42CrMo alloy steel is widely used in mechanical components and engineering structures owing to its excellent mechanical strength and wear resistance. However, its tribological properties significantly deteriorate under high-temperature and heavy-load conditions, resulting in accelerated wear and shortened service life. This study employed a simple technique, namely Ultrasonic Strengthening Grinding Process (SGP). This technique combines ultrasonic shot peening with the incorporation of molybdenum nitride (Mo2N) powder to create a dense composite strengthening layer on 42CrMo steel. At 400 °C, the friction coefficient and wear rate of the SGP-treated specimen dropped by approximately 16.9 % and decreased by 78.0 %, respectively. Detailed experimental analysis reveals that the enhanced medium-high temperature tribological performance of 42CrMo steel stems from the synergistic effect between surface grain refinement and Mo2N powder incorporation. The results confirm that the SGP treatment is a viable technique to significantly enhance the wear resistance of 42CrMo alloy steel.
{"title":"Mo2N coating for improved wear resistance of 42CrMo alloy via ultrasonic strengthening grinding","authors":"Jinsheng Cui , Fenghong Gao , Gongbin Tang , Yipin Zhang , Wu Guo , Xuelian Xie , Zhongwei Liang","doi":"10.1016/j.triboint.2026.111688","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.triboint.2026.111688","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>42CrMo alloy steel is widely used in mechanical components and engineering structures owing to its excellent mechanical strength and wear resistance. However, its tribological properties significantly deteriorate under high-temperature and heavy-load conditions, resulting in accelerated wear and shortened service life. This study employed a simple technique, namely Ultrasonic Strengthening Grinding Process (SGP). This technique combines ultrasonic shot peening with the incorporation of molybdenum nitride (Mo<sub>2</sub>N) powder to create a dense composite strengthening layer on 42CrMo steel. At 400 °C, the friction coefficient and wear rate of the SGP-treated specimen dropped by approximately 16.9 % and decreased by 78.0 %, respectively. Detailed experimental analysis reveals that the enhanced medium-high temperature tribological performance of 42CrMo steel stems from the synergistic effect between surface grain refinement and Mo<sub>2</sub>N powder incorporation. The results confirm that the SGP treatment is a viable technique to significantly enhance the wear resistance of 42CrMo alloy steel.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23238,"journal":{"name":"Tribology International","volume":"217 ","pages":"Article 111688"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145979014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-09DOI: 10.1016/j.triboint.2026.111693
Rui Li , Yuqi He , De Zhang , Ping-an Yang , Qiao Chen , Xinglong Gong , Chul-Hee Lee , Mengjie Shou
Conventional rubber materials lack the capability for in situ and real-time perception of interfacial friction states, limiting their applications in intelligent fields such as adaptive friction control. To address this limitation, this study proposes a magnetorheological elastomer (MRE) composite system embedded with a flexible sensor array, enabling in situ self-sensing and active regulation of frictional states. A beam–spring interfacial mechanics model is developed to establish a multiscale coupling mapping among normal pressure, tangential friction, internal deformation, and relative resistance variation, elucidating the fundamental mechanism of friction modulation under a magnetic field. A flexible fiber sensor based on graphene/polydimethylsiloxane (GR/PDMS) is fabricated, demonstrating high sensitivity (GF = 73.75, ), excellent cyclic stability (>3000 cycles), and a wide linear response range, while preserving the elastic modulus and load-bearing capacity of the rubber matrix. Furthermore, an in situ sliding friction testing platform is established to evaluate the self-sensing capability of the MRE under varying normal pressures (1–3 N), sliding paths (linear and diagonal), and magnetic flux densities (0–270 mT). The results show excellent agreement between the measured and predicted friction forces, confirming the accuracy and reliability of the MRE composite structure for in situ friction state identification.
{"title":"In-situ self-sensing method for magnetically controlled friction of magnetorheological elastomers and experimental verification","authors":"Rui Li , Yuqi He , De Zhang , Ping-an Yang , Qiao Chen , Xinglong Gong , Chul-Hee Lee , Mengjie Shou","doi":"10.1016/j.triboint.2026.111693","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.triboint.2026.111693","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Conventional rubber materials lack the capability for in situ and real-time perception of interfacial friction states, limiting their applications in intelligent fields such as adaptive friction control. To address this limitation, this study proposes a magnetorheological elastomer (MRE) composite system embedded with a flexible sensor array, enabling in situ self-sensing and active regulation of frictional states. A beam–spring interfacial mechanics model is developed to establish a multiscale coupling mapping among normal pressure, tangential friction, internal deformation, and relative resistance variation, elucidating the fundamental mechanism of friction modulation under a magnetic field. A flexible fiber sensor based on graphene/polydimethylsiloxane (GR/PDMS) is fabricated, demonstrating high sensitivity (GF = 73.75, <span><math><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>R</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>=</mo><mn>0.951</mn></mrow></math></span>), excellent cyclic stability (>3000 cycles), and a wide linear response range, while preserving the elastic modulus and load-bearing capacity of the rubber matrix. Furthermore, an in situ sliding friction testing platform is established to evaluate the self-sensing capability of the MRE under varying normal pressures (1–3 N), sliding paths (linear and diagonal), and magnetic flux densities (0–270 mT). The results show excellent agreement between the measured and predicted friction forces, confirming the accuracy and reliability of the MRE composite structure for in situ friction state identification.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23238,"journal":{"name":"Tribology International","volume":"218 ","pages":"Article 111693"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146079894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-09DOI: 10.1016/j.triboint.2026.111691
Talha Bin Yaqub , Filipe Fernandes , Hongbo Ju , Amessalu Atenafu Gelaw , Fabio Ferreira , Mitjan Kalin , Albano Cavaleiro , Manuel Evaristo
Transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) coatings have been employed as industrial low friction solid lubricants for machine components operating in vacuum and dry environments. However, their properties degrade in ambient air due to low moisture resistance. Moreover, the pure TMD coatings possess high porosity, low oxidation resistance, and poor adhesion to substrates, leading to easy mechanical exfoliation. In this study, a novel approach of multilayered architecture of coatings deposited from MoSe2 and WS2 targets, with varying period thickness had been introduced as potential solution for components operating in multi-environments. A series of monolayer and multilayered coatings were deposited using DC (direct current) magnetron sputtering technique, to study the influence of coating architecture on the composition, morphology, structure, mechanical and sliding response. The sliding tests were conducted under various conditions, including normal air, dry nitrogen, and multiple temperatures (25 °C, 100 °C, and 200 °C). From 25 °C to 100 °C, temperature increase removed moisture, generally reducing friction, except for the MoSex coating, which performed better at room temperature. At 200 °C, wear and friction increased significantly due to enhanced tribo-oxidation. The wear performance in dry nitrogen follows the same trend observed in normal air, but with reduced values. The coatings depicted promising sliding properties in diverse environments with temperature applicability limited to 100 °C. The coating with the lowest period demonstrated the best overall mechanical and tribological performance under the tested conditions selected for this work. The friction was mainly influenced by the atmosphere, while temperature significantly affected both friction and wear performance.
{"title":"Synthesis, structural and tribological properties of tailored MoSex / WSx based coatings for multi-environment industrial applications","authors":"Talha Bin Yaqub , Filipe Fernandes , Hongbo Ju , Amessalu Atenafu Gelaw , Fabio Ferreira , Mitjan Kalin , Albano Cavaleiro , Manuel Evaristo","doi":"10.1016/j.triboint.2026.111691","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.triboint.2026.111691","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) coatings have been employed as industrial low friction solid lubricants for machine components operating in vacuum and dry environments. However, their properties degrade in ambient air due to low moisture resistance. Moreover, the pure TMD coatings possess high porosity, low oxidation resistance, and poor adhesion to substrates, leading to easy mechanical exfoliation. In this study, a novel approach of multilayered architecture of coatings deposited from MoSe<sub>2</sub> and WS<sub>2</sub> targets, with varying period thickness had been introduced as potential solution for components operating in multi-environments. A series of monolayer and multilayered coatings were deposited using DC (direct current) magnetron sputtering technique, to study the influence of coating architecture on the composition, morphology, structure, mechanical and sliding response. The sliding tests were conducted under various conditions, including normal air, dry nitrogen, and multiple temperatures (25 °C, 100 °C, and 200 °C). From 25 °C to 100 °C, temperature increase removed moisture, generally reducing friction, except for the MoSe<sub>x</sub> coating, which performed better at room temperature. At 200 °C, wear and friction increased significantly due to enhanced tribo-oxidation. The wear performance in dry nitrogen follows the same trend observed in normal air, but with reduced values. The coatings depicted promising sliding properties in diverse environments with temperature applicability limited to 100 °C. The coating with the lowest period demonstrated the best overall mechanical and tribological performance under the tested conditions selected for this work. The friction was mainly influenced by the atmosphere, while temperature significantly affected both friction and wear performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23238,"journal":{"name":"Tribology International","volume":"217 ","pages":"Article 111691"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145979105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-09DOI: 10.1016/j.triboint.2026.111670
Juanjuan Li , Chao Wang , Tao Wang , Shen Gao , Linjiang Chai , Huajun Cao
A Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize the laser cladding parameters for fabricating a novel Al₃₉Mo₁₀(NbTaTi)₅₁ refractory high-entropy alloy coating. Statistical models correlating laser power, scanning speed, and spot diameter with coating hardness, surface roughness, and thickness were developed and validated through analysis of variance and residual analysis, yielding prediction errors of 1.99 % for hardness, 1.04 % for roughness, and 4.98 % for thickness. Using the optimized parameters, a defect-free coating with enhanced hardness and good formability was successfully fabricated. The high-temperature wear behavior was subsequently investigated. The coefficient of friction and the wear rate decreased with increasing temperature. Microstructural analysis of the wear scars revealed that this behavior arises from the formation of a dense, continuous oxide glaze layer enriched in Al₂O₃ and TiO₂, which provides effective lubrication and protection at elevated temperatures. Overall, this study demonstrates an efficient data-driven framework for process optimization and highlights the strong potential of the Al₃₉Mo₁₀(NbTaTi)₅₁ coating for high-temperature wear-resistant applications.
{"title":"Wear behavior of laser-cladded Al₃₉Mo₁₀(NbTaTi)₅₁ refractory high-entropy alloy with response surface-optimized parameters","authors":"Juanjuan Li , Chao Wang , Tao Wang , Shen Gao , Linjiang Chai , Huajun Cao","doi":"10.1016/j.triboint.2026.111670","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.triboint.2026.111670","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize the laser cladding parameters for fabricating a novel Al₃₉Mo₁₀(NbTaTi)₅₁ refractory high-entropy alloy coating. Statistical models correlating laser power, scanning speed, and spot diameter with coating hardness, surface roughness, and thickness were developed and validated through analysis of variance and residual analysis, yielding prediction errors of 1.99 % for hardness, 1.04 % for roughness, and 4.98 % for thickness. Using the optimized parameters, a defect-free coating with enhanced hardness and good formability was successfully fabricated. The high-temperature wear behavior was subsequently investigated. The coefficient of friction and the wear rate decreased with increasing temperature. Microstructural analysis of the wear scars revealed that this behavior arises from the formation of a dense, continuous oxide glaze layer enriched in Al₂O₃ and TiO₂, which provides effective lubrication and protection at elevated temperatures. Overall, this study demonstrates an efficient data-driven framework for process optimization and highlights the strong potential of the Al₃₉Mo₁₀(NbTaTi)₅₁ coating for high-temperature wear-resistant applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23238,"journal":{"name":"Tribology International","volume":"217 ","pages":"Article 111670"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145979106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-09DOI: 10.1016/j.triboint.2026.111673
Jian Wei , SiQi Chen , CaiHong Liu , Tian Dai , Fei Guo , Jing Tian
To address the issue of performance degradation in eccentric lip seals under the combined effects of wear and aging, this study developed a numerical model based on fluid-structure-thermal coupling theory, the Hertz contact theory, and mixed lubrication theory. Rubber materials were subjected to tests involving standard ring-block friction and wear, alongside a constant-temperature oil bath aging test. These experimental results were complemented by bench tests conducted under real operational conditions to examine the friction torque and leakage rate in eccentric configurations. The study further investigates the performance degradation of lip seals during their service life and uncovers the fundamental causes behind the deterioration of seal performance.The findings reveal that as aging temperature and time increase, the elastic modulus of the rubber material rises by 127 %, although the rate of this increase gradually slows down. Both friction torque and leakage rate initially increase rapidly before stabilizing. The wear volume grows by 67 % with an increase in the applied load and by 30 % with higher rotational speeds. Under the combined influence of wear and aging, the leakage rate rises while the friction torque decreases. The trend observed in the numerical simulations aligns closely with the bench test results, with a margin of error under 10 %.
{"title":"Study on wear-aging coupled performance degradation of eccentric lip seals based on multi-physics coupling","authors":"Jian Wei , SiQi Chen , CaiHong Liu , Tian Dai , Fei Guo , Jing Tian","doi":"10.1016/j.triboint.2026.111673","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.triboint.2026.111673","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To address the issue of performance degradation in eccentric lip seals under the combined effects of wear and aging, this study developed a numerical model based on fluid-structure-thermal coupling theory, the Hertz contact theory, and mixed lubrication theory. Rubber materials were subjected to tests involving standard ring-block friction and wear, alongside a constant-temperature oil bath aging test. These experimental results were complemented by bench tests conducted under real operational conditions to examine the friction torque and leakage rate in eccentric configurations. The study further investigates the performance degradation of lip seals during their service life and uncovers the fundamental causes behind the deterioration of seal performance.The findings reveal that as aging temperature and time increase, the elastic modulus of the rubber material rises by 127 %, although the rate of this increase gradually slows down. Both friction torque and leakage rate initially increase rapidly before stabilizing. The wear volume grows by 67 % with an increase in the applied load and by 30 % with higher rotational speeds. Under the combined influence of wear and aging, the leakage rate rises while the friction torque decreases. The trend observed in the numerical simulations aligns closely with the bench test results, with a margin of error under 10 %.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23238,"journal":{"name":"Tribology International","volume":"217 ","pages":"Article 111673"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145979016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-09DOI: 10.1016/j.triboint.2026.111694
Jiangxia Liu , Wenyuan Chen , Juanjuan Chen , Jun Cheng , Shengyu Zhu , Jun Yang
Electric drive systems require the stable operation of their current-carrying sliding contact mechanisms. However, existing conductive coatings have not effectively mitigated the critical issues of arc erosion, mechanical degradation, and high wear rates associated with current-carrying friction. In this study, a Mo-Cu composite coating was successfully fabricated using the detonation spraying method, demonstrating favorable conductivity, robust bonding strength, and high hardness. A multi-scale in-situ reinforcing structure was developed within the coating. Under current-carrying friction conditions, the coating exhibited excellent wear and arc erosion resistance, with a wear rate of approximately 10−6 mm3/Nm. This performance is attributed to the conductive Cu network and the multi-scale interface strengthening structure, including high-melting Mo particles, micron-scale Mo2C dispersions, and nanocrystalline/amorphous interfaces.
{"title":"Multi-scale interface strengthening structure enhanced the current-carrying tribological properties of Mo-based composite coatings","authors":"Jiangxia Liu , Wenyuan Chen , Juanjuan Chen , Jun Cheng , Shengyu Zhu , Jun Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.triboint.2026.111694","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.triboint.2026.111694","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Electric drive systems require the stable operation of their current-carrying sliding contact mechanisms. However, existing conductive coatings have not effectively mitigated the critical issues of arc erosion, mechanical degradation, and high wear rates associated with current-carrying friction. In this study, a Mo-Cu composite coating was successfully fabricated using the detonation spraying method, demonstrating favorable conductivity, robust bonding strength, and high hardness. A multi-scale in-situ reinforcing structure was developed within the coating. Under current-carrying friction conditions, the coating exhibited excellent wear and arc erosion resistance, with a wear rate of approximately 10<sup>−6</sup> mm<sup>3</sup>/Nm. This performance is attributed to the conductive Cu network and the multi-scale interface strengthening structure, including high-melting Mo particles, micron-scale Mo<sub>2</sub>C dispersions, and nanocrystalline/amorphous interfaces.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23238,"journal":{"name":"Tribology International","volume":"217 ","pages":"Article 111694"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145979108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-09DOI: 10.1016/j.triboint.2026.111692
Jiabao Yin , Dan Yang , Yihu Tang , Zhaoliang Cui , Xianghui Meng
High-performance coatings are critical for marine engine bearing reliability. Existing research has remained primarily experimental and lacks a unified model that integrates coatings and multi-layer structures with tribological, dynamics, and thermal phenomena. Multi-factor coupling poses significant challenges to numerical stability and computational efficiency. This work establishes an integrated tribo-dynamics-thermal model for marine engine bearing systems comprising coating, alloy, steel back, and bearing cap. The model is validated against engine tests with predictions of the bushing back temperature matching wirelessly measured values within 2 °C. This validated model is used to evaluate the effects of Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) and electroplating (ELE) coatings on dynamics, deformation, lubrication, temperature, and wear. Two improvement mechanisms are identified: contact pressure redistribution and thermal management enhancement. ELE coating reduces contact pressure by 78.35 % compared to 26.81 % for PVD coating. PVD coating lowers operating temperature by approximately 3 °C compared to 1 °C for ELE coating.
{"title":"Multi-factor coupled tribo-dynamics-thermal modeling and online monitoring validation for coated and multi-layer bearing systems in marine engines","authors":"Jiabao Yin , Dan Yang , Yihu Tang , Zhaoliang Cui , Xianghui Meng","doi":"10.1016/j.triboint.2026.111692","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.triboint.2026.111692","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High-performance coatings are critical for marine engine bearing reliability. Existing research has remained primarily experimental and lacks a unified model that integrates coatings and multi-layer structures with tribological, dynamics, and thermal phenomena. Multi-factor coupling poses significant challenges to numerical stability and computational efficiency. This work establishes an integrated tribo-dynamics-thermal model for marine engine bearing systems comprising coating, alloy, steel back, and bearing cap. The model is validated against engine tests with predictions of the bushing back temperature matching wirelessly measured values within 2 °C. This validated model is used to evaluate the effects of Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) and electroplating (ELE) coatings on dynamics, deformation, lubrication, temperature, and wear. Two improvement mechanisms are identified: contact pressure redistribution and thermal management enhancement. ELE coating reduces contact pressure by 78.35 % compared to 26.81 % for PVD coating. PVD coating lowers operating temperature by approximately 3 °C compared to 1 °C for ELE coating.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23238,"journal":{"name":"Tribology International","volume":"217 ","pages":"Article 111692"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145979143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-08DOI: 10.1016/j.triboint.2026.111675
Muhammad Sameer, C. Fred Higgs III
Wear is a critical phenomenon influencing the performance and durability of mechanical systems across a wide range of engineering applications. Traditional wear prediction models, such as Archard’s wear law, have been widely employed within continuum-based frameworks like the finite element method (FEM). While effective for certain scenarios, these models often fail to capture discrete material removal and wear debris generation, limiting their applicability to real-world tribological systems. In this study, we developed a discrete element method (DEM) framework to model wear behavior in a pin-on-disk tribometer configuration. The DEM approach enables modeling of discontinuities, material detachment, and wear debris evolution—features not readily addressed by continuum methods. To overcome the computational cost associated with explicit time integration, a wear extrapolation algorithm is used that allows for accelerated simulations. The large amount of extrapolated wear calculated for a particle subjected to wear is distributed among the neighboring bonded particles using a numerical distribution algorithm while preserving the physics of wear. The simulation results are validated against experimental data by introducing a calibration factor to align model outputs with experimentally observed wear scars on a hemispherical pin. The framework demonstrates strong agreement with experimental results, highlighting its potential for studying complex tribological systems while accounting for discrete wear phenomena. Notably, this study presents a unique, experimentally validated DEM framework for the pin-on-disk tribometer, explicitly accounting for particle wear and debris formation.
{"title":"An experimentally-validated DEM approach to modeling wear in pin-on-disk tribometers","authors":"Muhammad Sameer, C. Fred Higgs III","doi":"10.1016/j.triboint.2026.111675","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.triboint.2026.111675","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Wear is a critical phenomenon influencing the performance and durability of mechanical systems across a wide range of engineering applications. Traditional wear prediction models, such as Archard’s wear law, have been widely employed within continuum-based frameworks like the finite element method (FEM). While effective for certain scenarios, these models often fail to capture discrete material removal and wear debris generation, limiting their applicability to real-world tribological systems. In this study, we developed a discrete element method (DEM) framework to model wear behavior in a pin-on-disk tribometer configuration. The DEM approach enables modeling of discontinuities, material detachment, and wear debris evolution—features not readily addressed by continuum methods. To overcome the computational cost associated with explicit time integration, a wear extrapolation algorithm is used that allows for accelerated simulations. The large amount of extrapolated wear calculated for a particle subjected to wear is distributed among the neighboring bonded particles using a numerical distribution algorithm while preserving the physics of wear. The simulation results are validated against experimental data by introducing a calibration factor to align model outputs with experimentally observed wear scars on a hemispherical pin. The framework demonstrates strong agreement with experimental results, highlighting its potential for studying complex tribological systems while accounting for discrete wear phenomena. Notably, this study presents a unique, experimentally validated DEM framework for the pin-on-disk tribometer, explicitly accounting for particle wear and debris formation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23238,"journal":{"name":"Tribology International","volume":"217 ","pages":"Article 111675"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145979103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-08DOI: 10.1016/j.triboint.2026.111685
Shuyuan Song , Fan Jiao , Bin Yang , Yan He , Cheng Qian , Yunlong Li
Experiments investigated the effects of water swelling behavior and carbon black (CB) content on the mechanical and tribological properties of nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR). Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were employed to explore the microscopic mechanisms. The tensile and friction processes of the CB/NBR composites were discussed in stages, revealing the tensile and wear mechanisms. The results demonstrated that swelling adversely affected hardness, tensile strength, and wear resistance but improved toughness. Swelling resistance gradually improved with increasing CB content. NBR with 70 phr CB exhibited optimal performance after swelling. MD simulations analyzed parameters such as mean square displacement and free volume to elucidate the mechanisms underlying swelling behavior and property changes, providing multiscale support for design of high-performance and swelling-resistant NBR composites.
{"title":"Mechanical and tribological properties of carbon black reinforced nitrile butadiene rubber after water swelling: experiments and molecular dynamics simulations","authors":"Shuyuan Song , Fan Jiao , Bin Yang , Yan He , Cheng Qian , Yunlong Li","doi":"10.1016/j.triboint.2026.111685","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.triboint.2026.111685","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Experiments investigated the effects of water swelling behavior and carbon black (CB) content on the mechanical and tribological properties of nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR). Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were employed to explore the microscopic mechanisms. The tensile and friction processes of the CB/NBR composites were discussed in stages, revealing the tensile and wear mechanisms. The results demonstrated that swelling adversely affected hardness, tensile strength, and wear resistance but improved toughness. Swelling resistance gradually improved with increasing CB content. NBR with 70 phr CB exhibited optimal performance after swelling. MD simulations analyzed parameters such as mean square displacement and free volume to elucidate the mechanisms underlying swelling behavior and property changes, providing multiscale support for design of high-performance and swelling-resistant NBR composites.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23238,"journal":{"name":"Tribology International","volume":"217 ","pages":"Article 111685"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145927770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites were fabricated incorporating bio-derived calcium carbonate (CAC) and in-situ grown calcite-graphene hybrid fillers (CACG3, CACG6) to study their dry-sliding tribological performance. The CACG3/CFRP showed improved tribological performance, indicating reductions in the average COF of ∼6, 7.5, and 20 % compared to neat CFRP at applied loads of 10, 20, and 30 N, respectively. At 10 N, the specific wear rate (Ws) of CACG3/CFRP was ∼11.4 % lower than the CFRP composite. Atomic force microscopy revealed severe load-dependent surface degradation in CFRP, whereas CACG-filled composites maintained smoother and more stable wear tracks due to effective load bearing and lubrication. A detailed analysis of the worn surface using SEM, TEM, and XPS confirmed the formation of a compact tribofilm with calcite retention and enhanced graphitic ordering, thereby elucidating the underlying mechanisms of wear reduction. Experimental observations were supported by a finite element simulation of the wear process using the commercial tool ABAQUS.
{"title":"In-situ grown CACG-hybrid fillers for tribological optimization of carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy composites: Experimental and numerical insights","authors":"Chinmoy Kuila , Animesh Maji , Chandra Obulesu Bapanapalle , Abhinaba Chatterjee , Utpala Mukthipudi , Nilrudra Mandal , Rajkumar Wagmare , Naresh Chandra Murmu , Phani Kumar Mallisetty , Tapas Kuila","doi":"10.1016/j.triboint.2026.111686","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.triboint.2026.111686","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites were fabricated incorporating bio-derived calcium carbonate (CAC) and in-situ grown calcite-graphene hybrid fillers (CACG3, CACG6) to study their dry-sliding tribological performance. The CACG3/CFRP showed improved tribological performance, indicating reductions in the average COF of ∼6, 7.5, and 20 % compared to neat CFRP at applied loads of 10, 20, and 30 N, respectively. At 10 N, the specific wear rate (W<sub>s</sub>) of CACG3/CFRP was ∼11.4 % lower than the CFRP composite. Atomic force microscopy revealed severe load-dependent surface degradation in CFRP, whereas CACG-filled composites maintained smoother and more stable wear tracks due to effective load bearing and lubrication. A detailed analysis of the worn surface using SEM, TEM, and XPS confirmed the formation of a compact tribofilm with calcite retention and enhanced graphitic ordering, thereby elucidating the underlying mechanisms of wear reduction. Experimental observations were supported by a finite element simulation of the wear process using the commercial tool ABAQUS.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23238,"journal":{"name":"Tribology International","volume":"217 ","pages":"Article 111686"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145927774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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