Tribology International最新文献

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Friction and wear maps of Mg-Er alloys with varying Er content 不同铒含量的镁铒合金的摩擦磨损图

IF 6.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Tribology International

Pub Date : 2024-10-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.triboint.2024.110337

R. Rashi , Soo Yeol Lee , Sudhanshu S. Singh , Y.L. Chiu , I.P. Jones , Jayant Jain

Several rare-earth (e.g. Y, Gd, Nd, Ce) additions have been investigated till date in magnesium alloys. However, limited efforts have been made to examine the influence of Erbium (Er) in Mg alloys. This study is designed to unravel the role of Er addition on wear and friction characteristics of Mg-Er alloys. As-cast Mg-Er (0.5–12 wt%) alloys were prepared and tested under dry sliding conditions with varying normal loads (5 N to 100 N) and sliding speeds (0.01 m/s to 0.1 m/s). The results indicated that the addition of Er to Mg significantly improved the overall wear properties of the alloys. At higher Er content, a substantial decrease in severe wear rate region (75 %), while a ⁓ 40 % reduction in friction coefficient were observed. The formation of a protective tribo-oxide layer at the contact zone due to the increase in temperature from friction, combined with the strengthening effect of the Er-rich precipitates, contributed to enhanced wear resistance with Er addition. The surface energy of the Mg-12Er alloy was less than that of other Mg-Er alloys (⁓ 50 % reduction), causing reduced adhesion and abrasion wear and thus reducing the overall wear rate. Furthermore, it was observed that higher applied normal loads led to increased wear rates and friction coefficients, whereas with increasing sliding speed, the wear rate was reduced. Major wear mechanisms observed were abrasive, adhesive, plastic deformation, oxidation, and fatigue wear along with delamination.

迄今为止，已对镁合金中添加的几种稀土（如 Y、Gd、Nd、Ce）进行了研究。然而，在研究镁合金中铒（Er）的影响方面所做的努力还很有限。本研究旨在揭示添加铒对镁-铒合金磨损和摩擦特性的影响。制备了铸态镁-铒（0.5-12 wt%）合金，并在不同法向载荷（5 N 至 100 N）和滑动速度（0.01 m/s 至 0.1 m/s）的干滑动条件下进行了测试。结果表明，在镁中添加 Er 能显著改善合金的整体磨损性能。当 Er 含量较高时，严重磨损率区域大幅降低（75%），摩擦系数降低了 40%。由于摩擦导致温度升高，在接触区形成了三氧化物保护层，再加上富含 Er 的沉淀物的强化作用，使得添加 Er 后的耐磨性得到了增强。Mg-12Er 合金的表面能低于其他 Mg-Er 合金（降低了 ⁓ 50%），导致粘附和磨损减少，从而降低了整体磨损率。此外，观察还发现，施加的法向载荷越大，磨损率和摩擦系数就越高，而滑动速度越快，磨损率就越低。观察到的主要磨损机制包括磨料磨损、粘着磨损、塑性变形磨损、氧化磨损和疲劳磨损以及分层磨损。

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引用次数: 0

Relationship between structure and properties of bio-based aromatic ionic liquids for tribological applications 用于摩擦学应用的生物基芳香族离子液体的结构与特性之间的关系

IF 6.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Tribology International

Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.triboint.2024.110353

Md Hafizur Rahman , Ashlie Martini , Pradeep L. Menezes

This study examined six phosphonium-based room-temperature ionic liquids (PRTILs) having trihexyltetradecyl- or tributyltetradecyl-phosphonium cations with saccharinate, salicylate, or benzoate anions, and obtained a feature parameter to correlate their cationic chain length, anionic ring size, and contact angle with tribological properties. PRTILs with trihexyltetradecyl-phosphonium cations had lower coefficient of friction (COF) and wear than PRTILs with tributyltetradecyl- phosphonium cations, a trend attributed to the additional methylene groups providing lower contact angle. For either cation, PRTILs with the saccharinate anion exhibited much lower COF and wear than single-ring anions, due to the formation of a low-shear-strength-tribofilm facilitated by the double-ring structure and sulfur of saccharinate. Overall, this study revealed PRTIL interfacial mechanisms that can be used to identify anion-cation combinations with optimal tribological performance.

本研究考察了六种含三己基十四烷基或三丁基十四烷基鏻阳离子和糖精酸根、水杨酸根或苯甲酸根阴离子的鏻基室温离子液体（PRTILs），并获得了将其阳离子链长度、阴离子环尺寸和接触角与摩擦学特性相关联的特征参数。与含有三丁基十四烷基鏻阳离子的 PRTIL 相比，含有三己基十四烷基鏻阳离子的 PRTIL 具有更低的摩擦系数（COF）和磨损率，这种趋势归因于额外的亚甲基基团提供了更低的接触角。无论使用哪种阳离子，含有蔗糖酸阴离子的 PRTIL 都比单环阴离子表现出更低的 COF 和磨损，这是因为蔗糖酸的双环结构和硫促进了低剪切强度三膜的形成。总之，这项研究揭示了 PRTIL 的界面机制，可用于确定具有最佳摩擦学性能的阴阳离子组合。

引用次数: 0

Edge segmentation method for Si3N4 bearing rolling elements microcracks with profile-distortion 带有轮廓变形的 Si3N4 轴承滚动体微裂纹的边缘分割方法

IF 6.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Tribology International

Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.triboint.2024.110351

Dahai Liao , Jianfei Yang , Guangmao Li , Jianbo Le , Hu Chen , Nanxing Wu

For the profile-distortion of Si₃N₄ bearing rolling elements microcracks image. A coupling method of variable-scale truncated median filtering and detection-driven active contour model is proposed. Details are as follows. The sigmoid activation function is constructed to dynamically adjust the circular window. The local threshold truncation is designed to adapt to the characteristics of different regions in the image. The area threshold is defined to eliminate non-target features. The mean peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) of filtered images is about 40.263. The edge overlap rate is as low as 0.1027. The mean accuracy of feature extraction is about 94.33 %. To sum up, the influence result from profile-distortion on the accuracy of feature extraction of Si₃N₄ bearing rolling elements microcracks is effectively solved.

针对 Si3N4 轴承滚动体微裂纹图像的轮廓失真。提出了一种变尺度截断中值滤波与检测驱动主动轮廓模型的耦合方法。具体方法如下构建 sigmoid 激活函数来动态调整圆形窗口。设计了局部阈值截断，以适应图像中不同区域的特征。区域阈值用于消除非目标特征。滤波图像的平均峰值信噪比（PSNR）约为 40.263。边缘重叠率低至 0.1027。特征提取的平均准确率约为 94.33%。综上所述，轮廓失真对 Si3N4 轴承滚动体微裂纹特征提取精度的影响得到了有效解决。

引用次数: 0

Erosion behavior of Ti-hBN multifunctional coatings in a custom-made planetary test rig at extreme lunar temperatures Ti-hBN 多功能涂层在极端月球温度下的定制行星试验台中的侵蚀行为

IF 6.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Tribology International

Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.triboint.2024.110339

Abhijith Kunneparambil Sukumaran , Sara Rengifo , Brandon Aguiar , Sohail M.A.K. Mohammed , William Scott , Michael Renfro , Sang-Hyon Chu , Cheol Park , Arvind Agarwal

Spacecraft landings and takeoffs on the lunar surface, along with extreme temperature variations between day and night (−196 to 150º C), cause high-velocity dust impacts and erosion, resulting in the premature failure of structures. Ti/2 vol% hBN coatings were deposited using atmospheric (APS) and vacuum plasma spray (VPS) using cryo-milled powder feedstock to protect the structural components. The erosion performance of coatings at extreme lunar temperature regimes (−150 to 150 °C) was evaluated in a custom-made planetary erosion test rig (PETR) at low (50 mph) and high impact velocities (250 mph). The mass loss of VPS coatings was reduced by 50 % compared to the APS coatings and 40 % compared to the Ti6Al4V substrate. The cryogenic temperature induces brittleness in the material, rendering it susceptible to extreme conditions of material loss. The particle impact-deformation behavior was captured using a high-speed camera to study the erosion mechanism. This analysis revealed chipping in substrates and brittle APS coatings, while particles rebounding and embedding were observed in VPS coatings. Energy calculations, aided by particle trajectory tracking from the high-speed camera, have conclusively shown that VPS coatings absorb 5–10 % more energy than APS coatings during erosion tests. A modified erosion index was developed incorporating the fracture toughness and temperatures. New erosion models for brittle and ductile target materials are proposed for developing erosion-resistant material systems.

航天器在月球表面的着陆和起飞，以及昼夜之间极端的温度变化（-196 至 150ºC），会造成高速尘埃撞击和侵蚀，从而导致结构过早失效。使用低温研磨粉末原料，通过大气（APS）和真空等离子喷涂（VPS）沉积了 Ti/2 vol% hBN 涂层，以保护结构部件。在一个定制的行星侵蚀试验台（PETR）上，以低冲击速度（每小时 50 英里）和高冲击速度（每小时 250 英里）评估了涂层在极端月球温度下（-150 至 150 °C）的侵蚀性能。与 APS 涂层相比，VPS 涂层的质量损失减少了 50%，与 Ti6Al4V 基材相比，减少了 40%。低温导致材料脆化，使其容易在极端条件下发生材料损耗。使用高速摄像机捕捉颗粒的冲击变形行为，以研究侵蚀机制。分析结果表明，基底和脆性 APS 涂层出现崩裂，而在 VPS 涂层中观察到颗粒反弹和嵌入。在高速摄像机对颗粒轨迹跟踪的辅助下进行的能量计算最终表明，在侵蚀测试过程中，VPS 涂层比 APS 涂层多吸收 5-10% 的能量。结合断裂韧性和温度，开发了一种修正的侵蚀指数。为开发抗侵蚀材料系统提出了脆性和韧性目标材料的新侵蚀模型。

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引用次数: 0

Tribological performance of lubricant with high concentration graphene additive dispersed by ultrasonic technology 采用超声波技术分散高浓度石墨烯添加剂的润滑剂的摩擦学性能

IF 6.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Tribology International

Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.triboint.2024.110354

Zichun Wang , Jingsi Wang , Ruoxuan Huang , Jiayuan Wang , Boshen Zhang , K. Grinkevych , Jiujun Xu

Poor dispersibility and easy agglomeration of graphene in lubricating oil restrict its wide applications. In this study, a high concentration of graphene was successfully dispersed in HVIH-5 base oil by using ultrasonic technology without a dispersant. The tribological properties of this lubricant were studied by a reciprocating tribo-tester. The friction force and wear were reduced by 47.2 % and 42.8 % by using the high-concentration graphene lubricant compared to that of using base oil, respectively. The excellent tribological properties of the high-concentration graphene lubricant was attributed to the formation of a carbon-based layer with an ordered structure on the wear scar, which prevents direct contact of friction pairs and enhances the anti-oxidation effect of the friction surface.

石墨烯在润滑油中的分散性差且容易团聚，这限制了它的广泛应用。本研究采用超声波技术，在不使用分散剂的情况下将高浓度石墨烯成功分散在 HVIH-5 基础油中。通过往复式摩擦试验机研究了这种润滑剂的摩擦学特性。与使用基础油相比，高浓度石墨烯润滑剂的摩擦力和磨损分别降低了 47.2% 和 42.8%。高浓度石墨烯润滑剂之所以具有优异的摩擦学特性，是因为在磨损痕上形成了具有有序结构的碳基层，从而防止了摩擦对的直接接触，增强了摩擦表面的抗氧化效果。

引用次数: 0

Investigation of friction and wear characteristics between modular charge and aluminum alloy for feeding process in artillery systems 火炮系统供料过程中模块装药与铝合金之间的摩擦和磨损特性研究

IF 6.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Tribology International

Pub Date : 2024-10-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.triboint.2024.110350

Zihan Wang, Linfang Qian, Shuang Yi, Liu Yang, Longmiao Chen

In modern artillery systems, frictional properties of modular charge significantly impact the operation of artillery feeding system. In this study, Tribology performance between modular charge and aluminum alloy were investigated under simulated environment of artillery. The result indicates that the COF initially increased and then decreases with the temperature dropped from 50 °C to −40 °C. Additionally, COF increased from 0.19 to 0.41 when relative velocity increased from 100 mm/s to 2000mm/s. SEM detection and chemical composition analysis demonstrated that the main wear forms are adhesive wear and abrasive wear. The tribofilm including aluminum titanium oxide and aluminum nitrides generated through tribochemical reaction, which are beneficial for boundary lubrication. This work provides theoretical reference for artillery tribology research.

在现代火炮系统中，模块化装药的摩擦特性对火炮供弹系统的运行有重大影响。本研究在模拟火炮环境下研究了模块装药与铝合金之间的摩擦学性能。结果表明，随着温度从 50 ℃ 降到 -40 ℃，摩擦系数先增大后减小。此外，当相对速度从 100 毫米/秒增加到 2000 毫米/秒时，COF 从 0.19 增加到 0.41。扫描电镜检测和化学成分分析表明，主要的磨损形式是粘着磨损和磨料磨损。摩擦化学反应产生的三膜包括铝钛氧化物和铝氮化物，有利于边界润滑。这项工作为火炮摩擦学研究提供了理论参考。

引用次数: 0

Study on the tribological properties of MXene reinforced polyurethane composites under dry conditions 研究 MXene 增强聚氨酯复合材料在干燥条件下的摩擦学特性

IF 6.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Tribology International

Pub Date : 2024-10-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.triboint.2024.110348

Zhibin Feng , Mingchao Shao , Mingkun Xu , Jing Zhang , Shoubing Chen , Tingmei Wang , Qihua Wang

The mechanical properties of the polymer matrix are crucial for forming a stable and dense transfer film between the friction pairs, facilitating friction reduction and wear resistance. This work introduces a novel polyurethane composite (PUC) system, prepared by incorporating the MXene (Ti₃C₂T_x) into a polyurethane elastomer, which exhibits a robust strength of ∼ 64 MPa and an excellent toughness of ∼ 155.8 MJ/m³. The PUC containing 0.5 wt% MXene (PUC_0.5) exhibited excellent tribological properties, with the friction coefficient and wear rate (66 N, 0.54 m/s) reduced by 45.1 % and 206 % in comparison to pure PU, respectively. The excellent tribological properties of PUC_0.5 are attributed to exceptional mechanical properties and low shear of MXene.

聚合物基体的机械性能对于在摩擦对之间形成稳定致密的转移膜、减少摩擦和提高耐磨性至关重要。本研究介绍了一种新型聚氨酯复合材料（PUC）系统，该系统是通过在聚氨酯弹性体中加入 MXene（Ti3C2Tx）制备而成，具有 64 兆帕（MPa）的高强度和 155.8 兆焦耳/立方米（MJ/m3）的卓越韧性。含有 0.5 wt% MXene 的 PUC（PUC0.5）具有优异的摩擦学特性，与纯聚氨酯相比，摩擦系数和磨损率（66 N，0.54 m/s）分别降低了 45.1 % 和 206 %。PUC0.5 的优异摩擦学特性归功于 MXene 的优异机械特性和低剪切力。

引用次数: 0

Transient mixed thermal elastohydrodynamic lubrication analysis of aero ball bearing under non-steady state conditions 非稳态条件下航空球轴承的瞬态混合热弹性流体动力润滑分析

IF 6.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Tribology International

Pub Date : 2024-10-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.triboint.2024.110342

Jiqiang Wu , Tao He , Dandan Wang , Liqin Wang , Shengyuan Jiang , Yaqian Wang , Kang Chen , Chuanwei Zhang , Kun Shu , Zhen Li

A transient mixed thermal elastohydrodynamic lubrication model of bearing considering the thermal effect and the changes in velocity, load, and contact geometry is proposed. Based on the bearing dynamic and lubrication analysis, the effects of bearing rotational speed and start-stop conditions on the dynamic behavior and lubrication performance are studied. Results show that when the bearing rotational speed exceeds a certain critical value, the increasing speed will reduce the film thickness, especially the outer raceway. The increasing bearing acceleration can cause a higher slide-roll ratio and film temperature at the initial start-up process. Compared with the start-up process, the lubrication change in the shut-down process has a similar opposite trend, but the overall lubrication performance is better.

考虑到热效应以及速度、载荷和接触几何形状的变化，提出了轴承的瞬态混合热弹性流体动力润滑模型。在轴承动态和润滑分析的基础上，研究了轴承转速和启停条件对动态行为和润滑性能的影响。结果表明，当轴承转速超过某一临界值时，转速的增加会降低油膜厚度，尤其是外滚道。轴承加速度的增加会导致初始启动过程中滑辊比和油膜温度升高。与启动过程相比，停机过程中的润滑变化具有类似的相反趋势，但整体润滑性能更好。

引用次数: 0

Strong-bonding self-lubricating nickel-matrix coatings at a wide temperature range 宽温度范围内的强粘合自润滑镍基涂层

IF 6.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Tribology International

Pub Date : 2024-10-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.triboint.2024.110345

Jiangxia Liu , Wenyuan Chen , Yushan Geng , Juanjuan Chen , Jun Cheng , Shengyu Zhu , Jun Yang

The weak bond strength that affects self-lubricating coatings across a wide temperature range severely limits their application on the surfaces of high-temperature mechanical parts. To solve this problem, the strong-bonding self-lubricating NiCrAlY-Ag-BaF₂/CaF₂ coatings were produced by detonation spraying. The as-sprayed coatings exhibit high bond strengths of 65 – 75 MPa by controlling the formation of semi-molten state particles and in-situ oxides. The composite coating with 10 wt% fluoride eutectic and 20 wt% Ag shows the favorable tribological properties at a wide temperature range from room temperature to 900 °C. The combined effects, including the formation of the lubricating Ag film, the synergistic lubricating effect of BaF₂/CaF₂ and CaCrO₄ formed by tribo-chemistry at high temperature, tribo-glaze of oxides, and tribo-transfer film, contribute to favorable lubrication at a wide temperature range.

自润滑涂层在宽温度范围内的结合强度较弱，这严重限制了其在高温机械部件表面的应用。为了解决这个问题，我们采用爆轰喷涂技术制备了强粘结自润滑镍铬铝银银钡钒/钙钒涂层。通过控制半熔融态颗粒和原位氧化物的形成，喷涂涂层显示出 65 - 75 兆帕的高粘结强度。含 10 wt%氟化物共晶和 20 wt%银的复合涂层在室温至 900 °C 的宽温度范围内显示出良好的摩擦学特性。润滑银膜的形成、BaF2/CaF2 和 CaCrO4 在高温下通过三相化学反应形成的协同润滑效应、氧化物的三相釉和三相转移膜等综合效应有助于在较宽的温度范围内实现良好的润滑。

引用次数: 0

Improving the wettability and lubrication properties of gallium-based liquid metal through the reaction adsorption of copper and gallium 通过铜和镓的反应吸附改善镓基液态金属的润湿性和润滑性能

IF 6.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Tribology International

Pub Date : 2024-10-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.triboint.2024.110338

Qiang Liu , Jie Guo , Zhibo Liu , Jun Cheng , Shengyu Zhu , Rengen Xu , Xinjian Cao , Jun Yang , Weimin Liu

Gallium-based liquid metal (GLM) is a promising lubricant used in extreme working conditions. In this paper, a copper-containing friction pair (316L-10Cu) is prepared, and the wettability and lubrication properties of GLM are improved by the reaction adsorption of copper and gallium. Compared with 316 L, the contact angle of GLM on 316L-10Cu surface decreases from 153° to 124°. At sliding speeds of 0.01 m/s (boundary lubrication) and 0.05 m/s (mixed lubrication), the friction coefficients of Si₃N₄/316L-10Cu decreases by 48.5 % and 24.6 % compared to Si₃N₄/316 L, and the wear rates decreases by 86.5 % and 80.7 %. The improved lubrication performance is attributed to copper doping promoting the adsorption of gallium on the frictional interfaces, and better wetting enhancing the hydrodynamic pressure effect of GLM.

镓基液态金属（GLM）是一种在极端工作条件下使用的前景广阔的润滑剂。本文制备了含铜摩擦副（316L-10Cu），并通过铜和镓的反应吸附改善了 GLM 的润湿性和润滑性。与 316 L 相比，GLM 在 316L-10Cu 表面上的接触角从 153°减小到 124°。在滑动速度为 0.01 m/s （边界润滑）和 0.05 m/s （混合润滑）时，与 Si3N4/316 L 相比，Si3N4/316L-10Cu 的摩擦系数分别降低了 48.5% 和 24.6%，磨损率分别降低了 86.5% 和 80.7%。润滑性能的改善归因于铜的掺杂促进了镓在摩擦界面上的吸附，以及更好的润湿性增强了 GLM 的流体动力压力效应。

引用次数: 0

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