Arturo Morales Pizarro, Isabel Neira Rojas, Elizabeth Saavedra Alberca, Karla Zapatel Sime, L. A. Álvarez, Ricardo Peña-Castillo, R. Aguilar-Anccota, Miguel Galecio-Julca, J. Javier-Alva
Background: Peru is considered the third largest exporter of mango in the world and Piura is the first mango producing region representing 68% of the national production; however, the fungus Lasiodiplodia theobromae has been associated with dieback and the presence of cankers in mango cultivation, reducing fruit production and quality. Objective: To evaluate sustainable alternatives for in vitro and in vivo control of L. theobromae in mango, using products based on copper sulfate pentahydrate and a liquid biofertilizer. Methodology: Treatments were applied: T0 (Control), T1 (Vacun-Q organic 0.35 mL100 mL-1), T2 (Vacun-Q organic 0.175 mL 100 mL-1), T3 (Phyton 27® 0.35 mL100 mL-1), T4 (Phyton 27® 0.175 mL100 mL-1), T5 (Biol 10%) and T6 (Biol 20%). Radial growth and mycelial growth inhibition percentage (GIP) of the pathogen were evaluated in the in vitro phase with poisoned media, and necrotic area progression was assessed in the in vivo phase on mango leaves. Results: At 72 h after inoculation, treatments T3, T5 and T6 showed the lowest radial growth of L. theobromae, statistically equal to each other and inferior to the control that completed its development in the Petri dish; likewise, they showed 100% GIP. Five days after inoculation of mango leaves, T5 and T6 presented the smallest necrotic areas with 1.44 cm2 and 1.61 cm2 respectively, followed by T4 with 1.64 cm2 and T2 with 1.69 cm2 compared to the control with 2.05 cm2. Implications: In view of the constant restrictions of active molecules, sustainable and innocuous alternatives for humans and the environment are sought for the control of L. theobromae. Conclusion: Treatments T5 and T6 based on liquid biofertilizers showed to be effective in the in vitro and in vivo control of L. theobromae.
{"title":"ALTERNATIVAS SOSTENIBLES PARA EL CONTROL DE Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon & Maubl EN MANGO","authors":"Arturo Morales Pizarro, Isabel Neira Rojas, Elizabeth Saavedra Alberca, Karla Zapatel Sime, L. A. Álvarez, Ricardo Peña-Castillo, R. Aguilar-Anccota, Miguel Galecio-Julca, J. Javier-Alva","doi":"10.56369/tsaes.4839","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56369/tsaes.4839","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background</strong>: Peru is considered the third largest exporter of mango in the world and Piura is the first mango producing region representing 68% of the national production; however, the fungus <em>Lasiodiplodia theobromae</em> has been associated with dieback and the presence of cankers in mango cultivation, reducing fruit production and quality. <strong>Objective</strong>: To evaluate sustainable alternatives for <em>in vitro</em> and <em>in vivo</em> control of <em>L. theobromae</em> in mango, using products based on copper sulfate pentahydrate and a liquid biofertilizer. <strong>Methodology</strong>: Treatments were applied: T0 (Control), T1 (Vacun-Q organic 0.35 mL100 mL<sup>-1</sup>), T2 (Vacun-Q organic 0.175 mL 100 mL<sup>-1</sup>), T3 (Phyton 27® 0.35 mL100 mL<sup>-1</sup>), T4 (Phyton 27® 0.175 mL100 mL<sup>-1</sup>), T5 (Biol 10%) and T6 (Biol 20%). Radial growth and mycelial growth inhibition percentage (GIP) of the pathogen were evaluated in the <em>in vitro</em> phase with poisoned media, and necrotic area progression was assessed in the <em>in vivo </em>phase on mango leaves. <strong>Results</strong>: At 72 h after inoculation, treatments T3, T5 and T6 showed the lowest radial growth of <em>L. theobromae</em>, statistically equal to each other and inferior to the control that completed its development in the Petri dish; likewise, they showed 100% GIP. Five days after inoculation of mango leaves, T5 and T6 presented the smallest necrotic areas with 1.44 cm2 and 1.61 cm2 respectively, followed by T4 with 1.64 cm<sup>2</sup> and T2 with 1.69 cm<sup>2</sup> compared to the control with 2.05 cm<sup>2</sup>. <strong>Implications</strong>: In view of the constant restrictions of active molecules, sustainable and innocuous alternatives for humans and the environment are sought for the control of <em>L. theobromae</em>. <strong>Conclusion</strong>: Treatments T5 and T6 based on liquid biofertilizers showed to be effective in the <em>in vitro</em> and <em>in vivo</em> control of <em>L. theobromae</em>.</p>","PeriodicalId":23259,"journal":{"name":"Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139153935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Md. Mostafijur Rahman, A. Shila, K. Hossen, R. Ahmed, Kazi Ishrat Anjum, Sabia Khan, Mohammed Nuruzzaman
Background: Micronutrients are required in trace amounts, but are importantly associated with plant growth and development. While soil salinity causes a frequent micronutrient deficiency in soil, the condition withholds plant growth, development, and eventually crop production. Since foliar application of micronutrient provides rapid nutrient absorption compared to soil amendments, it may confer straightforward mitigation of salinity stress. However, micronutrients availability to plants under saline conditions has drawn limited attention. Objective: To study the role of four micronutrients namely boron (B), zinc (Zn), chlorine (Cl), and silicon (Si) as well as their combinations as foliar application on growth, development, and yield responses of ‘okra cv. Nulok F1’ in a naturally very slightly salinized soil. Methodology: The research site belongs to Young Meghna Estuarine Flood Plain under the soil of Agro-ecological Zones (AEZ)-18. The area of EC dsm-1 2.39 is used for the cultivation of horticultural and cereal crops. The one-factor experiment was designed in a randomized complete block design with three replications and six treatments. The factor having six different micronutrients and their combinations under saline soil viz. T1 = control (untreated), T2 = 0.2 % B as solubor®, T3 = 0.2 % ZnSO4, T4 = 0.2 % KCl, T5 = 0.2% SiO2, and T6 = 0.2% solubor® B + 0.2% ZnSO4 + 0.2% SiO2 + 0.2% KCl. Result: A number of foliar treatments of micronutrients substantially improved plant height, stem diameter, leaf number, depth of root, fruit length, number of fruits, single fruit weight, yield plot-1, and total yield. Implication: Among the treatments, Si, and a mixture of solubor® B, Zn, Cl, and Si significantly uphold growth and yield-related attributes of okra indicating them as suitable micronutrients for okra production in salt-affected areas. Conclusion: The foliar application of Si and the mixtures of the four aforementioned micronutrients might enhance the growth and yield attributes of ‘okra cv. Nulok F1’ under salinity stress.
{"title":"FOLIAR APPLICATION OF MICRONUTRIENTS PROMOTES GROWTH AND YIELD-RELATED ATTRIBUTES OF OKRA (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) IN A SLIGHTLY SALINIZED AREA","authors":"Md. Mostafijur Rahman, A. Shila, K. Hossen, R. Ahmed, Kazi Ishrat Anjum, Sabia Khan, Mohammed Nuruzzaman","doi":"10.56369/tsaes.4238","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56369/tsaes.4238","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background:</strong> Micronutrients are required in trace amounts, but are importantly associated with plant growth and development. While soil salinity causes a frequent micronutrient deficiency in soil, the condition withholds plant growth, development, and eventually crop production. Since foliar application of micronutrient provides rapid nutrient absorption compared to soil amendments, it may confer straightforward mitigation of salinity stress. However, micronutrients availability to plants under saline conditions has drawn limited attention. <strong>Objective</strong>: To study the role of four micronutrients namely boron (B), zinc (Zn), chlorine (Cl), and silicon (Si) as well as their combinations as foliar application on growth, development, and yield responses of ‘okra cv. Nulok F<sub>1</sub>’ in a naturally very slightly salinized soil. <strong>Methodology:</strong> The research site belongs to Young Meghna Estuarine Flood Plain under the soil of Agro-ecological Zones (AEZ)-18. The area of EC dsm<sup>-1 </sup>2.39 is used for the cultivation of horticultural and cereal crops. The one-factor experiment was designed in a randomized complete block design with three replications and six treatments. The factor having six different micronutrients and their combinations under saline soil <em>viz</em>. T<sub>1 </sub>= control (untreated), T<sub>2</sub> = 0.2 % B as solubor<sup>®</sup>, T<sub>3</sub> = 0.2 % ZnSO<sub>4</sub>, T<sub>4</sub> = 0.2 % KCl, T<sub>5</sub> = 0.2% SiO<sub>2</sub>, and T<sub>6</sub> = 0.2% solubor<sup>®</sup> B + 0.2% ZnSO<sub>4</sub> + 0.2% SiO<sub>2</sub> + 0.2% KCl. <strong>Result</strong>: A number of foliar treatments of micronutrients substantially improved plant height, stem diameter, leaf number, depth of root, fruit length, number of fruits, single fruit weight, yield plot<sup>-1</sup>, and total yield. <strong>Implication:</strong> Among the treatments, Si, and a mixture of solubor<sup>® </sup>B, Zn, Cl, and Si significantly uphold growth and yield-related attributes of okra indicating them as suitable micronutrients for okra production in salt-affected areas. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> The foliar application of Si and the mixtures of the four aforementioned micronutrients might enhance the growth and yield attributes of ‘okra cv. Nulok F<sub>1</sub>’ under salinity stress. </p>","PeriodicalId":23259,"journal":{"name":"Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139153970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jaime Alioscha Alioscha Cuervo Parra, Pablo Antonio López Pérez, J. E. Aparicio Burgos, Mario Alberto Morales Ovando, Teresa Romero Cortes
Background. In Mexico, corn is the most important crop, being an important input with food, economic, political, and social implications. However, intensive cultivation methods, based on chemical pesticides, monoculture and synthetic agrochemicals have caused a reduction in soil fertility and crop yields. An alternative, which can help restore soil fertility, increasing organic matter, moisture retention and the load of microorganisms, is mixed fertilizer. Stimulating, in addition, the defense systems of the plants and thus increasing the yield of the crops. Objective. To evaluate some fertilization schemes in Chalqueño maize plants through the measurement of some growth and yield variables. Methodology. A completely randomized block experimental design was established with three repetitions, where four fertilization schemes were evaluated (T1, control without fertilizer input; T2, chemical fertilizer; T3, organic fertilizer; and T4, chemical fertilizer + organic fertilizer) during the crop years 2019-2020. Results. The analyzes showed significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) between the evaluated treatments and years of cultivation. Being the T4 treatment, the one that obtained the best grain yield for the years 2019 and 2020, with values of 5.11 ± 0.05b t ha-1 and 6.57 ± 0.95a t ha-1, while the T1 treatment, recorded 1.59 ± 0.12f t ha-1 and 2.15 ± 0.38e t ha-1, respectively. Implications. With the information generated, it will be possible to implement the best fertilization scheme that provides the corn plants with all the necessary nutrients so that year after year they obtain the best grain yields. Conclusion. Through the results it was possible to demonstrate the negative effect of environmental factors (higher temperature and less rainfall), on the yield of the corn crop during the year 2019, with respect to the best yield result obtained for all the treatments during the year 2020 where a lower temperature and higher rainfall were recorded. Being equally evident the positive effect on the yield when plants were fertilized with the T4 treatment that provided to the corn crop with an adequate dose of moisture and macro and micronutrients.
背景。在墨西哥，玉米是最重要的农作物，是具有粮食、经济、政治和社会影响的重要投入品。然而，以化学农药、单一种植和合成农用化学品为基础的集约化种植方法导致土壤肥力和作物产量下降。混合肥料是一种有助于恢复土壤肥力、增加有机质、保墒和微生物负荷的替代方法。此外，还能刺激植物的防御系统，从而提高作物产量。目标。通过测量一些生长和产量变量，评估查尔奎诺玉米的一些施肥方案。方法。采用完全随机区组实验设计，重复三次，在 2019-2020 作物年度对四种施肥方案进行评估（T1，不施肥的对照；T2，化肥；T3，有机肥；T4，化肥+有机肥）。结果显示分析表明，所评价的处理和种植年份之间存在显著差异（p ≤ 0.05）。T4 处理在 2019 年和 2020 年的粮食产量最高，分别为 5.11 ± 0.05b t ha-1 和 6.57 ± 0.95a t ha-1，而 T1 处理的粮食产量分别为 1.59 ± 0.12f t ha-1 和 2.15 ± 0.38e t ha-1。影响。有了这些信息，就有可能实施最佳施肥方案，为玉米植株提供所有必要的养分，使其年复一年地获得最佳谷物产量。结论。研究结果表明，环境因素（气温升高、降雨量减少）对 2019 年玉米作物的产量产生了负面影响，而在气温较低、降雨量较多的 2020 年，所有处理都能获得最佳产量。同样明显的是，T4 处理为玉米作物提供了充足的水分、宏量营养元素和微量营养元素，对产量产生了积极影响。
{"title":"CHALQUEÑO MAIZE (Zea mays L.) YIELD UNDER DIFFERENT FERTILIZATION SCHEMES IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF APAN, HIDALGO, MEXICO","authors":"Jaime Alioscha Alioscha Cuervo Parra, Pablo Antonio López Pérez, J. E. Aparicio Burgos, Mario Alberto Morales Ovando, Teresa Romero Cortes","doi":"10.56369/tsaes.5015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56369/tsaes.5015","url":null,"abstract":"Background. In Mexico, corn is the most important crop, being an important input with food, economic, political, and social implications. However, intensive cultivation methods, based on chemical pesticides, monoculture and synthetic agrochemicals have caused a reduction in soil fertility and crop yields. An alternative, which can help restore soil fertility, increasing organic matter, moisture retention and the load of microorganisms, is mixed fertilizer. Stimulating, in addition, the defense systems of the plants and thus increasing the yield of the crops. Objective. To evaluate some fertilization schemes in Chalqueño maize plants through the measurement of some growth and yield variables. Methodology. A completely randomized block experimental design was established with three repetitions, where four fertilization schemes were evaluated (T1, control without fertilizer input; T2, chemical fertilizer; T3, organic fertilizer; and T4, chemical fertilizer + organic fertilizer) during the crop years 2019-2020. Results. The analyzes showed significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) between the evaluated treatments and years of cultivation. Being the T4 treatment, the one that obtained the best grain yield for the years 2019 and 2020, with values of 5.11 ± 0.05b t ha-1 and 6.57 ± 0.95a t ha-1, while the T1 treatment, recorded 1.59 ± 0.12f t ha-1 and 2.15 ± 0.38e t ha-1, respectively. Implications. With the information generated, it will be possible to implement the best fertilization scheme that provides the corn plants with all the necessary nutrients so that year after year they obtain the best grain yields. Conclusion. Through the results it was possible to demonstrate the negative effect of environmental factors (higher temperature and less rainfall), on the yield of the corn crop during the year 2019, with respect to the best yield result obtained for all the treatments during the year 2020 where a lower temperature and higher rainfall were recorded. Being equally evident the positive effect on the yield when plants were fertilized with the T4 treatment that provided to the corn crop with an adequate dose of moisture and macro and micronutrients.","PeriodicalId":23259,"journal":{"name":"Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139153230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ricardo Peña-Castillo, Manuel Neira Ojeda, J. Javier-Alva, Diego Arévalo-Valladolid, Roger Chanduvi-García, David Lindo-Seminario, Elvis Vera, Mariano Calero-Merino, M. Quiroz-Calderón, Arturo Morales-Pizarro
Background: The aguaymanto has aroused great interest in both the national and international markets for its different uses: aesthetic, medicinal, nutritional and gastronomic. However, agronomic management strategies for this crop with commercial potential are unknown, resulting in low yields and profitability. Objective: To evaluate the effect of different doses of Biogen 1 biostimulant (Bg) and planting distances (PD) on the production and economic analysis of aguaymanto. Methodology: Two factors were evaluated: planting density and dose of biostimulant, resulting in 6 treatments: T1- control (250 ml Bg/200 L + 1m x 1m); T2 (250 ml Bg/200 L + 1.5m x1.5m); T3 (500 ml Bg/200 L + 1m x 1m); T4 (500 ml Bg/200 L + 1.5m x 1.5m); T5 (750 ml Bg/200 L + 1m x 1m) and T6 (750 ml Bg/ 200 L + 1.5m x 1.5m), using a randomized complete block design. The following production parameters were evaluated: number of fruits per plant-NFP, fruit weight-FW (g), fruit diameter-FD (cm), yield per plant-YPP (kg/plant), yield per hectare-YPHA (kg ha-1). Results: T6 had the best yields per plant; however, in the yield per hectare and in the economic analysis, T5 performed better. The correlation in NFP was positive on FD, YPP and YPHA; also, FW with respect to FD and YPP. FD was positively correlated with YPP. However, YPP presented a very weak correlation with YPHA. Implications: Proper use of biostimulants and planting distance increases crop yields. Conclusion: The T6 treatment improved the parameters evaluated per plant, and T5 improved YPHA and the B/C ratio. This positive correlation indicates the directly proportional effect between the parameters
背景：Aguaymanto 因其不同的用途：美观、药用、营养和美食，在国内和国际市场上都引起了极大的兴趣。 然而，这种具有商业潜力的作物的农艺管理策略却不为人知，导致产量和利润率都很低。研究目的评估不同剂量的碧欧泉 1 号生物刺激素（Bg）和种植距离（PD）对阿盖曼托产量和经济分析的影响。评估方法评估两个因素：种植密度和生物刺激剂剂量，共产生 6 个处理：T1-对照（250 毫升 Bg/200 L + 1m x 1m）；T2（250 毫升 Bg/200 L + 1.5m x 1.5m）；T3（500 毫升 Bg/200 L + 1m x 1m）；T4（500 毫升 Bg/200 L + 1.5m x 1.5m）；T5（750 毫升 Bg/200 L + 1m x 1m）和 T6（750 毫升 Bg/ 200 L + 1.5m x 1.5m），采用随机完全区组设计。对以下产量参数进行了评估：单株果数-NFP、果重-FW（克）、果实直径-FD（厘米）、单株产量-YPP（公斤/株）、每公顷产量-YPHA（公斤/公顷-1）。结果T6 的单株产量最高；但在每公顷产量和经济分析中，T5 的表现更好。NFP与FD、YPP和YPHA呈正相关；FW与FD和YPP也呈正相关。FD 与 YPP 呈正相关。然而，YPP 与 YPHA 的相关性很弱。影响：正确使用生物刺激剂和种植距离可提高作物产量。结论T6 处理提高了每株作物的评估参数，而 T5 则提高了 YPHA 和 B/C 比率。这种正相关性表明各参数之间存在正比效应。
{"title":"DOSIS DE BIOESTIMULANTE Y DISTANCIAMIENTO DE SIEMBRA EN CORRELACIÓN CON LOS PARÁMETROS PRODUCTIVOS EN AGUAYMANTO (Physalis peruviana L.)","authors":"Ricardo Peña-Castillo, Manuel Neira Ojeda, J. Javier-Alva, Diego Arévalo-Valladolid, Roger Chanduvi-García, David Lindo-Seminario, Elvis Vera, Mariano Calero-Merino, M. Quiroz-Calderón, Arturo Morales-Pizarro","doi":"10.56369/tsaes.5058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56369/tsaes.5058","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The aguaymanto has aroused great interest in both the national and international markets for its different uses: aesthetic, medicinal, nutritional and gastronomic. However, agronomic management strategies for this crop with commercial potential are unknown, resulting in low yields and profitability. Objective: To evaluate the effect of different doses of Biogen 1 biostimulant (Bg) and planting distances (PD) on the production and economic analysis of aguaymanto. Methodology: Two factors were evaluated: planting density and dose of biostimulant, resulting in 6 treatments: T1- control (250 ml Bg/200 L + 1m x 1m); T2 (250 ml Bg/200 L + 1.5m x1.5m); T3 (500 ml Bg/200 L + 1m x 1m); T4 (500 ml Bg/200 L + 1.5m x 1.5m); T5 (750 ml Bg/200 L + 1m x 1m) and T6 (750 ml Bg/ 200 L + 1.5m x 1.5m), using a randomized complete block design. The following production parameters were evaluated: number of fruits per plant-NFP, fruit weight-FW (g), fruit diameter-FD (cm), yield per plant-YPP (kg/plant), yield per hectare-YPHA (kg ha-1). Results: T6 had the best yields per plant; however, in the yield per hectare and in the economic analysis, T5 performed better. The correlation in NFP was positive on FD, YPP and YPHA; also, FW with respect to FD and YPP. FD was positively correlated with YPP. However, YPP presented a very weak correlation with YPHA. Implications: Proper use of biostimulants and planting distance increases crop yields. Conclusion: The T6 treatment improved the parameters evaluated per plant, and T5 improved YPHA and the B/C ratio. This positive correlation indicates the directly proportional effect between the parameters","PeriodicalId":23259,"journal":{"name":"Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139153629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Luis Alberto Valdivia Espinoza, Luis Alberto Valdivia Ruiz, Alberto Marcial Julca Otiniano, Ciro Ruiz Aguilar, Tito Felipe Gonzalez Manrique de Lara
Background: Nowadays, recent concepts such as “forest sustainability” and “sustainable forest management” have been adopted by most countries in the world, in addition to sustainable development, because they consider continuous use of forests and their perpetual ecological integrity to satisfy the needs of current and future generations. In that sense, sustainability indicators can realistically estimate whether the management of the system is correct, which is why various governments and organizations have set a variety of local, national, and international criteria and indicators (C&I) to evaluate the sustainability of forest ecosystems. Objective: To create and validate indicators and determine the economic sustainability of forest concessions located in Huánuco department, Perú, applying multicriteria analysis based on the indicators. Methodology: Standardized indicators were defined as scales from 0 to 4, with the latest as the highest sustainability value. Afterward, they were weighted by multiplying them by a coefficient according to their importance related to sustainability. A forest concession is considered economically sustainable if its economic sustainability index (ISK) is ≥ 2. In view of this, a survey was applied to forest concessions managers and workers. The Chi-square non-parametric statistical test was used to determine if ISK exceeds the value 2 in 40% of forest concessions. On the other hand, Pearson correlation was used among indicators with 95% of confidence. Results: The Chi-square test proves that forest concessions which exploit forest resources mechanically (40% of the whole) are economically sustainable (X2 = 0.000, p-value = 1.000). Furthermore, it was found that the following indicators: “profit from the sale of wood” and “economic risk” are independent of each other (r = 0.091, p-value > 0.05). Implications: Finding out the economic sustainability of forest concessions will lead to design more solid forest policies in Huanuco, Peru. Conclusion: Mechanical forest exploitation leads to economically sustainable productive processes and higher profitability. Finally, developing value added products make possibilities bigger for forest concessions to be economically sustainable.
{"title":"SUSTENTABILIDAD ECONÓMICA DE LAS CONCESIONES FORESTALES DEL DEPARTAMENTO HUÁNUCO, PERÚ","authors":"Luis Alberto Valdivia Espinoza, Luis Alberto Valdivia Ruiz, Alberto Marcial Julca Otiniano, Ciro Ruiz Aguilar, Tito Felipe Gonzalez Manrique de Lara","doi":"10.56369/tsaes.5063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56369/tsaes.5063","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Nowadays, recent concepts such as “forest sustainability” and “sustainable forest management” have been adopted by most countries in the world, in addition to sustainable development, because they consider continuous use of forests and their perpetual ecological integrity to satisfy the needs of current and future generations. In that sense, sustainability indicators can realistically estimate whether the management of the system is correct, which is why various governments and organizations have set a variety of local, national, and international criteria and indicators (C&I) to evaluate the sustainability of forest ecosystems. Objective: To create and validate indicators and determine the economic sustainability of forest concessions located in Huánuco department, Perú, applying multicriteria analysis based on the indicators. Methodology: Standardized indicators were defined as scales from 0 to 4, with the latest as the highest sustainability value. Afterward, they were weighted by multiplying them by a coefficient according to their importance related to sustainability. A forest concession is considered economically sustainable if its economic sustainability index (ISK) is ≥ 2. In view of this, a survey was applied to forest concessions managers and workers. The Chi-square non-parametric statistical test was used to determine if ISK exceeds the value 2 in 40% of forest concessions. On the other hand, Pearson correlation was used among indicators with 95% of confidence. Results: The Chi-square test proves that forest concessions which exploit forest resources mechanically (40% of the whole) are economically sustainable (X2 = 0.000, p-value = 1.000). Furthermore, it was found that the following indicators: “profit from the sale of wood” and “economic risk” are independent of each other (r = 0.091, p-value > 0.05). Implications: Finding out the economic sustainability of forest concessions will lead to design more solid forest policies in Huanuco, Peru. Conclusion: Mechanical forest exploitation leads to economically sustainable productive processes and higher profitability. Finally, developing value added products make possibilities bigger for forest concessions to be economically sustainable.","PeriodicalId":23259,"journal":{"name":"Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139153723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. A. De la Cruz-López, G. Villanueva-López, F. Casanova-Lugo, P. Martínez-Zurimendi, D. R. Aryal
Background: The transformation native of forests into pasturelands for livestock farming, affects ecosystems carbon (C) stores and soil properties. Objective: Estimate the carbon stored in tree biomass (above and below ground) and determine soil organic carbon and some physical and chemical properties in two silvopastoral systems (SPS): scattered trees in paddocks (STP) and living fences (LF), taking grass monoculture (PM) as reference. Methodology: The C content in the above and below-ground biomass of the trees was estimated through allometric models, the C fraction of the soil from 0-100 cm was determined by chemical digestion, and the soil organic carbon (SOC) stock was estimated. The physical and chemical properties of the soil were determined. Results: SSPs with STP and LF stored a greater amount of total C (387.0 and 362.6 Mg ha-1 de C) compared to GM (312.5 Mg ha-1 de C), tree biomass contributed 6.3% and 8.4% for STP and LF respectively. Soils stored 90% of the total C in STP and LF. The tree component favorably modified soil pH, the bulk density, the organic matter, carbon, and nitrogen content. Implications: This study contributes with scientific information useful to develop low-emission livestock systems for transition towards climate-smart farming systems essential to meet the Sustainable Development Goals. Conclusions: Tree diversity and density in STP ADP and LF play an important role in the storage of total C, favor C accumulation in the deeper layers of the soil and improve the physical and chemical properties of the soil.
{"title":"ALMACENAMIENTO DE CARBONO EN LA BIOMASA ARBÓREA Y EL SUELO EN SISTEMAS SILVOPASTORILES DEL TRÓPICO HÚMEDO","authors":"C. A. De la Cruz-López, G. Villanueva-López, F. Casanova-Lugo, P. Martínez-Zurimendi, D. R. Aryal","doi":"10.56369/tsaes.5055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56369/tsaes.5055","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The transformation native of forests into pasturelands for livestock farming, affects ecosystems carbon (C) stores and soil properties. Objective: Estimate the carbon stored in tree biomass (above and below ground) and determine soil organic carbon and some physical and chemical properties in two silvopastoral systems (SPS): scattered trees in paddocks (STP) and living fences (LF), taking grass monoculture (PM) as reference. Methodology: The C content in the above and below-ground biomass of the trees was estimated through allometric models, the C fraction of the soil from 0-100 cm was determined by chemical digestion, and the soil organic carbon (SOC) stock was estimated. The physical and chemical properties of the soil were determined. Results: SSPs with STP and LF stored a greater amount of total C (387.0 and 362.6 Mg ha-1 de C) compared to GM (312.5 Mg ha-1 de C), tree biomass contributed 6.3% and 8.4% for STP and LF respectively. Soils stored 90% of the total C in STP and LF. The tree component favorably modified soil pH, the bulk density, the organic matter, carbon, and nitrogen content. Implications: This study contributes with scientific information useful to develop low-emission livestock systems for transition towards climate-smart farming systems essential to meet the Sustainable Development Goals. Conclusions: Tree diversity and density in STP ADP and LF play an important role in the storage of total C, favor C accumulation in the deeper layers of the soil and improve the physical and chemical properties of the soil.","PeriodicalId":23259,"journal":{"name":"Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139153750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Roldan Ruiz-Corzo, D. R. Aryal, Andrea Venegas-Sandoval, Emmanuel Díaz-Nigenda, C. A. Velázquez-Sanabria
Background. Forest litterfall is a fundamental process of ecosystem nutrient cycling, also, it is a source of energy for the development and propagation of wildfire. Understanding the temporal dynamics of litter production and storage is critical for sustainable management and conservation of forest ecosystems. Objective. To quantify the monthly production and storage of forest litter in an elevation gradient. Methodology. We selected forest sites at three elevations: 670, 775, and 1010 masl, corresponding to pine, oak, and tropical lowland forest ecosystems in Nambiyugua hill, Chiapas, Mexico. Sixteen sampling sites with a radius of 11.28 m were established for tree measurements, and 48 litter traps of 0.50 m2 were installed to collect monthly litterfall for a year. To sample ground litter eight 30 by 30 cm2 quadrats were used in each site. The fallen woody material was measured with the planar intersection method. Litter samples were oven-dried at 60 °C for 72 h and separated into leaves and other plant parts. One-way ANOVA was used to test the significant differences between forests. Results. The highest total loads of litter and fallen woody material were obtained in the pine forests of upper elevation with 29.01 t ha-1. The highest litter production was obtained in January and April, with a mean of 1.34 ± 0.19 and 0.74 ± 0.13 t ha-1 respectively in pine forests. In the oak forest, the highest production occurred in March, with 1.08 ± 0.25 t ha-1; while the lowland forest reached the highest production in January with 0.85 ± 0.26 t ha-1, with a decreasing trend in June. Implications. Understanding the seasonal variability in litter production and forest fuel loads is crucial for forest productivity, carbon sequestration, and wildfire prevention Conclusions. The production of forest fuels was different among the ecosystems representing the elevation gradients. The highest monthly production of litter was registered during the January-May period for the pine and oak ecosystems but in November - January in tropical lowland forests.
{"title":"FOREST LITTER PRODUCTION VARIES WITH SEASON AND ELEVATION GRADIENT IN CHIAPAS, MEXICO","authors":"Roldan Ruiz-Corzo, D. R. Aryal, Andrea Venegas-Sandoval, Emmanuel Díaz-Nigenda, C. A. Velázquez-Sanabria","doi":"10.56369/tsaes.5053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56369/tsaes.5053","url":null,"abstract":"Background. Forest litterfall is a fundamental process of ecosystem nutrient cycling, also, it is a source of energy for the development and propagation of wildfire. Understanding the temporal dynamics of litter production and storage is critical for sustainable management and conservation of forest ecosystems. Objective. To quantify the monthly production and storage of forest litter in an elevation gradient. Methodology. We selected forest sites at three elevations: 670, 775, and 1010 masl, corresponding to pine, oak, and tropical lowland forest ecosystems in Nambiyugua hill, Chiapas, Mexico. Sixteen sampling sites with a radius of 11.28 m were established for tree measurements, and 48 litter traps of 0.50 m2 were installed to collect monthly litterfall for a year. To sample ground litter eight 30 by 30 cm2 quadrats were used in each site. The fallen woody material was measured with the planar intersection method. Litter samples were oven-dried at 60 °C for 72 h and separated into leaves and other plant parts. One-way ANOVA was used to test the significant differences between forests. Results. The highest total loads of litter and fallen woody material were obtained in the pine forests of upper elevation with 29.01 t ha-1. The highest litter production was obtained in January and April, with a mean of 1.34 ± 0.19 and 0.74 ± 0.13 t ha-1 respectively in pine forests. In the oak forest, the highest production occurred in March, with 1.08 ± 0.25 t ha-1; while the lowland forest reached the highest production in January with 0.85 ± 0.26 t ha-1, with a decreasing trend in June. Implications. Understanding the seasonal variability in litter production and forest fuel loads is crucial for forest productivity, carbon sequestration, and wildfire prevention Conclusions. The production of forest fuels was different among the ecosystems representing the elevation gradients. The highest monthly production of litter was registered during the January-May period for the pine and oak ecosystems but in November - January in tropical lowland forests.","PeriodicalId":23259,"journal":{"name":"Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139154592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Roberto Hugo Tirado Malaver, R. Tirado-Lara, J. Mendoza-Cortez, Nayla Fabian-Anastacio, Ronald Tirado-Malaver, Angel Campos-Julca
Background: Potato cultivation in the northern highlands of Peru has intensified due to the high demand of the national market for the nutritional quality of this tuber, however, the conventional system presents critical points in social, economic and environmental terms that limit the profitability of the cultivation, being relevant the identification of these critical points to carry out the intervention and propose strategies to improve said agricultural system. Objective: Determine the sustainability index of potato producing farms in the province of Cutervo, Cajamarca, Peru. Methodology: 165 questionnaires with structured questions were applied to farmers whose main activity is potato cultivation. Multiple correspondence analysis was used to determine the reliability of these surveys. The values of the economic, social and environmental indicators were found through multidimensional analysis and an ordinal scale from 1 to 5, in which "1" was considered the least sustainable and "5" as a maximum level of sustainability. Results: The analysis of internal consistency of data for the 14 indicators and 24 sub-indicators presented Cronbach's alpha coefficients of 0.977 and 0.968 respectively, indicating high reliability and acceptable internal consistency of the evaluated indicators and therefore, the questionnaire presents high reliability. Likewise, the sustainable analysis of the potato agroecosystem in Cutervo reported that the farms are socially and environmentally sustainable, with indexes of 3.39 and 3.11, respectively, while the economic dimension presented critical conditions with a value below the minimum sustainable threshold (2.93) being the critical points: "percentage that causes the incidence of pests and diseases in potatoes", "number of marketing channels", "dependence on external inputs", "application of organic matter", "internal conservation”, “situ of native varieties”, “degree of damage from the use of pesticides” and “use of pesticides”. Regarding the general sustainability index, the potato agroecosystem is not sustainable. Implications: Potato producers in the mountains need to reduce environmental impact and increase productivity and profitability. Conclusion: The sustainability index of the potato agroecosystem in Cutervo, Peru, reported that the social and environmental dimensions exceeded the critical conditions while the economic dimension presented values below the minimum threshold of sustainability, resulting that the potato production system is not sustainable. Therefore, it is necessary to intervene in the sub-indicators that presented critical points and thus establish strategies to improve the potato agroecosystem in the northern highlands of Peru.
{"title":"ÍNDICE DE SUSTENTABILIDAD DE LA PRODUCCIÓN DE PAPA (Solanum tuberosum L.) EN CUTERVO, PERÚ","authors":"Roberto Hugo Tirado Malaver, R. Tirado-Lara, J. Mendoza-Cortez, Nayla Fabian-Anastacio, Ronald Tirado-Malaver, Angel Campos-Julca","doi":"10.56369/tsaes.4934","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56369/tsaes.4934","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Potato cultivation in the northern highlands of Peru has intensified due to the high demand of the national market for the nutritional quality of this tuber, however, the conventional system presents critical points in social, economic and environmental terms that limit the profitability of the cultivation, being relevant the identification of these critical points to carry out the intervention and propose strategies to improve said agricultural system. Objective: Determine the sustainability index of potato producing farms in the province of Cutervo, Cajamarca, Peru. Methodology: 165 questionnaires with structured questions were applied to farmers whose main activity is potato cultivation. Multiple correspondence analysis was used to determine the reliability of these surveys. The values of the economic, social and environmental indicators were found through multidimensional analysis and an ordinal scale from 1 to 5, in which \"1\" was considered the least sustainable and \"5\" as a maximum level of sustainability. Results: The analysis of internal consistency of data for the 14 indicators and 24 sub-indicators presented Cronbach's alpha coefficients of 0.977 and 0.968 respectively, indicating high reliability and acceptable internal consistency of the evaluated indicators and therefore, the questionnaire presents high reliability. Likewise, the sustainable analysis of the potato agroecosystem in Cutervo reported that the farms are socially and environmentally sustainable, with indexes of 3.39 and 3.11, respectively, while the economic dimension presented critical conditions with a value below the minimum sustainable threshold (2.93) being the critical points: \"percentage that causes the incidence of pests and diseases in potatoes\", \"number of marketing channels\", \"dependence on external inputs\", \"application of organic matter\", \"internal conservation”, “situ of native varieties”, “degree of damage from the use of pesticides” and “use of pesticides”. Regarding the general sustainability index, the potato agroecosystem is not sustainable. Implications: Potato producers in the mountains need to reduce environmental impact and increase productivity and profitability. Conclusion: The sustainability index of the potato agroecosystem in Cutervo, Peru, reported that the social and environmental dimensions exceeded the critical conditions while the economic dimension presented values below the minimum threshold of sustainability, resulting that the potato production system is not sustainable. Therefore, it is necessary to intervene in the sub-indicators that presented critical points and thus establish strategies to improve the potato agroecosystem in the northern highlands of Peru.","PeriodicalId":23259,"journal":{"name":"Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139154359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
José Alberto Delgadillo, D. Lopez-Magaña, H. Hernández, J. Vielma, J. Abecia
Background. In anestrous goats exposed to sexually active male goats ("male effect"), more than 90% display estrus and ovulate, but only 70% give birth. Objective. To determine the causes that reduce fertility at birth of goats exposed to the male effect. Methodology. Twenty-nine goats in seasonal anestrus that had a body condition of 1.3 ± 0.05 were used. Three adult male goats were exposed from November 1 to January 15 to artificial long days (16 h of light per day) followed by natural photoperiod. The three males were introduced into the group of goats on March 29, remaining with them for 15 days. Subsequently, from day 16 (April 13), only one male provided with a ventral harness to prevent copulation remained with the females until the end of the observations. Estrus, ovulations, pregnancies and their evolution over time were determined. Results. All goats were detected in estrus, and 28 of 29 ovulated. Most of the goats (23/29) were diagnosed pregnant 38 days after the introduction of males, and this proportion did not differ from that registered at 72 days (18/29; P = 0.09). Of the 23 females diagnosed pregnant at 38 days, 16 gave birth. Of the 13 goats that did not give birth, six returned to the anestrus after having presented estrus behavior associated or not with ovulations; four lost the embryo between days 45 and 58; one was diagnosed as pseudopregnant at 58 days and two aborted at 95 and 129 days of pregnancy. Implications. These results show that fertility at kidding is reduced in goats exposed to sexually active male goats, most likely due to the low body condition of the females. A nutritional supplementation could improve the fertility of females exposed to the male effect. Conclusion. The results obtained in this study allow us to conclude that returning to anestrus, embryo losses and abortions reduce the fertility of goats subjected to the male effect during the seasonal anestrus.
{"title":"EL RETORNO AL ANESTRO, LAS PÉRDIDAS EMBRIONARIAS Y LOS ABORTOS COMO PRINCIPALES CAUSAS QUE REDUCEN LA FERTILIDAD DE LAS CABRAS SOMETIDAS AL EFECTO MACHO","authors":"José Alberto Delgadillo, D. Lopez-Magaña, H. Hernández, J. Vielma, J. Abecia","doi":"10.56369/tsaes.5041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56369/tsaes.5041","url":null,"abstract":"Background. In anestrous goats exposed to sexually active male goats (\"male effect\"), more than 90% display estrus and ovulate, but only 70% give birth. Objective. To determine the causes that reduce fertility at birth of goats exposed to the male effect. Methodology. Twenty-nine goats in seasonal anestrus that had a body condition of 1.3 ± 0.05 were used. Three adult male goats were exposed from November 1 to January 15 to artificial long days (16 h of light per day) followed by natural photoperiod. The three males were introduced into the group of goats on March 29, remaining with them for 15 days. Subsequently, from day 16 (April 13), only one male provided with a ventral harness to prevent copulation remained with the females until the end of the observations. Estrus, ovulations, pregnancies and their evolution over time were determined. Results. All goats were detected in estrus, and 28 of 29 ovulated. Most of the goats (23/29) were diagnosed pregnant 38 days after the introduction of males, and this proportion did not differ from that registered at 72 days (18/29; P = 0.09). Of the 23 females diagnosed pregnant at 38 days, 16 gave birth. Of the 13 goats that did not give birth, six returned to the anestrus after having presented estrus behavior associated or not with ovulations; four lost the embryo between days 45 and 58; one was diagnosed as pseudopregnant at 58 days and two aborted at 95 and 129 days of pregnancy. Implications. These results show that fertility at kidding is reduced in goats exposed to sexually active male goats, most likely due to the low body condition of the females. A nutritional supplementation could improve the fertility of females exposed to the male effect. Conclusion. The results obtained in this study allow us to conclude that returning to anestrus, embryo losses and abortions reduce the fertility of goats subjected to the male effect during the seasonal anestrus.","PeriodicalId":23259,"journal":{"name":"Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139154471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. N. De la Fuente, Á. Landa, Alejandro Salinas Castro
Background. The chicozapote, is native to Central America, has economic potential, due to the properties of its fruits, wood, and the production of latex. Objective. To evaluate the incidence and severity of Chaetocapnodium zapotae in Manilkara zapota fruits. Methodology. In the month of April 2022, the incidence and severity of Chaetocapnodium zapotae were evaluated in an orchard in the Apazapan, Veracruz, Mexico area. Trees were randomly selected (25% of the total number of trees in the orchard). 20 fruits per tree were collected. The percentage of incidence was calculated with the formula: I (%)=number of fruits with signs of disease / total number of fruits evaluated *100: Severity was evaluated with a visual scale. Results. The percentage of fruits with the presence of C. zapotae was not significantly different between the two strata of the tree crowns (t=0.519, gl=22, p=0.609). Also, no differences were observed in the orientation of the fruits within the crown. (t=1.59, gl=22; p= 0.126). All the trees evaluated presented at least one affected fruit, with an average percentage of incidence of 39.6 ± 4.5% (mean ± standard error). Implications. With this study, the need to look for new alternatives for the commercialization of its fruits is evidenced, such as the sale of processed pulp and thus avoiding its depreciation due to the external appearance. Conclusions. This research establishes the basis for future studies that should focus on the development of strategies that minimize the negative effects of C. zapotae, a new species, on M. zapota fruits in the state of Veracruz.
{"title":"PRESENCIA DE Chaetocapnodium zapotae EN FRUTOS DE CHICOZAPOTE (Manilkara zapota) EN VERACRUZ, MÉXICO","authors":"L. N. De la Fuente, Á. Landa, Alejandro Salinas Castro","doi":"10.56369/tsaes.5089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56369/tsaes.5089","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background. </strong>The chicozapote, is native to Central America, has economic potential, due to the properties of its fruits, wood, and the production of latex. <strong>Objective.</strong> To evaluate the incidence and severity of <em>Chaetocapnodium</em><em> zapotae</em> in <em>Manilkara zapota</em> fruits. <strong>Methodology</strong>. In the month of April 2022, the incidence and severity of<em> Chaetocapnodium</em><em> zapotae</em> were evaluated in an orchard in the Apazapan, Veracruz, Mexico area. Trees were randomly selected (25% of the total number of trees in the orchard). 20 fruits per tree were collected. The percentage of incidence was calculated with the formula: I (%)=number of fruits with signs of disease / total number of fruits evaluated *100: Severity was evaluated with a visual scale.<strong> Results</strong>. The percentage of fruits with the presence of <em>C. zapotae</em> was not significantly different between the two strata of the tree crowns (t=0.519, gl=22, p=0.609). Also, no differences were observed in the orientation of the fruits within the crown. (t=1.59, gl=22; p= 0.126). All the trees evaluated presented at least one affected fruit, with an average percentage of incidence of 39.6 ± 4.5% (mean ± standard error).<strong> Implications</strong>. With this study, the need to look for new alternatives for the commercialization of its fruits is evidenced, such as the sale of processed pulp and thus avoiding its depreciation due to the external appearance.<strong> Conclusions</strong>. This research establishes the basis for future studies that should focus on the development of strategies that minimize the negative effects of <em>C. zapotae</em>, a new species, on <em>M. zapota </em>fruits in the state of Veracruz.</p>","PeriodicalId":23259,"journal":{"name":"Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139154904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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