to prepare composite coatings containing semi-solid grease (LCG/EP). X-ray computed tomography imaging confirmed the uniform distribution of LCG within the EP. The friction coefficient dropped from 0.65 to 0.066, and the wear rate decreased by 95.3 % with the introduction of 10 wt% LCG. The superior tribological performance of LCG/EP originates from the oil film formation on the friction surface. Moreover, the lubricating state from EP to LCG/EP was examined using Hertz contact theory. This work provides potentially effective support for the design of high-efficiency self-lubricating bearings.
{"title":"Fabrication and tribological mechanism of grease-containing self-lubricating composite epoxy coatings","authors":"Huixian Yang , Xiaoqiang Fan , Zhongpan Zhang , Xinrui Li , Minhao Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.triboint.2025.110734","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.triboint.2025.110734","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Epoxy resin (EP) exhibits poor tribological performance when used as a friction pair. In this study, lithium composite grease (LCG) was dispersed in EP using ethyl acetate as a “booster” to prepare composite coatings containing semi-solid grease (LCG/EP). X-ray computed tomography imaging confirmed the uniform distribution of LCG within the EP. The friction coefficient dropped from 0.65 to 0.066, and the wear rate decreased by 95.3 % with the introduction of 10 wt% LCG. The superior tribological performance of LCG/EP originates from the oil film formation on the friction surface. Moreover, the lubricating state from EP to LCG/EP was examined using Hertz contact theory. This work provides potentially effective support for the design of high-efficiency self-lubricating bearings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23238,"journal":{"name":"Tribology International","volume":"209 ","pages":"Article 110734"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143850546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-17DOI: 10.1016/j.triboint.2025.110730
Zareen Zafar , Ali B.M. Ali , Mubbashar Nazeer , Zulfiqar Ali , Hala A. Hejazi , Salah Saadaoui , Refka Ghodhbani , M. Ijaz Khan
The current study focuses on convective heat and mass transfer of fluid-particle suspension flow of Rabinowitsch fluid in an inclined tube with ciliated walls. The objective of this theoretical study is to develop the mathematical model of the two-phase flow of Rabinowitsch fluid in peristaltic phenomena under the suspension of gold nanoparticles. The mathematical model for fluid and particle phases is constructed using partial differential equations of continuity, motion, energy, and mass concentration. The lubrication approach is used to simplify the equation and solve it by using MATHEMATICA 13.0 by using convective boundary conditions. The results for fluid, particle velocities, temperature, mass concentration, pressure gradient, and pressure rise are presented. From the computational data, it is noted that the Froude number and cilia tip parameter slow down the velocity of all fluids, and greater values of velocity are predicted at the core region of the tube for the case of Newtonian and Pseudoplastic fluids. The concentration profiles of Newtonian and Pseudoplastic fluids are diminishing versus Schmidt and Soret numbers. It is also observed that the particle phase velocity is 4 % greater than the fluid phase in the case of Pseudoplastic fluid. The present work can be used in the medical field to cure goiter glands, remove allergens from our nostrils with the help of cilia, and in the identification of damaged human body organs.
{"title":"Tribological analysis of rabinowitsch fluid in peristaltic flow with gold nanoparticle suspension","authors":"Zareen Zafar , Ali B.M. Ali , Mubbashar Nazeer , Zulfiqar Ali , Hala A. Hejazi , Salah Saadaoui , Refka Ghodhbani , M. Ijaz Khan","doi":"10.1016/j.triboint.2025.110730","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.triboint.2025.110730","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The current study focuses on convective heat and mass transfer of fluid-particle suspension flow of Rabinowitsch fluid in an inclined tube with ciliated walls. The objective of this theoretical study is to develop the mathematical model of the two-phase flow of Rabinowitsch fluid in peristaltic phenomena under the suspension of gold nanoparticles. The mathematical model for fluid and particle phases is constructed using partial differential equations of continuity, motion, energy, and mass concentration. The lubrication approach is used to simplify the equation and solve it by using MATHEMATICA 13.0 by using convective boundary conditions. The results for fluid, particle velocities, temperature, mass concentration, pressure gradient, and pressure rise are presented. From the computational data, it is noted that the Froude number and cilia tip parameter slow down the velocity of all fluids, and greater values of velocity are predicted at the core region of the tube for the case of Newtonian and Pseudoplastic fluids. The concentration profiles of Newtonian and Pseudoplastic fluids are diminishing versus Schmidt and Soret numbers. It is also observed that the particle phase velocity is 4 % greater than the fluid phase in the case of Pseudoplastic fluid. The present work can be used in the medical field to cure goiter glands, remove allergens from our nostrils with the help of cilia, and in the identification of damaged human body organs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23238,"journal":{"name":"Tribology International","volume":"209 ","pages":"Article 110730"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143844518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper investigates the tightening performance of dual-nut connecting bolts. The torque ratio T2/T1 is defined as the ratio of the slave nut (i.e., S-nut) torque T2 to the master nut (i.e., M-nut) torque T1, and the definition of the height ratio h2/h1 is consistent with the torque ratio. Four torque ratios and five height ratios were used as parameters for tightening tests to reveal the variation of the axial force of bolts. Then, a parametric finite element model was established to reveal the contact characteristics of M-nut and S-nut, further analyzing the influence of S-nut on the additional tension of the bolt. The results demonstrate that the axial force of the bolt is largest when both M-nut and S-nut torques are maximized. Furthermore, the axial force of the bolt improves with the increase of T2/T1, and the maximum is four times the initial axial force. When T2/T1 is four, the axial force of the bolt changes significantly with the height ratio h2/h1. Specifically, if h2/h1 is less than one, the axial force decreases as the height ratio increases, while the inverse is true when h2/h1 is greater than one. Additionally, the additional tensile force is almost equal to the axial force of the bolt when the T2 increases to approximately 1.5 times that of the M-nut. Finally, the dual-nut tightening theory established in the paper can reveal the distribution of axial force in the threaded area and the trend of axial force variation of bolts during the S-nut tightening process.
{"title":"Tightening performance of dual-nut connecting bolts with different height ratios and torque ratios","authors":"Wanzhi Zhou, Chongkai Fan, Wenwen Jiang, Dachang Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.triboint.2025.110733","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.triboint.2025.110733","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper investigates the tightening performance of dual-nut connecting bolts. The torque ratio <em>T</em><sub>2</sub>/<em>T</em><sub>1</sub> is defined as the ratio of the slave nut (i.e., S-nut) torque <em>T</em><sub>2</sub> to the master nut (i.e., M-nut) torque <em>T</em><sub>1</sub>, and the definition of the height ratio <em>h</em><sub>2</sub>/<em>h</em><sub>1</sub> is consistent with the torque ratio. Four torque ratios and five height ratios were used as parameters for tightening tests to reveal the variation of the axial force of bolts. Then, a parametric finite element model was established to reveal the contact characteristics of M-nut and S-nut, further analyzing the influence of S-nut on the additional tension of the bolt. The results demonstrate that the axial force of the bolt is largest when both M-nut and S-nut torques are maximized. Furthermore, the axial force of the bolt improves with the increase of <em>T</em><sub>2</sub>/<em>T</em><sub>1</sub>, and the maximum is four times the initial axial force. When <em>T</em><sub>2</sub>/<em>T</em><sub>1</sub> is four, the axial force of the bolt changes significantly with the height ratio <em>h</em><sub>2</sub>/<em>h</em><sub>1</sub>. Specifically, if <em>h</em><sub>2</sub>/<em>h</em><sub>1</sub> is less than one, the axial force decreases as the height ratio increases, while the inverse is true when <em>h</em><sub>2</sub>/<em>h</em><sub>1</sub> is greater than one. Additionally, the additional tensile force is almost equal to the axial force of the bolt when the <em>T</em><sub>2</sub> increases to approximately 1.5 times that of the M-nut. Finally, the dual-nut tightening theory established in the paper can reveal the distribution of axial force in the threaded area and the trend of axial force variation of bolts during the S-nut tightening process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23238,"journal":{"name":"Tribology International","volume":"209 ","pages":"Article 110733"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143848219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-16DOI: 10.1016/j.triboint.2025.110727
Xinmeng Wu , Dengji Zhu , Shunuo Bian , Haiwei Han , Lihua Yu , Junhua Xu , Bin Zuo
Coated artificial joint implants and the surrounding tissue fluid are a solid-liquid system, and the tribological behavior of this system is an important factor to evaluate the service performance of the implants, which has received continuous attention. Here, we investigated the tribological behavior of ZrN-Cu films in bovine serum albumin(BSA) solution. The results show that Cu can effectively improve the tribological performance of the ZrN-Cu/BSA system. Through the investigation of the tribochemical products, adsorption behavior, hertzian contact stress, flash temperature, etc., we elucidated the improving mechanism of the ZrN-Cu/BSA system, forming a carbon-based transfer film deriving from BSA with the catalytically active ZrN-Cu film and a stable surface adsorption layer due to Cu separating the contact surface.
{"title":"Adsorption behavior regulates the frictional response of a solid-liquid system: A case study of the ZrN-Cu/bovine serum albumin solution system","authors":"Xinmeng Wu , Dengji Zhu , Shunuo Bian , Haiwei Han , Lihua Yu , Junhua Xu , Bin Zuo","doi":"10.1016/j.triboint.2025.110727","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.triboint.2025.110727","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Coated artificial joint implants and the surrounding tissue fluid are a solid-liquid system, and the tribological behavior of this system is an important factor to evaluate the service performance of the implants, which has received continuous attention. Here, we investigated the tribological behavior of ZrN-Cu films in bovine serum albumin(BSA) solution. The results show that Cu can effectively improve the tribological performance of the ZrN-Cu/BSA system. Through the investigation of the tribochemical products, adsorption behavior, hertzian contact stress, flash temperature, etc., we elucidated the improving mechanism of the ZrN-Cu/BSA system, forming a carbon-based transfer film deriving from BSA with the catalytically active ZrN-Cu film and a stable surface adsorption layer due to Cu separating the contact surface.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23238,"journal":{"name":"Tribology International","volume":"209 ","pages":"Article 110727"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143837883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-15DOI: 10.1016/j.triboint.2025.110729
Shengkai Liu , Yan Geng , Chunying Min , Xiaoyuan Pei , Siqi Liu , Amna Siddique , Zhiwei Xu
This study explores direct ink writing (DIW) 3D printing for fabricating ultralight biomimetic helical carbon fiber composites. Composites with varying interlaminar angles (0°-40°) were compared to mold-formed samples in terms of tribological performance. The DIW method improved fiber orientation and interfacial bonding, significantly enhancing mechanical and wear properties. A 10° helical angle yielded over 50 % reductions in both friction coefficient and wear rate, along with high hardness and modulus. The printed composite achieved ultralow density (0.467 g/cm³) while maintaining structural integrity. These findings demonstrate the potential of DIW-fabricated helical composites for lightweight, durable applications in aerospace, automotive, and other high-performance engineering fields.
{"title":"Tribological properties of ultralight and biomimetic helical composites reinforced by low-content carbon fiber from direct ink writing 3D printing","authors":"Shengkai Liu , Yan Geng , Chunying Min , Xiaoyuan Pei , Siqi Liu , Amna Siddique , Zhiwei Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.triboint.2025.110729","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.triboint.2025.110729","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study explores direct ink writing (DIW) 3D printing for fabricating ultralight biomimetic helical carbon fiber composites. Composites with varying interlaminar angles (0°-40°) were compared to mold-formed samples in terms of tribological performance. The DIW method improved fiber orientation and interfacial bonding, significantly enhancing mechanical and wear properties. A 10° helical angle yielded over 50 % reductions in both friction coefficient and wear rate, along with high hardness and modulus. The printed composite achieved ultralow density (0.467 g/cm³) while maintaining structural integrity. These findings demonstrate the potential of DIW-fabricated helical composites for lightweight, durable applications in aerospace, automotive, and other high-performance engineering fields.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23238,"journal":{"name":"Tribology International","volume":"209 ","pages":"Article 110729"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143844517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-14DOI: 10.1016/j.triboint.2025.110725
Jinjie Liu , Qinghua Bai , Xinming Li , Li Zhang , Florian Pape , Feng Guo , Gehard Poll
Conductive grease is generally considered to mitigate electrically induced bearing damage (EIBD), but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The grease analysis and electrical discharge tests were conducted using a ball-on-disc rig to characterize the lubrication and electrical properties of conductive greases with ionic liquid, while recording the evolution of electrical discharge processes in EHD contacts lubricated with conductive grease. Firstly, the grease analysis demonstrates that the addition of ionic liquids alters the electrical properties of the lubricant, resulting in higher dielectric strength and conductivity of the grease. Secondly, electrical discharge test results indicate that the discharge behavior is significantly influenced by the EHL characteristics and lubricant properties. Meanwhile, electrical discharge induces film recession and fluctuation, primarily caused by Joule heating and localized pressure variations. Test results show that higher conductivity and viscosity lubricant can effectively reduce the recession of lubrication caused by electrical discharge. A correction factor was established for predicting lubrication under the electric field, and the calculated film thickness aligns well with the measured film thickness in full film lubrication. The comparison between corrected and measured film thickness further validates the discharge characteristics and mechanism of conductive grease.
{"title":"Evolution processes of electrical discharge in EHD contact lubricated with conductive grease","authors":"Jinjie Liu , Qinghua Bai , Xinming Li , Li Zhang , Florian Pape , Feng Guo , Gehard Poll","doi":"10.1016/j.triboint.2025.110725","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.triboint.2025.110725","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Conductive grease is generally considered to mitigate electrically induced bearing damage (EIBD), but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The grease analysis and electrical discharge tests were conducted using a ball-on-disc rig to characterize the lubrication and electrical properties of conductive greases with ionic liquid, while recording the evolution of electrical discharge processes in EHD contacts lubricated with conductive grease. Firstly, the grease analysis demonstrates that the addition of ionic liquids alters the electrical properties of the lubricant, resulting in higher dielectric strength and conductivity of the grease. Secondly, electrical discharge test results indicate that the discharge behavior is significantly influenced by the EHL characteristics and lubricant properties. Meanwhile, electrical discharge induces film recession and fluctuation, primarily caused by Joule heating and localized pressure variations. Test results show that higher conductivity and viscosity lubricant can effectively reduce the recession of lubrication caused by electrical discharge. A correction factor was established for predicting lubrication under the electric field, and the calculated film thickness aligns well with the measured film thickness in full film lubrication. The comparison between corrected and measured film thickness further validates the discharge characteristics and mechanism of conductive grease.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23238,"journal":{"name":"Tribology International","volume":"209 ","pages":"Article 110725"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143834176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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