Tribology International最新文献_第6页

Non-monotonic regulation of friction on graphene surface by electric field: First-principles investigation 电场对石墨烯表面摩擦的非单调调节：第一性原理研究

IF 6.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Tribology International

Pub Date : 2025-12-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.triboint.2025.111540

Haochen Feng , Ziwen Cheng , Zhibin Lu , Hailong Wang , Biao Wang , Q.-C. He

The modulation of friction by applying external fields is an important issue of nanotribology. Using the tip-graphene (Tip/Gr) and graphene-graphene (Gr/Gr) contact systems as two representative models, the present work aims to investigate the modulation effect of electric field on friction and to identify the underlying regulation mechanisms. Through first-principles computations, the frictional behavior of each system under the action of electric field turns out to be non-monotone. This is in sharp contrast with what happens when temperature or strain is used as the external modulation field. To understand the mechanisms giving rise to the non-monotone variation of friction with the applied electric field strength, first-principles calculations have further conducted to determine the binding energy, van der Waals energy, electrostatic energy and interfacial charge density of each system, which are the main determinant quantities for friction. From mechanistic analysis of the data obtained about these quantities, it follows that: (i) all the studied quantities aforementioned vary non-monotonically with the applied electric field strength; (ii) friction is regulated essentially by the interfacial charge density redistribution due to the applied electric field; (iii) the distinct spatial contact degrees of freedom of the two contact systems make that the sensitivities of their frictional behaviors to the applied electric field are different. The main results obtained in this work, which deviate from the usually admitted monotonic modulation of friction by electric field, can be used, in particular, for the active and efficient control of the friction in nano-devices.

外场对摩擦的调制是纳米摩擦学的一个重要问题。以尖端-石墨烯（Tip/Gr）和石墨烯-石墨烯（Gr/Gr）接触系统为代表模型，研究了电场对摩擦的调制效应，并确定了潜在的调节机制。通过第一性原理计算，证明了各体系在电场作用下的摩擦行为是非单调的。这与使用温度或应变作为外部调制场时发生的情况形成鲜明对比。为了了解摩擦随外加电场强度非单调变化的机理，进一步进行第一性原理计算，确定了各体系的结合能、范德华能、静电能和界面电荷密度，这是摩擦的主要决定量。对这些量的力学分析表明：(1)上述所有研究量随外加电场强度呈非单调变化；（ii）摩擦力主要由外加电场引起的界面电荷密度重分布调节；(3)两种接触系统的空间接触自由度不同，使得它们的摩擦行为对外加电场的敏感性不同。本工作的主要结果，与通常承认的电场对摩擦的单调调制不同，特别可以用于纳米器件中摩擦的主动和有效控制。

{"title":"Non-monotonic regulation of friction on graphene surface by electric field: First-principles investigation","authors":"Haochen Feng , Ziwen Cheng , Zhibin Lu , Hailong Wang , Biao Wang , Q.-C. He","doi":"10.1016/j.triboint.2025.111540","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.triboint.2025.111540","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The modulation of friction by applying external fields is an important issue of nanotribology. Using the tip-graphene (Tip/Gr) and graphene-graphene (Gr/Gr) contact systems as two representative models, the present work aims to investigate the modulation effect of electric field on friction and to identify the underlying regulation mechanisms. Through first-principles computations, the frictional behavior of each system under the action of electric field turns out to be non-monotone. This is in sharp contrast with what happens when temperature or strain is used as the external modulation field. To understand the mechanisms giving rise to the non-monotone variation of friction with the applied electric field strength, first-principles calculations have further conducted to determine the binding energy, van der Waals energy, electrostatic energy and interfacial charge density of each system, which are the main determinant quantities for friction. From mechanistic analysis of the data obtained about these quantities, it follows that: (i) all the studied quantities aforementioned vary non-monotonically with the applied electric field strength; (ii) friction is regulated essentially by the interfacial charge density redistribution due to the applied electric field; (iii) the distinct spatial contact degrees of freedom of the two contact systems make that the sensitivities of their frictional behaviors to the applied electric field are different. The main results obtained in this work, which deviate from the usually admitted monotonic modulation of friction by electric field, can be used, in particular, for the active and efficient control of the friction in nano-devices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23238,"journal":{"name":"Tribology International","volume":"216 ","pages":"Article 111540"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145749693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Ultra-low wear performance of PEKK composites synergistically reinforced with short carbon fibers and PTFE 短碳纤维与聚四氟乙烯协同增强PEKK复合材料的超低磨损性能

IF 6.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Tribology International

Pub Date : 2025-12-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.triboint.2025.111520

Fangjuan Wu , Haci Chen , Hui Fang , Yingzhang Wu , Yan Fang , Han Lin

High-performance thermoplastic composites are increasingly demanded for tribological applications in aerospace and automotive industries. Short carbon fiber (SCF) and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) synergistically reinforced polyetherketoneketone (PEKK) composites were prepared via melt blending to systematically investigate their tribological performance and reinforcement mechanisms. SCF incorporation significantly enhanced mechanical properties through rigid skeleton reinforcement, with tensile strength and Young’s modulus increasing by 83.6 % and 188 %, respectively. PTFE primarily functions through a non-transfer film lubrication mechanism rather than conventional transfer film formation, reducing friction resistance via interfacial shear localization and enhanced thermal management. The optimal composition PEKK/SCF/3PTFE exhibited outstanding tribological performance at 30 N load, achieving a coefficient of friction of 0.278 and an ultra-low wear rate of 2.2 × 10⁻⁶ mm³/N·m, representing reductions of 38.1 % and 90.6 % compared to neat PEKK. Comprehensive microstructural characterization revealed that appropriate PTFE content (3 phr) optimized fiber-matrix interfacial bonding, selectively promoted PEKK crystal form II formation (crystal form II crystallinity of 23.2 %), and synergistically enhanced thermal conductivity to 0.32 W/m·K (191 % increase versus neat PEKK), effectively preventing thermal softening failure during friction processes. Wear mechanism analysis demonstrated a load-dependent transition from mild adhesive-abrasive wear at 20 N to severe adhesive-fatigue wear with thermal softening at 40 N. PEKK/SCF/3PTFE effectively controlled wear mechanisms throughout the entire load range through multiple synergistic actions including rigid reinforcement, interfacial lubrication, crystallization optimization, and thermal management. This research provides theoretical foundation and experimental guidance for designing high-performance PEKK-based tribological materials, demonstrating significant application potential in demanding tribological conditions.

高性能热塑性复合材料在航空航天和汽车工业中的摩擦学应用需求日益增长。采用熔融共混法制备了短碳纤维（SCF）和聚四氟乙烯（PTFE）协同增强聚醚酮酮（PEKK）复合材料，系统研究了它们的摩擦学性能和增强机理。SCF的掺入显著提高了钢骨架的力学性能，抗拉强度和杨氏模量分别提高了83.6 %和188 %。PTFE主要通过非传递膜润滑机制而不是传统的传递膜形成来发挥作用，通过界面剪切局部化和增强热管理来减少摩擦阻力。最佳组合PEKK/SCF/3PTFE在30 N载荷下表现出优异的摩擦学性能，摩擦系数为0.278，超低磨损率为2.2 × 10−6 mm3/N·m，与纯PEKK相比分别降低38.1 %和90.6 %。综合微观结构表征表明，适当的PTFE含量（3 phr）优化了纤维-基体界面结合，选择性地促进了PEKK II型晶的形成（II型晶的结晶度为23.2% %），并协同提高了导热系数至0.32 W/m·K（比纯PEKK提高了191 %），有效地防止了摩擦过程中的热软化失效。磨损机理分析表明，从20 N时的轻度黏着-磨粒磨损到40 N时的严重黏着-疲劳热软化磨损的载荷依赖转变。PEKK/SCF/3PTFE通过多种协同作用，包括刚性增强、界面润滑、结晶优化和热管理，有效地控制了整个负载范围内的磨损机制。该研究为高性能pek基摩擦学材料的设计提供了理论基础和实验指导，在苛刻的摩擦学条件下具有重要的应用潜力。

{"title":"Ultra-low wear performance of PEKK composites synergistically reinforced with short carbon fibers and PTFE","authors":"Fangjuan Wu , Haci Chen , Hui Fang , Yingzhang Wu , Yan Fang , Han Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.triboint.2025.111520","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.triboint.2025.111520","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High-performance thermoplastic composites are increasingly demanded for tribological applications in aerospace and automotive industries. Short carbon fiber (SCF) and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) synergistically reinforced polyetherketoneketone (PEKK) composites were prepared via melt blending to systematically investigate their tribological performance and reinforcement mechanisms. SCF incorporation significantly enhanced mechanical properties through rigid skeleton reinforcement, with tensile strength and Young’s modulus increasing by 83.6 % and 188 %, respectively. PTFE primarily functions through a non-transfer film lubrication mechanism rather than conventional transfer film formation, reducing friction resistance via interfacial shear localization and enhanced thermal management. The optimal composition PEKK/SCF/3PTFE exhibited outstanding tribological performance at 30 N load, achieving a coefficient of friction of 0.278 and an ultra-low wear rate of 2.2 × 10<sup>−6</sup> mm<sup>3</sup>/N·m, representing reductions of 38.1 % and 90.6 % compared to neat PEKK. Comprehensive microstructural characterization revealed that appropriate PTFE content (3 phr) optimized fiber-matrix interfacial bonding, selectively promoted PEKK crystal form II formation (crystal form II crystallinity of 23.2 %), and synergistically enhanced thermal conductivity to 0.32 W/m·K (191 % increase versus neat PEKK), effectively preventing thermal softening failure during friction processes. Wear mechanism analysis demonstrated a load-dependent transition from mild adhesive-abrasive wear at 20 N to severe adhesive-fatigue wear with thermal softening at 40 N. PEKK/SCF/3PTFE effectively controlled wear mechanisms throughout the entire load range through multiple synergistic actions including rigid reinforcement, interfacial lubrication, crystallization optimization, and thermal management. This research provides theoretical foundation and experimental guidance for designing high-performance PEKK-based tribological materials, demonstrating significant application potential in demanding tribological conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23238,"journal":{"name":"Tribology International","volume":"216 ","pages":"Article 111520"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145693028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Ice shear on rigid surfaces: Insights from molecular dynamics simulation 刚性表面上的冰剪切：来自分子动力学模拟的见解

IF 6.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Tribology International

Pub Date : 2025-12-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.triboint.2025.111522

Yuhao Wu , Jianing Zhu , Liguo Qin , Zeyuan Wang , Guangneng Dong

A limited understanding of ice shear behavior has hindered advancements in anti-icing and ice-friction surfaces. Here, we investigate the shear behavior of ice on both structured and unstructured surfaces using molecular dynamics simulations. The shear force, which involves atomic friction and the breaking of hydrogen bonds, is influenced by surface morphology, water-surface interaction energy, and ice temperature. Notably, the six-membered ring structure at the ice-water interface reduces hydrogen bond breaking, thereby lowering the shear force. This specific ice structure ensures that shear forces on crystalline surfaces are consistently lower than those on amorphous surfaces under identical water-surface interaction energies. Furthermore, we observe a surprising over 100 % increase in shear force on the crystalline surface in the Cassie state compared to the unstructured crystalline surface. In addition, we identify regions characterized by intrinsically high and low shear forces on the surface.

对冰剪切行为的有限理解阻碍了抗冰和冰摩擦表面的进展。在这里，我们使用分子动力学模拟研究了冰在结构和非结构表面上的剪切行为。剪切力包括原子摩擦和氢键断裂，受表面形貌、水-表面相互作用能和冰温度的影响。值得注意的是，冰-水界面处的六元环结构减少了氢键断裂，从而降低了剪切力。这种特殊的冰结构保证了在相同的水-表面相互作用能量下，晶体表面的剪切力始终低于非晶态表面的剪切力。此外，我们观察到与非结构化晶体表面相比，Cassie状态下晶体表面的剪切力增加了100 %以上。此外，我们还确定了表面上固有的高剪切力和低剪切力的区域。

引用次数: 0

The tribological behavior differences of supersonic atmospheric plasma sprayed nanocrystalline Al-Si-Ce and Al-Si-Ce-Y coatings at room temperature and 210 °C 超声速大气等离子喷涂纳米晶Al-Si-Ce和Al-Si-Ce- y涂层在室温和210℃下的摩擦学性能差异

IF 6.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Tribology International

Pub Date : 2025-12-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.triboint.2025.111521

Yang Song , Guo Jin , Guozheng Ma , Weiling Guo , Ming Liu , Haidou Wang , Honglin Mou , Xiufang Cui , Xianyong Zhu , Yunfan Liu

Supersonic plasma spraying has demonstrated exceptional potential in the development of high-quality Al-Si alloys with a high Si content, as it enables the refinement of the Si reinforcing phase to the nanoscale. However, under mechanical loads and frictional heat during wear, instability of the nanoscale second phase and other metastable phases may occur, leading to growth and morphological changes of the Si phase, which can easily induce cracks and reduce wear resistance. The introduction of alloying elements to enhance or form second-phase pinning may be an effective strategy to delay the coarsening of the nanoscale Si phase. In this study, Al-Si-Ce and Al-Si-Ce-Y coatings were prepared via supersonic plasma spraying, inducing a high lattice strain field or potentially precipitated phases to hinder the precipitation of Al-based solid solutions and the coarsening of Si. The tribological behaviors of the two coatings were compared at room temperature (RT) and 210°C. The wear resistance of Al-Si-Ce coating at RT and 210℃ are superior to that of the Al-Si-Ce-Y coating, which primarily attributed to the stability of the grain size. The sudden increase in the coefficient of friction around 13500 cycles at RT can be attributed to the formation of a mixed structure of amorphous oxides and nanocrystals. It is noteworthy that the wear resistance of the Al-Si-Ce coating surpasses that of most rapidly solidified Al-Si alloys with similar compositions at RT and around 200℃. This study provides valuable insights for the development of high performance Al-Si alloys in both RT and high-temperature wear environments.

超音速等离子喷涂技术在高硅含量高质量Al-Si合金的开发中表现出了非凡的潜力，因为它可以将硅增强相细化到纳米级。然而，在机械载荷和磨损过程中的摩擦热作用下，纳米级第二相和其他亚稳相可能发生不稳定，导致Si相的生长和形态变化，容易诱发裂纹，降低耐磨性。引入合金元素增强或形成第二相钉钉可能是延缓纳米级Si相粗化的有效策略。在本研究中，通过超音速等离子喷涂制备了Al-Si-Ce和Al-Si-Ce- y涂层，诱导了高晶格应变场或潜在的析出相，以阻止al基固溶体的析出和Si的粗化。比较了两种涂层在室温和210℃下的摩擦学性能。Al-Si-Ce涂层在室温和210℃下的耐磨性优于Al-Si-Ce- y涂层，这主要归因于晶粒尺寸的稳定性。在RT下，摩擦系数在13500次循环左右突然增加，这可以归因于非晶氧化物和纳米晶体混合结构的形成。值得注意的是，在室温下和200℃左右，Al-Si- ce涂层的耐磨性超过了大多数类似成分的快速凝固Al-Si合金。该研究为在高温和高温磨损环境下开发高性能铝硅合金提供了有价值的见解。

{"title":"The tribological behavior differences of supersonic atmospheric plasma sprayed nanocrystalline Al-Si-Ce and Al-Si-Ce-Y coatings at room temperature and 210 °C","authors":"Yang Song , Guo Jin , Guozheng Ma , Weiling Guo , Ming Liu , Haidou Wang , Honglin Mou , Xiufang Cui , Xianyong Zhu , Yunfan Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.triboint.2025.111521","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.triboint.2025.111521","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Supersonic plasma spraying has demonstrated exceptional potential in the development of high-quality Al-Si alloys with a high Si content, as it enables the refinement of the Si reinforcing phase to the nanoscale. However, under mechanical loads and frictional heat during wear, instability of the nanoscale second phase and other metastable phases may occur, leading to growth and morphological changes of the Si phase, which can easily induce cracks and reduce wear resistance. The introduction of alloying elements to enhance or form second-phase pinning may be an effective strategy to delay the coarsening of the nanoscale Si phase. In this study, Al-Si-Ce and Al-Si-Ce-Y coatings were prepared via supersonic plasma spraying, inducing a high lattice strain field or potentially precipitated phases to hinder the precipitation of Al-based solid solutions and the coarsening of Si. The tribological behaviors of the two coatings were compared at room temperature (RT) and 210°C. The wear resistance of Al-Si-Ce coating at RT and 210℃ are superior to that of the Al-Si-Ce-Y coating, which primarily attributed to the stability of the grain size. The sudden increase in the coefficient of friction around 13500 cycles at RT can be attributed to the formation of a mixed structure of amorphous oxides and nanocrystals. It is noteworthy that the wear resistance of the Al-Si-Ce coating surpasses that of most rapidly solidified Al-Si alloys with similar compositions at RT and around 200℃. This study provides valuable insights for the development of high performance Al-Si alloys in both RT and high-temperature wear environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23238,"journal":{"name":"Tribology International","volume":"216 ","pages":"Article 111521"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145749689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Ultra-low friction and wear of adaptive polyimide at 350 °C via hinge-guided interface fluorination 自适应聚酰亚胺在350°C下通过铰链引导界面氟化的超低摩擦和磨损

IF 6.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Tribology International

Pub Date : 2025-12-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.triboint.2025.111518

Li Song , Senlong Yu , Jianbin Sun , Shi Feng , Chengyao Liang , Jialiang Zhou , Hengxue Xiang , Meifang Zhu

The development of polymer-based materials for high-temperature lubrication above 300 °C is severely constrained by the inherent conflict between thermal stability and interfacial adaptability. Herein, we propose a molecular hinge strategy to resolve this dilemma by designing an ether-linked perfluorinated polyimide (FOPI) composite. Under thermo-mechanical stress, the flexible hinges orchestrate dynamic fluorine pumping that drives the in-situ growth of a crystalline FeF₃ tribofilm while passivating abrasive Fe₂O₃, thereby interrupting the oxidative wear cycle. At 350 °C, the material delivers ultralow friction (friction coefficient=0.024) and near-zero wear (wear rate=1.054 ×10⁻¹⁵ mm³/N·m), surpassing the performance of state-of-the-art polymeric lubricants under comparable conditions. By coupling stress-activated chemistry to interfacial self-replenishment, this molecular-level design transcends the classic stability–lubrication trade-off and establishes a general blueprint for autonomously adaptive composites that operate reliably in extreme thermo-mechanical environments.

300℃以上高温润滑用聚合物基材料的发展受到热稳定性和界面适应性之间固有冲突的严重制约。在此，我们提出了一种分子铰链策略，通过设计醚连接的全氟聚酰亚胺（FOPI）复合材料来解决这一困境。在热机械应力下，柔性铰链协调动态氟泵送，驱动晶体FeF3摩擦膜的原位生长，同时钝化磨料Fe2O3，从而中断氧化磨损循环。在350°C时，该材料提供超低摩擦（摩擦系数=0.024）和接近零磨损（磨损率=1.054 ×10 - 15 mm3/N·m），在可比条件下超过了最先进的聚合物润滑剂的性能。通过将应力激活化学与界面自我补充相结合，这种分子水平的设计超越了传统的稳定性与润滑权衡，并建立了在极端热机械环境中可靠运行的自主适应复合材料的总体蓝图。

{"title":"Ultra-low friction and wear of adaptive polyimide at 350 °C via hinge-guided interface fluorination","authors":"Li Song , Senlong Yu , Jianbin Sun , Shi Feng , Chengyao Liang , Jialiang Zhou , Hengxue Xiang , Meifang Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.triboint.2025.111518","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.triboint.2025.111518","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The development of polymer-based materials for high-temperature lubrication above 300 °C is severely constrained by the inherent conflict between thermal stability and interfacial adaptability. Herein, we propose a molecular hinge strategy to resolve this dilemma by designing an ether-linked perfluorinated polyimide (FOPI) composite. Under thermo-mechanical stress, the flexible hinges orchestrate dynamic fluorine pumping that drives the in-situ growth of a crystalline FeF<sub>3</sub> tribofilm while passivating abrasive Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, thereby interrupting the oxidative wear cycle. At 350 °C, the material delivers ultralow friction (friction coefficient=0.024) and near-zero wear (wear rate=1.054 ×10<sup>−15</sup> mm<sup>3</sup>/N·m), surpassing the performance of state-of-the-art polymeric lubricants under comparable conditions. By coupling stress-activated chemistry to interfacial self-replenishment, this molecular-level design transcends the classic stability–lubrication trade-off and establishes a general blueprint for autonomously adaptive composites that operate reliably in extreme thermo-mechanical environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23238,"journal":{"name":"Tribology International","volume":"216 ","pages":"Article 111518"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145693032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Structure evolution and tribological behavior of WS2-based lubricant films irradiated by heavy ions 重离子辐照下ws2基润滑膜的结构演变及摩擦学行为

IF 6.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Tribology International

Pub Date : 2025-12-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.triboint.2025.111519

Xinru Pang , Beibei Zhang , Xiaoyu Zhao , Li Qiao , Peng Wang

In this study, to investigate the effects of neutron irradiation damage on the microstructure evolution, mechanical, and tribological properties of WS₂ films, WS₂-based lubricating films with varying Ti atomic contents were prepared and irradiated with 3 MeV Au^2 + ions. The results indicate that the amorphization and densification dominate the structural evolution during irradiation. With doses up to 4.09 × 10¹⁴ ion/cm², the porous crystalline structures of both the WS₂ and WSTi-6 % composite films underwent complete amorphization and densification. The high porosity as-deposited pure WS₂ film benefited from the irradiation-induced densification process, and thus both mechanical and tribological properties were comparatively enhanced. Although the internal pores within the WSTi-6 % films disappeared and formed a homogeneous dense structure due to irradiation-induced densification, the hardness of the film decreased from 6.74 GPa to 3.25 GPa and the wear rate increased by one order of magnitude, indicating amorphization plays a dominant role in mechanical and tribological properties evolution. For WSTi-16 % composite films, interestingly, the nanocrystalline-amorphous structure effectively absorbed irradiation-induced defects. Although the amorphization process happened, tiny nanocrystalline still survived in the film after irradiation, and the initial pores between internal columnar structures transformed into smaller nano-voids, which confirms the film largely maintains its original high hardness and tribological properties, and exhibits outstanding irradiation resistance and wear resistance.

为了研究中子辐照损伤对WS2薄膜微观结构演变、力学性能和摩擦学性能的影响，制备了不同Ti原子含量的WS2基润滑膜，并用3 MeV Au2 +离子辐照。结果表明，辐照过程中，非晶化和致密化主导了结构演变。当剂量达到4.09 × 1014离子/cm2时，WS2和WSTi-6 %复合膜的多孔晶体结构都发生了完全的非晶化和致密化。高孔隙率的纯WS2膜得益于辐照致密过程，因而力学性能和摩擦学性能都得到了相对提高。辐照致密化导致WSTi-6 %薄膜内部孔隙消失，形成均匀致密结构，但薄膜硬度从6.74 GPa下降到3.25 GPa，磨损率提高了1个数量级，表明非晶化在力学和摩擦学性能演变中起主导作用。有趣的是，对于WSTi-16 %复合薄膜，纳米晶-非晶结构有效地吸收了辐照诱导的缺陷。虽然发生了非晶化过程，但辐照后薄膜中仍然存在微小的纳米晶体，并且内部柱状结构之间的初始孔隙转变为更小的纳米孔隙，这证实了薄膜在很大程度上保持了原有的高硬度和摩擦学性能，并表现出优异的耐辐照性和耐磨性。

{"title":"Structure evolution and tribological behavior of WS2-based lubricant films irradiated by heavy ions","authors":"Xinru Pang , Beibei Zhang , Xiaoyu Zhao , Li Qiao , Peng Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.triboint.2025.111519","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.triboint.2025.111519","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, to investigate the effects of neutron irradiation damage on the microstructure evolution, mechanical, and tribological properties of WS<sub>2</sub> films, WS<sub>2</sub>-based lubricating films with varying Ti atomic contents were prepared and irradiated with 3 MeV Au<sup>2 +</sup> ions. The results indicate that the amorphization and densification dominate the structural evolution during irradiation. With doses up to 4.09 × 10<sup>14</sup> ion/cm<sup>2</sup>, the porous crystalline structures of both the WS<sub>2</sub> and WSTi-6 % composite films underwent complete amorphization and densification. The high porosity as-deposited pure WS<sub>2</sub> film benefited from the irradiation-induced densification process, and thus both mechanical and tribological properties were comparatively enhanced. Although the internal pores within the WSTi-6 % films disappeared and formed a homogeneous dense structure due to irradiation-induced densification, the hardness of the film decreased from 6.74 GPa to 3.25 GPa and the wear rate increased by one order of magnitude, indicating amorphization plays a dominant role in mechanical and tribological properties evolution. For WSTi-16 % composite films, interestingly, the nanocrystalline-amorphous structure effectively absorbed irradiation-induced defects. Although the amorphization process happened, tiny nanocrystalline still survived in the film after irradiation, and the initial pores between internal columnar structures transformed into smaller nano-voids, which confirms the film largely maintains its original high hardness and tribological properties, and exhibits outstanding irradiation resistance and wear resistance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23238,"journal":{"name":"Tribology International","volume":"216 ","pages":"Article 111519"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145693029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effect of surface nanocrystallization on the microstructural evolution and wear resistance of low-temperature nitrided SLM-TC4 Alloy 表面纳米化对低温氮化SLM-TC4合金组织演变及耐磨性的影响

IF 6.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Tribology International

Pub Date : 2025-12-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.triboint.2025.111516

Wenbo Sun, Hejia Li, Chuyang Xiao, Junbiao Wang, Chaorun Si

Low-temperature plasma nitriding (PN) of selective laser melted (SLM) Ti-6Al-4V alloy was achieved through surface nanocrystallization (SNC) pretreatment, and its effects on the microstructure and wear properties of the nitrided layers were systematically investigated. Results demonstrated that at 650°C, the SNC-treated specimen developed a nitrided layer approximately 1.94 μm thick, exhibiting a wear depth of 1.58 μm and an ultralow wear rate of 2.5 × 10⁻⁶ mm³ /(N·m), demonstrating wear resistance comparable to that of the 800°C PN-treated specimen. In contrast, the specimen without SNC pretreatment attained only a 0.91 μm thick nitrided layer, which was completely worn through during wear, resulting in a substantial wear depth of 22.75 μm. Although SNC pretreatment enhanced the layer thickness to 1.01 μm at 550°C, substantially exceeding that of the directly nitrided sample, the resulting wear resistance remained inferior to the 800°C treated level. While SNC effectively promotes the plasma nitriding process, its capability to reduce processing temperature was limited, with 650°C identified as the feasible lower-bound temperature window for producing high-quality nitrided surfaces on SLM-fabricated Ti-6Al-4V alloy.

通过表面纳米化（SNC）预处理，实现了选择性激光熔化Ti-6Al-4V合金的低温等离子体氮化（PN），并系统研究了其对氮化层组织和磨损性能的影响。结果表明，在650°C时，snc处理的试样形成了约1.94 μm厚的氮化层，磨损深度为1.58 μm，磨损率为2.5 × 10−6 mm³ /(N·m)，其耐磨性与800°C pn处理的试样相当。相比之下，未经SNC预处理的试样只有0.91 μm厚的氮化层，在磨损过程中氮化层被完全磨损，磨损深度为22.75 μm。虽然在550℃时SNC预处理使层厚提高到1.01 μm，大大超过了直接氮化样品，但其耐磨性仍不如800℃处理后的水平。虽然SNC有效地促进了等离子体氮化过程，但其降低加工温度的能力有限，650℃被确定为在slm制造的Ti-6Al-4V合金上产生高质量氮化表面的可行下限温度窗口。

{"title":"Effect of surface nanocrystallization on the microstructural evolution and wear resistance of low-temperature nitrided SLM-TC4 Alloy","authors":"Wenbo Sun, Hejia Li, Chuyang Xiao, Junbiao Wang, Chaorun Si","doi":"10.1016/j.triboint.2025.111516","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.triboint.2025.111516","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Low-temperature plasma nitriding (PN) of selective laser melted (SLM) Ti-6Al-4V alloy was achieved through surface nanocrystallization (SNC) pretreatment, and its effects on the microstructure and wear properties of the nitrided layers were systematically investigated. Results demonstrated that at 650°C, the SNC-treated specimen developed a nitrided layer approximately 1.94 μm thick, exhibiting a wear depth of 1.58 μm and an ultralow wear rate of 2.5 × 10<sup>−6</sup> mm³ /(N·m), demonstrating wear resistance comparable to that of the 800°C PN-treated specimen. In contrast, the specimen without SNC pretreatment attained only a 0.91 μm thick nitrided layer, which was completely worn through during wear, resulting in a substantial wear depth of 22.75 μm. Although SNC pretreatment enhanced the layer thickness to 1.01 μm at 550°C, substantially exceeding that of the directly nitrided sample, the resulting wear resistance remained inferior to the 800°C treated level. While SNC effectively promotes the plasma nitriding process, its capability to reduce processing temperature was limited, with 650°C identified as the feasible lower-bound temperature window for producing high-quality nitrided surfaces on SLM-fabricated Ti-6Al-4V alloy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23238,"journal":{"name":"Tribology International","volume":"216 ","pages":"Article 111516"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145693049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Influence mechanism of pole teeth position on the pressure resistance of high-speed magnetic fluid seals based on centrifugal force effects 基于离心力效应的极齿位置对高速磁流体密封耐压性的影响机理

IF 6.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Tribology International

Pub Date : 2025-12-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.triboint.2025.111517

Yao Ge , Decai Li , Yajing Qiao , Sijia Liu , Xiancai Li

Magnetic fluid seals face challenges when operated at high speeds due to the negative effects of centrifugal forces. This paper proposes a novel high-speed magnetic fluid seal device that mitigates the adverse effects of centrifugal forces on sealing pressure through structural design improvements. Multi-physics simulations were employed to compare the sealing pressure performance of this design with that of a conventional magnetic fluid seal design. The results demonstrate that the proposed "pole teeth on shaft" structure effectively counteracts the detrimental effects of centrifugal force. The simulation results revealed a superior pressure resistance trend in the novel structure, which demonstrated an approximately 14 % longer withstand time before failure under simulated transient flow conditions, primarily by effectively counteracting the detrimental effects of centrifugal force. Furthermore, a mechanistic analysis is provided, elucidating how centrifugal force generates an equivalent negative pressure drop, thereby degrading seal performance. To prevent excessive evaporation of magnetic fluid caused by high temperature from affecting experimental results，a cooling system was designed, which experimentally maintained a stable temperature of 39°C at the seal gap under 30,000 rpm operation. The prototype seal was tested on a high-speed platform, confirming its sealing pressure met the specified engineering requirement. This work provides both theoretical insight and practical validation, offering valuable support for the development of future high-speed MFS for advanced industrial applications.

由于离心力的负面影响，磁性流体密封在高速运行时面临挑战。本文提出了一种新型高速磁力流体密封装置，通过结构设计改进，减轻了离心力对密封压力的不利影响。通过多物理场仿真，对比了该设计与传统磁性流体密封的密封压力性能。结果表明，所提出的“轴上极齿”结构有效地抵消了离心力的不利影响。模拟结果显示，新型结构具有优越的抗压趋势，在模拟瞬态流动条件下，通过有效抵消离心力的有害影响，在失效前的承受时间延长了约14% %。此外，还提供了机理分析，阐明了离心力如何产生等效的负压降，从而降低密封性能。为了防止高温导致的磁流体过度蒸发影响实验结果，设计了冷却系统，实验在30,000 rpm转速下，在密封间隙处保持39℃的稳定温度。在高速平台上对原型密封进行了试验，证实其密封压力满足工程要求。该工作提供了理论见解和实践验证，为未来先进工业应用的高速MFS的发展提供了宝贵的支持。

{"title":"Influence mechanism of pole teeth position on the pressure resistance of high-speed magnetic fluid seals based on centrifugal force effects","authors":"Yao Ge , Decai Li , Yajing Qiao , Sijia Liu , Xiancai Li","doi":"10.1016/j.triboint.2025.111517","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.triboint.2025.111517","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Magnetic fluid seals face challenges when operated at high speeds due to the negative effects of centrifugal forces. This paper proposes a novel high-speed magnetic fluid seal device that mitigates the adverse effects of centrifugal forces on sealing pressure through structural design improvements. Multi-physics simulations were employed to compare the sealing pressure performance of this design with that of a conventional magnetic fluid seal design. The results demonstrate that the proposed \"pole teeth on shaft\" structure effectively counteracts the detrimental effects of centrifugal force. The simulation results revealed a superior pressure resistance trend in the novel structure, which demonstrated an approximately 14 % longer withstand time before failure under simulated transient flow conditions, primarily by effectively counteracting the detrimental effects of centrifugal force. Furthermore, a mechanistic analysis is provided, elucidating how centrifugal force generates an equivalent negative pressure drop, thereby degrading seal performance. To prevent excessive evaporation of magnetic fluid caused by high temperature from affecting experimental results，a cooling system was designed, which experimentally maintained a stable temperature of 39°C at the seal gap under 30,000 rpm operation. The prototype seal was tested on a high-speed platform, confirming its sealing pressure met the specified engineering requirement. This work provides both theoretical insight and practical validation, offering valuable support for the development of future high-speed MFS for advanced industrial applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23238,"journal":{"name":"Tribology International","volume":"216 ","pages":"Article 111517"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145693023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Laser-clad Y/Hf-doped AlCoCrFeNi high-entropy alloy coatings: Enhanced wear and molten aluminum corrosion resistance 激光熔覆Y/ hf掺杂AlCoCrFeNi高熵合金涂层：增强耐磨性和耐熔铝腐蚀性

IF 6.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Tribology International

Pub Date : 2025-12-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.triboint.2025.111506

Yiwen Zhou , Jiang Bi , Xiangdong Jia , Dehua Liu , Zhuoyun Yang , Yuhang Li , Guojiang Dong

To enhance the service life of H13 molds against high-temperature wear and molten aluminum corrosion in aluminum alloy die casting, this study developed two laser-clad high-entropy alloy (HEA) coatings — AlCoCrFeNi (HEA1) and Y/Hf-doped AlCoCrFeNi (HEA2). Two types of coatings, with the HEA2 coating incorporating a synergistic Y/Hf microalloying design and a stepped gradient grain structure, were evaluated for wear resistance at room temperature and 800 ℃, and for corrosion behavior in molten aluminum at 700 ℃. Significant improvements were observed over the H13 steel substrate. The wear rates of HEA1 and HEA2 at 800 ℃ were 5.21 × 10⁻⁵ and 4.42 × 10⁻⁵ mm³·N⁻¹·m⁻¹, respectively, markedly lower than the 4.943 × 10⁻⁴ mm³·N⁻¹·m⁻¹ for H13. The Y/Hf-doped HEA2 coating demonstrated excellent long-term stability, retaining 88.3 % of its thickness after 7 days in molten aluminum relative to its first-day measurement, whereas HEA1 retained only 32.6 %. These results indicate that the Y/Hf-doped coating offers a promising strategy for significantly extending the service life of aluminum processing molds.

为了提高铝合金压铸中H13模具抗高温磨损和铝液腐蚀的使用寿命，本研究开发了两种激光熔覆高熵合金（HEA）涂层——AlCoCrFeNi （HEA1）和Y/ hf掺杂AlCoCrFeNi （HEA2）。采用协同Y/Hf微合金化设计和阶梯梯度晶粒结构的HEA2涂层，对两种涂层在室温和800℃下的耐磨性以及在700℃熔融铝中的腐蚀行为进行了评估。在H13钢基体上观察到显著的改善。800℃时HEA1和HEA2的磨损率分别为5.21 × 10−5和4.42 × 10−5 mm3·N−1·m−1，显著低于H13的4.943 × 10−4 mm3·N−1·m−1。Y/ hf掺杂的HEA2涂层表现出优异的长期稳定性，相对于第一天的测量，在熔融铝中7天后保持了88.3% %的厚度，而HEA1仅保持了32.6% %。这些结果表明，Y/ hf掺杂涂层为显著延长铝加工模具的使用寿命提供了一种有前途的策略。

{"title":"Laser-clad Y/Hf-doped AlCoCrFeNi high-entropy alloy coatings: Enhanced wear and molten aluminum corrosion resistance","authors":"Yiwen Zhou , Jiang Bi , Xiangdong Jia , Dehua Liu , Zhuoyun Yang , Yuhang Li , Guojiang Dong","doi":"10.1016/j.triboint.2025.111506","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.triboint.2025.111506","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To enhance the service life of H13 molds against high-temperature wear and molten aluminum corrosion in aluminum alloy die casting, this study developed two laser-clad high-entropy alloy (HEA) coatings — AlCoCrFeNi (HEA1) and Y/Hf-doped AlCoCrFeNi (HEA2). Two types of coatings, with the HEA2 coating incorporating a synergistic Y/Hf microalloying design and a stepped gradient grain structure, were evaluated for wear resistance at room temperature and 800 ℃, and for corrosion behavior in molten aluminum at 700 ℃. Significant improvements were observed over the H13 steel substrate. The wear rates of HEA1 and HEA2 at 800 ℃ were 5.21 × 10<sup>−5</sup> and 4.42 × 10<sup>−5</sup> mm<sup>3</sup>·N<sup>−1</sup>·m<sup>−1</sup>, respectively, markedly lower than the 4.943 × 10<sup>−4</sup> mm<sup>3</sup>·N<sup>−1</sup>·m<sup>−1</sup> for H13. The Y/Hf-doped HEA2 coating demonstrated excellent long-term stability, retaining 88.3 % of its thickness after 7 days in molten aluminum relative to its first-day measurement, whereas HEA1 retained only 32.6 %. These results indicate that the Y/Hf-doped coating offers a promising strategy for significantly extending the service life of aluminum processing molds.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23238,"journal":{"name":"Tribology International","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 111506"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145690551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effect of lubricant properties on the thermal behavior of aeroengine mainshaft ball bearings 润滑油性能对航空发动机主轴球轴承热性能的影响

IF 6.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Tribology International

Pub Date : 2025-12-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.triboint.2025.111485

Kaiwen Deng , Xinlin Qing , Florian Pape , Yishou Wang

For high-temperature and high-speed aeroengine mainshaft ball bearings, lubricant properties directly determine service life and may even endanger flight safety, making proper selection essential. In this study, a newly developed aviation lubricant, 4102 (7 cSt), was compared with commonly used lubricants, 4010 (3 cSt) and 4050 (5 cSt). Oil film traction tests were performed under various loads, temperatures, and speeds to establish traction coefficient models. Based on bearing dynamics theory, a dynamic analysis model was developed, and a calculation method integrating heat flux density with a thermal network approach was proposed to analyze the bearing temperature field and the temperature distribution in the ball–raceway contact ellipse. Using these models, the influence of lubricant properties on the thermal performance of ball bearings was systematically investigated, and lubricant selection criteria were formulated. Experimental validation showed that the maximum relative deviation between predicted and measured bearing temperature rise was less than 10 %. The results provide a theoretical foundation for the rational selection of lubricants in aeroengine mainshaft bearings and offer important guidance for improving aeroengine performance and reliability.

对于高温高速的航空发动机主轴球轴承，润滑油的性能直接决定其使用寿命，甚至可能危及飞行安全，因此选择合适的润滑油至关重要。本研究将新开发的航空润滑油4102（7 cSt）与常用润滑油4010（3 cSt）和4050（5 cSt）进行了比较。在不同载荷、温度和速度下进行了油膜牵引试验，建立了牵引系数模型。基于轴承动力学理论，建立了轴承动力学分析模型，提出了热流密度与热网络相结合的计算方法，分析了轴承温度场和球滚道接触椭圆内的温度分布。利用这些模型，系统地研究了润滑油性能对滚珠轴承热性能的影响，并制定了润滑油的选择标准。实验验证表明，轴承温升预测值与实测值的最大相对偏差小于10 %。研究结果为航空发动机主轴轴承润滑油的合理选择提供了理论依据，对提高航空发动机的性能和可靠性具有重要的指导意义。

{"title":"Effect of lubricant properties on the thermal behavior of aeroengine mainshaft ball bearings","authors":"Kaiwen Deng , Xinlin Qing , Florian Pape , Yishou Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.triboint.2025.111485","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.triboint.2025.111485","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>For high-temperature and high-speed aeroengine mainshaft ball bearings, lubricant properties directly determine service life and may even endanger flight safety, making proper selection essential. In this study, a newly developed aviation lubricant, 4102 (7 cSt), was compared with commonly used lubricants, 4010 (3 cSt) and 4050 (5 cSt). Oil film traction tests were performed under various loads, temperatures, and speeds to establish traction coefficient models. Based on bearing dynamics theory, a dynamic analysis model was developed, and a calculation method integrating heat flux density with a thermal network approach was proposed to analyze the bearing temperature field and the temperature distribution in the ball–raceway contact ellipse. Using these models, the influence of lubricant properties on the thermal performance of ball bearings was systematically investigated, and lubricant selection criteria were formulated. Experimental validation showed that the maximum relative deviation between predicted and measured bearing temperature rise was less than 10 %. The results provide a theoretical foundation for the rational selection of lubricants in aeroengine mainshaft bearings and offer important guidance for improving aeroengine performance and reliability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23238,"journal":{"name":"Tribology International","volume":"216 ","pages":"Article 111485"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145693129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0