D.M. Moreno-Cálix, F. Guillén-Chable, M.A. Gallardo Flores, K.J. Cantarero, L. Rodríguez-Zapata, Enrique Castano
Background: The evolution and genetic elements for the development of the caste is an enigma in Hymenoptera, as well as the total impact that the genetic elements given in the food of the larvae have on the development of bees. During the last decades, micro RNAs (miRNAs) from nurse bee secretions in larval food have been found to constitute an additional element in the regulatory control of caste determination. Furthermore, social differentiation is a complex developmental process influenced by genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. Objective: To examine and summarize miRNAs as a regulatory component of larval food with an effect on caste development in eusocial hymenoptera. Methodology. The sequences of miRNAs expressed in eusocial bees were obtained from miRBase.org. MUSCLE V.3 enabled alignment and correction was carried out using Fast.Dist. The TreeDyn software was used to obtain the phylogenetic trees. Results: The role of diet and the relationship with microRNAs in caste differentiation and regulation may be part of a general mechanism that involves selective plant genetic information necessary for insect development. Implications: The in vitro cultivation of stingless bees is a practice that is already carried out in some species of commercial importance; However, studies that demonstrate how development, differentiation and regulation of gene expression would be shaping the differentiation of different castes are still gaps that must begin to be addressed. In vitro breeding would require the study of environmental and molecular variables that would modulate the expression of the castes. Conclusion: The biogenesis, regulation and functions of microRNA in Eukarya are still obscure, however, some light has been shed on the molecular basis of caste differentiation in eusocial bees modulated by 2 miRN transfer pathways; endogenous and exogenous.
{"title":"CASTE DEVELOPMENT IN HYMENOPTERA, A MOLECULAR VIEW FOR FARMING IMPROVEMENT OF STINGLESS BEES","authors":"D.M. Moreno-Cálix, F. Guillén-Chable, M.A. Gallardo Flores, K.J. Cantarero, L. Rodríguez-Zapata, Enrique Castano","doi":"10.56369/tsaes.5214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56369/tsaes.5214","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The evolution and genetic elements for the development of the caste is an enigma in Hymenoptera, as well as the total impact that the genetic elements given in the food of the larvae have on the development of bees. During the last decades, micro RNAs (miRNAs) from nurse bee secretions in larval food have been found to constitute an additional element in the regulatory control of caste determination. Furthermore, social differentiation is a complex developmental process influenced by genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. Objective: To examine and summarize miRNAs as a regulatory component of larval food with an effect on caste development in eusocial hymenoptera. Methodology. The sequences of miRNAs expressed in eusocial bees were obtained from miRBase.org. MUSCLE V.3 enabled alignment and correction was carried out using Fast.Dist. The TreeDyn software was used to obtain the phylogenetic trees. Results: The role of diet and the relationship with microRNAs in caste differentiation and regulation may be part of a general mechanism that involves selective plant genetic information necessary for insect development. Implications: The in vitro cultivation of stingless bees is a practice that is already carried out in some species of commercial importance; However, studies that demonstrate how development, differentiation and regulation of gene expression would be shaping the differentiation of different castes are still gaps that must begin to be addressed. In vitro breeding would require the study of environmental and molecular variables that would modulate the expression of the castes. Conclusion: The biogenesis, regulation and functions of microRNA in Eukarya are still obscure, however, some light has been shed on the molecular basis of caste differentiation in eusocial bees modulated by 2 miRN transfer pathways; endogenous and exogenous.","PeriodicalId":23259,"journal":{"name":"Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141833046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Richard Zapata Salas, José F. Guarín, L. A. Ríos-Osorio
Background: The sociodemographic characterization of milk producers allows knowing their particular conditions in terms of social, political and economic structure through indicators that describe them as social actors, interaction networks, conflict situations and events related to milk production. Objective: To characterize the diversity of dairy production systems in Northern Antioquia with a focus on the producer, the farms, access to services and their impact on the biological indicators of udder health. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was designed that including 216 milk producers within distributed in 9 dairy municipalities in northern Antioquia. Surveys to characterize the producer, the farm and access to services for health and milk production were carried out. As biological indicators of udder health, the annual averages of bulk tank somatic cell counts (BTSCC) and colony-forming units (CFU) of each farm were analyzed. Statistical analyzes were performed with SPSS version 25.0 and a p < 0.05. Results: The biological indicators of udder health in the studied farms presented poor sanitary quality according to the BTSCC for 67 % of the producers and poor hygienic quality with CFU in for 22 % of the participating farms. Briceño producers showed the lowest production in contrast to Santa Rosa de Osos milk producers, who have the highest production. In the linear regression models, 18.2 % of the BTSCC was explained by the location in relation to the municipality, the size of the production system and the type of milking. The CFU values were explained in 29.8 % by the municipality, the cooperative association or livestock association, the milk storage system, the offer of laboratory services for milk and cows, the area of the farm dedicated to grazing, the number of animals on the farm and the average daily production per cow. Implications: This study shows the importance of understanding udder health issues not only at the cow level from a biomedical approach. The understanding of udder health from the farm in the sociodemographic context shows that its location, access to services, technology, education and associativity establish opportunities to improve production and competitiveness of milk production. Conclusions: udder health can be positively or negatively affected by the location of the production system, the size of the production system, the type of milking, the association to a cooperative or livestock association, the milk storage system, the supply of laboratory services for milk and cows, the area of the farm dedicated to grazing, the number of animals on the farm and the average daily production per cow. To consider these variables is fundamental in decision-making in mastitis control and preventive care for udder health.
{"title":"CARACTERIZACIÓN DE SISTEMAS DE PRODUCCIÓN LECHERA Y SALUD DE LA UBRE EN EL NORTE DE ANTIOQUIA, COLOMBIA","authors":"Richard Zapata Salas, José F. Guarín, L. A. Ríos-Osorio","doi":"10.56369/tsaes.4791","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56369/tsaes.4791","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The sociodemographic characterization of milk producers allows knowing their particular conditions in terms of social, political and economic structure through indicators that describe them as social actors, interaction networks, conflict situations and events related to milk production. Objective: To characterize the diversity of dairy production systems in Northern Antioquia with a focus on the producer, the farms, access to services and their impact on the biological indicators of udder health. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was designed that including 216 milk producers within distributed in 9 dairy municipalities in northern Antioquia. Surveys to characterize the producer, the farm and access to services for health and milk production were carried out. As biological indicators of udder health, the annual averages of bulk tank somatic cell counts (BTSCC) and colony-forming units (CFU) of each farm were analyzed. Statistical analyzes were performed with SPSS version 25.0 and a p < 0.05. Results: The biological indicators of udder health in the studied farms presented poor sanitary quality according to the BTSCC for 67 % of the producers and poor hygienic quality with CFU in for 22 % of the participating farms. Briceño producers showed the lowest production in contrast to Santa Rosa de Osos milk producers, who have the highest production. In the linear regression models, 18.2 % of the BTSCC was explained by the location in relation to the municipality, the size of the production system and the type of milking. The CFU values were explained in 29.8 % by the municipality, the cooperative association or livestock association, the milk storage system, the offer of laboratory services for milk and cows, the area of the farm dedicated to grazing, the number of animals on the farm and the average daily production per cow. Implications: This study shows the importance of understanding udder health issues not only at the cow level from a biomedical approach. The understanding of udder health from the farm in the sociodemographic context shows that its location, access to services, technology, education and associativity establish opportunities to improve production and competitiveness of milk production. Conclusions: udder health can be positively or negatively affected by the location of the production system, the size of the production system, the type of milking, the association to a cooperative or livestock association, the milk storage system, the supply of laboratory services for milk and cows, the area of the farm dedicated to grazing, the number of animals on the farm and the average daily production per cow. To consider these variables is fundamental in decision-making in mastitis control and preventive care for udder health.","PeriodicalId":23259,"journal":{"name":"Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141833450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sofia Montfort-Grajales, L. Sarmiento-Franco, R. Urtecho-Novelo, Carlos Alfredo Sandoval-Castro
Background. The current maize production in México is insufficient to supply both human and animal consumption. As maize is the main ingredient used in the formulation of poultry diets, each year, the importation of this cereal rises, thereby, the replacement of this conventional input can be made with alternative resources, such as the Ramón (Brosimum alicastrum Swartz) seed. Objective. To determine the chemical composition of Ramon seed meal (RSM), together with the estimation of the apparent metabolizable energy (AME), true metabolizable energy (TME), their digestible coefficients, as well as the apparent ileal digestible energy (AIDE) and apparent ileal digestibility coefficient (AIDC) of gross energy (GE). Methodology. Two experiments were performed using Cobb broilers; in the first experiment AME, TME and the digestible coefficients were calculated using 24 broilers (twelve 3-week-old and twelve 6-week-old) eight of them were randomly selected for determination of endogenous losses (EL). The sixteen remaining were precision-fed a single dose of RSM and total excreta collection was used. In the second experiment, three diets: 1) 100% maize; 2) 40% RSM-60% maize and; 3) 60% RSM-40% maize) were made to determine the AIDE and AIDC of each ingredient using the difference method. Diets were randomly assigned to a total of 51 7-week-old broilers, distributed in six, six and five replicates respectively (three broilers per replicate). Results. No differences were found for the AME (1863 and 1909 kcal/kg for 3 and 6 weeks, respectively) and TME (2234 and 2271 kcal/kg, for 3 and 6 weeks, respectively) values of the RSM. The AIDE and AIDC of RSM at 40 and 60% inclusion (2408 and 2538 kcal/kg, and 0.64 and 0.67, respectively) were found to be lower than that of maize (3179 kcal/kg and 0.81). Implications. These results provide information regarding the incorporation of ramon as an energy resource in tropical poultry diets. Conclusion. The estimated value of RSM in broilers was 1886 Kcal/kg for AME, 2252.5 Kcal/kg for TME and 0.476 and 0.569 for their digestibility coefficients of GE, respectively. For the AIDE, the estimated value was 2408.8 and 2538.7 Kcal/kg at 40 and 60% inclusion of RSM, with 0.640 and 0.674 AIDC, respectively.
{"title":"ESTIMATION OF METABOLIZABLE AND DIGESTIBLE ENERGY OF RAMON (Brosimum alicastrum Swartz) SEED IN BROILERS UNDER TROPICAL CONDITIONS","authors":"Sofia Montfort-Grajales, L. Sarmiento-Franco, R. Urtecho-Novelo, Carlos Alfredo Sandoval-Castro","doi":"10.56369/tsaes.4775","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56369/tsaes.4775","url":null,"abstract":"Background. The current maize production in México is insufficient to supply both human and animal consumption. As maize is the main ingredient used in the formulation of poultry diets, each year, the importation of this cereal rises, thereby, the replacement of this conventional input can be made with alternative resources, such as the Ramón (Brosimum alicastrum Swartz) seed. Objective. To determine the chemical composition of Ramon seed meal (RSM), together with the estimation of the apparent metabolizable energy (AME), true metabolizable energy (TME), their digestible coefficients, as well as the apparent ileal digestible energy (AIDE) and apparent ileal digestibility coefficient (AIDC) of gross energy (GE). Methodology. Two experiments were performed using Cobb broilers; in the first experiment AME, TME and the digestible coefficients were calculated using 24 broilers (twelve 3-week-old and twelve 6-week-old) eight of them were randomly selected for determination of endogenous losses (EL). The sixteen remaining were precision-fed a single dose of RSM and total excreta collection was used. In the second experiment, three diets: 1) 100% maize; 2) 40% RSM-60% maize and; 3) 60% RSM-40% maize) were made to determine the AIDE and AIDC of each ingredient using the difference method. Diets were randomly assigned to a total of 51 7-week-old broilers, distributed in six, six and five replicates respectively (three broilers per replicate). Results. No differences were found for the AME (1863 and 1909 kcal/kg for 3 and 6 weeks, respectively) and TME (2234 and 2271 kcal/kg, for 3 and 6 weeks, respectively) values of the RSM. The AIDE and AIDC of RSM at 40 and 60% inclusion (2408 and 2538 kcal/kg, and 0.64 and 0.67, respectively) were found to be lower than that of maize (3179 kcal/kg and 0.81). Implications. These results provide information regarding the incorporation of ramon as an energy resource in tropical poultry diets. Conclusion. The estimated value of RSM in broilers was 1886 Kcal/kg for AME, 2252.5 Kcal/kg for TME and 0.476 and 0.569 for their digestibility coefficients of GE, respectively. For the AIDE, the estimated value was 2408.8 and 2538.7 Kcal/kg at 40 and 60% inclusion of RSM, with 0.640 and 0.674 AIDC, respectively.","PeriodicalId":23259,"journal":{"name":"Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140671227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Melchor Rosas-Davila, E. Morales-Almaráz, Felipe López-González, Carlos Manuel Arriaga-Jordán
Background. Sorghum is a crop that stands out as an alternative to maize due to its higher drought tolerance and lower soil fertility demand. Objective. To evaluate the productive response of lactating cows fed maize silage (Zea mays) in substitution with sorghum silage (Sorghum bicolor L.). Methodology. The research was carried out in the central highlands of Mexico, in the farmer of a small-scale dairy family. Nine cows were used, distributed in three 3X3 Latin squares with test periods of 14 days, of which 12 were for adaptation of the animals to diets and 2 d to the collection of samples. The treatments were: 1) Top Green = 5 kg DM sorghum silage cv Top Green + 5 kg DM maize silage; 2) Caña Dulce = 5 kg DM sorghum silage cv Caña Dulce + 5 kg DM maize silage; 3) Maize silage = 10 kg DM maize silage (testigo). The study included the productive behaviour of the cows, feed composition and feeding costs. Treatment data were analysed with a split-plot arrangement. Results. Inclusion of sorghum silage in the diet reduced dry matter intake (P<0.05), but did not affect average production (22.9 kg/day) and milk composition of cows (P>0.05). There were no differences (P>0.05) for variables related to the nutritional value of the silages. Although there were no significant differences in animal response variables, economic analysis showed that the inclusion of sorghum silage increased feed costs by 15% due to lower dry matter yields. Implications. Sorghum has been proposed as a resilient alternative to maize especially in drought stress scenarios, when the availability of quality forages decreases and grain and forage prices increase. Conclusions. Although feeding costs were higher, sorghum silage can be a substitute for maize silage.
背景。高粱耐旱性强，对土壤肥力的需求较低，是玉米的理想替代作物。目的评估泌乳奶牛以玉米青贮饲料（玉米）替代高粱青贮饲料（高粱双色）的生产反应。研究方法。研究在墨西哥中部高原的一个小型奶牛场进行。九头奶牛分布在三个 3X3 的拉丁方格中，试验期为 14 天，其中 12 天用于适应日粮，2 天用于采集样品。处理为1) Top Green = 5 kg DM 高粱青贮饲料 cv Top Green + 5 kg DM 玉米青贮饲料；2) Caña Dulce = 5 kg DM 高粱青贮饲料 cv Caña Dulce + 5 kg DM 玉米青贮饲料；3) 玉米青贮饲料 = 10 kg DM 玉米青贮饲料（试验组）。研究内容包括奶牛的生产性能、饲料成分和饲喂成本。对处理数据进行了小区分析。研究结果日粮中添加高粱青贮会降低干物质摄入量（P0.05）。与青贮饲料营养价值相关的变量没有差异（P>0.05）。虽然动物的反应变量没有明显差异，但经济分析表明，由于干物质产量较低，添加高粱青贮会使饲料成本增加 15%。影响。高粱被建议作为玉米的替代品，尤其是在干旱胁迫情况下，当优质饲草供应减少、谷物和饲草价格上涨时。结论。虽然饲喂成本较高，但高粱青贮可以替代玉米青贮。
{"title":"USO DEL ENSILADO DE SORGO VARIEDAD TOP GREEN Y VARIEDAD CAÑA DULCE PARA LA PRODUCCIÓN DE LECHE EN SISTEMAS DE PEQUEÑA ESCALA","authors":"Melchor Rosas-Davila, E. Morales-Almaráz, Felipe López-González, Carlos Manuel Arriaga-Jordán","doi":"10.56369/tsaes.4917","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56369/tsaes.4917","url":null,"abstract":"Background. Sorghum is a crop that stands out as an alternative to maize due to its higher drought tolerance and lower soil fertility demand. Objective. To evaluate the productive response of lactating cows fed maize silage (Zea mays) in substitution with sorghum silage (Sorghum bicolor L.). Methodology. The research was carried out in the central highlands of Mexico, in the farmer of a small-scale dairy family. Nine cows were used, distributed in three 3X3 Latin squares with test periods of 14 days, of which 12 were for adaptation of the animals to diets and 2 d to the collection of samples. The treatments were: 1) Top Green = 5 kg DM sorghum silage cv Top Green + 5 kg DM maize silage; 2) Caña Dulce = 5 kg DM sorghum silage cv Caña Dulce + 5 kg DM maize silage; 3) Maize silage = 10 kg DM maize silage (testigo). The study included the productive behaviour of the cows, feed composition and feeding costs. Treatment data were analysed with a split-plot arrangement. Results. Inclusion of sorghum silage in the diet reduced dry matter intake (P<0.05), but did not affect average production (22.9 kg/day) and milk composition of cows (P>0.05). There were no differences (P>0.05) for variables related to the nutritional value of the silages. Although there were no significant differences in animal response variables, economic analysis showed that the inclusion of sorghum silage increased feed costs by 15% due to lower dry matter yields. Implications. Sorghum has been proposed as a resilient alternative to maize especially in drought stress scenarios, when the availability of quality forages decreases and grain and forage prices increase. Conclusions. Although feeding costs were higher, sorghum silage can be a substitute for maize silage.","PeriodicalId":23259,"journal":{"name":"Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140667807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Boniface M. Mwami, R. Muasya, S. Nguluu, J. Kinama, Benjamin Muli, Albert Luvanda, A. Theuri, John Wambua
Background: Sorghum is an important source of fodder in the semi-arid areas of Kenya. However, its biomass yield has remained low due to the low soil moisture content which is associated with low rainfall. Objective: To evaluate the synergistic effects of combining rainwater harvesting practices on biomass yield and the morphometric traits of sorghum in semi-arid Kitui County. Methodology: The study was conducted in a randomized complete block design under rainfed conditions between March and August 2021 at the Research Farm of South Eastern Kenya University. It had twelve treatments, including three farming systems (conventional flat planting, ridge and furrow, and zai pits) with three soil mulching types (transparent plastic film mulch, black plastic film mulch, and grass mulch). The farming systems without mulching were used as control treatments. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and means were separated using Fisher’s protected Least Significant Difference test at 0.05 %. Results: The zai pits with black plastic film mulch and flat planting with grass mulch had the highest and lowest moisture content of 68.65% and 52.5% respectively compared to flat planting. The highest biomass yield was observed in ridge-furrow with black plastic film mulch (3283.33kg ha-1) and ridge–furrow with transparent plastic film mulch (3266.03) and was not significantly different. The lowest biomass yield was recorded in conventional flat planting and zai pits and was not significantly different. In all treatments, there was a significant increase (p ≤ 0.05) in morphometric traits. Implications: The farming system and the type of soil mulching determined the increase of soil moisture content, biomass yield, and morphometric traits. Conclusion: Combining ridge-furrow and black plastic mulch is recommended to improve the biomass yield of sorghum in semi-arid Kitui County, and other areas with similar agroecological conditions.
{"title":"EFFECTS OF RAINWATER HARVESTING PRACTICES ON BIOMASS YIELD AND MORPHOMETRIC TRAITS OF SORGHUM (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) IN SEMI-ARID KITUI COUNTY, KENYA","authors":"Boniface M. Mwami, R. Muasya, S. Nguluu, J. Kinama, Benjamin Muli, Albert Luvanda, A. Theuri, John Wambua","doi":"10.56369/tsaes.5273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56369/tsaes.5273","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Sorghum is an important source of fodder in the semi-arid areas of Kenya. However, its biomass yield has remained low due to the low soil moisture content which is associated with low rainfall. Objective: To evaluate the synergistic effects of combining rainwater harvesting practices on biomass yield and the morphometric traits of sorghum in semi-arid Kitui County. Methodology: The study was conducted in a randomized complete block design under rainfed conditions between March and August 2021 at the Research Farm of South Eastern Kenya University. It had twelve treatments, including three farming systems (conventional flat planting, ridge and furrow, and zai pits) with three soil mulching types (transparent plastic film mulch, black plastic film mulch, and grass mulch). The farming systems without mulching were used as control treatments. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and means were separated using Fisher’s protected Least Significant Difference test at 0.05 %. Results: The zai pits with black plastic film mulch and flat planting with grass mulch had the highest and lowest moisture content of 68.65% and 52.5% respectively compared to flat planting. The highest biomass yield was observed in ridge-furrow with black plastic film mulch (3283.33kg ha-1) and ridge–furrow with transparent plastic film mulch (3266.03) and was not significantly different. The lowest biomass yield was recorded in conventional flat planting and zai pits and was not significantly different. In all treatments, there was a significant increase (p ≤ 0.05) in morphometric traits. Implications: The farming system and the type of soil mulching determined the increase of soil moisture content, biomass yield, and morphometric traits. Conclusion: Combining ridge-furrow and black plastic mulch is recommended to improve the biomass yield of sorghum in semi-arid Kitui County, and other areas with similar agroecological conditions.","PeriodicalId":23259,"journal":{"name":"Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140670126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Adugna Gebregiorgis, A. Nurfeta, M. Negash, M. Bayssa
Background. Fodder trees are integral components of agroforestry system in the tropics. Indigenous fodder trees (IFT) are grown in Sidama, Ethiopia, for different purposes. However, their composition, biomass yield and socioeconomic importance are inadequately studied. Objective. To assess species composition, biomass yield and socioeconomic contribution of IFT. Methodology. Three districts and 9 kebeles were purposively selected, from which 273 households were randomly selected for household survey. Sixty households were randomly selected for inventory within nested quadrats of 20 x 20 m. Semi-structured questionnaires and 36 key informants were used to collect primary data. Results. Twenty-eight IFT species belonging to 26 genera and 24 families were identified in three agroecologies. Species richness in lowland (11.08) was higher than in highland (9.6) and midland (7.7) (p < 0.001). Similarly, lowland (1.5) was more diverse than midland (1.2) and highland (0.8) (p < 0.001). Arundinaria alpine, Hygenia abyssinica and Erythrina brucei were dominant IFT, altogether accounted for 72.35% of the total basal area. In midland, Cordia africana, Ficus sur, Dracaena steudneri and Melleitia ferruginea were dominant species, and Acacia albida, A. tortolis, Balanites aegyptiaca and C. africana were dominant in lowland, altogether accounting for 56.1 and 76.72% of the total basal area, respectively. E. brucei, Dracaena steudneri and C. africana had the highest biomass yield in highland, midland and lowland, respectively (p < 0.05). Farmers with large land sizes, small family sizes, practicing agroforestry, and having awareness and interest in fodder trees had significantly affected the decision to have IFT. In addition to fodder supply, IFT contributes to soil fertility improvement, income sources, and timber production. Implication. The current findings indicated that the dominant fodder tree species with the highest biomass yield can be an alternative source of fodder and used for enhancing the livelihood of farmers in the study area. Conclusion. The most abundant and highly dominant species in the three agroecologies contributed to higher biomass yield and can be a potential feed source.
{"title":"INDIGENOUS FODDER TREE SPECIES COMPOSITION, BIOMASS YIELD AND SOCIOECONOMIC CONTRIBUTION IN SIDAMA RIGIONAL STATE, ETHIOPIA","authors":"Adugna Gebregiorgis, A. Nurfeta, M. Negash, M. Bayssa","doi":"10.56369/tsaes.5291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56369/tsaes.5291","url":null,"abstract":"Background. Fodder trees are integral components of agroforestry system in the tropics. Indigenous fodder trees (IFT) are grown in Sidama, Ethiopia, for different purposes. However, their composition, biomass yield and socioeconomic importance are inadequately studied. Objective. To assess species composition, biomass yield and socioeconomic contribution of IFT. Methodology. Three districts and 9 kebeles were purposively selected, from which 273 households were randomly selected for household survey. Sixty households were randomly selected for inventory within nested quadrats of 20 x 20 m. Semi-structured questionnaires and 36 key informants were used to collect primary data. Results. Twenty-eight IFT species belonging to 26 genera and 24 families were identified in three agroecologies. Species richness in lowland (11.08) was higher than in highland (9.6) and midland (7.7) (p < 0.001). Similarly, lowland (1.5) was more diverse than midland (1.2) and highland (0.8) (p < 0.001). Arundinaria alpine, Hygenia abyssinica and Erythrina brucei were dominant IFT, altogether accounted for 72.35% of the total basal area. In midland, Cordia africana, Ficus sur, Dracaena steudneri and Melleitia ferruginea were dominant species, and Acacia albida, A. tortolis, Balanites aegyptiaca and C. africana were dominant in lowland, altogether accounting for 56.1 and 76.72% of the total basal area, respectively. E. brucei, Dracaena steudneri and C. africana had the highest biomass yield in highland, midland and lowland, respectively (p < 0.05). Farmers with large land sizes, small family sizes, practicing agroforestry, and having awareness and interest in fodder trees had significantly affected the decision to have IFT. In addition to fodder supply, IFT contributes to soil fertility improvement, income sources, and timber production. Implication. The current findings indicated that the dominant fodder tree species with the highest biomass yield can be an alternative source of fodder and used for enhancing the livelihood of farmers in the study area. Conclusion. The most abundant and highly dominant species in the three agroecologies contributed to higher biomass yield and can be a potential feed source. ","PeriodicalId":23259,"journal":{"name":"Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140702031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sergio Antonio Sanchez Hernandez, José Gervasio Partida-Sedas, J. G. Cruz-Castillo, Edith Cadena Chamorro, Esteban Escamilla Prado, Eduardo Valdez Velarde
Background. The coffee processing process generates polluting solid and liquid waste. It is possible to reduce its effects through treatments that allow its use. Objective. To analyze the alternatives for the management of the effluents and residues generated in the coffee processing process to reduce its effects and to show treatments that have had positive results. Methodology. To obtain the information, specialized search engines were used in databases such as: RESEARCHGATE, GOOGLE SCHOLAR, CIRAD, CATIE, IICA, ELSEVIER, SCIENCIE DIRECT, REDALYC, SCOPUS. An exploration and analysis of 100 documents related to the following topics was carried out: 1) history of the use of effluent treatment systems in coffee processing, 2) types of treatments for the management of liquid and solid waste, 3) operation of these technologies, capacity, place where the research was carried out, variables measured, as well as the capacity of these systems. The search period was planned from 1980 to 2023. The history of the beginning of the systems for the treatment of waste generated in coffee processing was also investigated. The key words used for the search were: wet processing, wastewater, solid and liquid waste, coffee by-products, treatment systems, chemical oxygen demand, biological oxygen demand, total solids, turbidity, anaerobic treatments, and aerobic treatments. Approximately 100 documents were reviewed for the writing of the paper. Main findings. Research has been reported since 1980. Colombia and Mexico have focused on the development of machinery to mechanize processing operations to reduce water use, as well as anaerobic treatment systems, biodigesters and wetlands. Implications. It is necessary to know the main methods of wastewater treatment in the coffee processing process to determine the most suitable in coffee growing regions. Conclusions. Anaerobic biodigestion technology is the most used for the treatment of liquid effluents and with the best results. For the solid effluent, different alternatives are used for substrate such as the extraction of substances for industry, composting and biomaterials, among others.
{"title":"TECNOLOGÍAS DEL BENEFICIADO DE CAFÉ Y TRATAMIENTO DE EFLUENTES LÍQUIDOS","authors":"Sergio Antonio Sanchez Hernandez, José Gervasio Partida-Sedas, J. G. Cruz-Castillo, Edith Cadena Chamorro, Esteban Escamilla Prado, Eduardo Valdez Velarde","doi":"10.56369/tsaes.5099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56369/tsaes.5099","url":null,"abstract":"Background. The coffee processing process generates polluting solid and liquid waste. It is possible to reduce its effects through treatments that allow its use. Objective. To analyze the alternatives for the management of the effluents and residues generated in the coffee processing process to reduce its effects and to show treatments that have had positive results. Methodology. To obtain the information, specialized search engines were used in databases such as: RESEARCHGATE, GOOGLE SCHOLAR, CIRAD, CATIE, IICA, ELSEVIER, SCIENCIE DIRECT, REDALYC, SCOPUS. An exploration and analysis of 100 documents related to the following topics was carried out: 1) history of the use of effluent treatment systems in coffee processing, 2) types of treatments for the management of liquid and solid waste, 3) operation of these technologies, capacity, place where the research was carried out, variables measured, as well as the capacity of these systems. The search period was planned from 1980 to 2023. The history of the beginning of the systems for the treatment of waste generated in coffee processing was also investigated. The key words used for the search were: wet processing, wastewater, solid and liquid waste, coffee by-products, treatment systems, chemical oxygen demand, biological oxygen demand, total solids, turbidity, anaerobic treatments, and aerobic treatments. Approximately 100 documents were reviewed for the writing of the paper. Main findings. Research has been reported since 1980. Colombia and Mexico have focused on the development of machinery to mechanize processing operations to reduce water use, as well as anaerobic treatment systems, biodigesters and wetlands. Implications. It is necessary to know the main methods of wastewater treatment in the coffee processing process to determine the most suitable in coffee growing regions. Conclusions. Anaerobic biodigestion technology is the most used for the treatment of liquid effluents and with the best results. For the solid effluent, different alternatives are used for substrate such as the extraction of substances for industry, composting and biomaterials, among others.","PeriodicalId":23259,"journal":{"name":"Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140703237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vidal Zavala Zapata, José Antonio Rangel Lucio, Jesús Armando Vargas Tovar, Ricardo Álvarez Ramos, Ausencio Azuara Dominguez
Background: Currently, there is little information on the abundance of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae) eggs and nymphs in the size of vegetative shoots. Such information is relevant for the control of D. citri in early stages of development. Objective: To associate the abundance of eggs and N1 nymphs of D. citri with the size of the vegetative shoots of the Valencia orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) crop. Methodology: The study was carried out in the Valencia orange crop in the municipality of Güémez, Tamaulipas. In the field, five categories of shoots were selected under a randomized experimental design. Thirty shoots of each size were confined in a teal tulle bag and 30 shoots of each size were cut to one side of the confined shoot. The number of eggs and N1 nymphs was recorded at 3, 5 and 7 days in each shoot size. The result obtained was subjected to a multivariate analysis of multiple correspondence. Results: In the confined outbreaks, 9 to 27 eggs were recorded in the V2 and V3 outbreaks at three days, and from 71 to 213 eggs in the V4 outbreak at five days. At seven days the number of eggs was like that recorded on day five. In the control shoots, at three and five days, 1 to 3 eggs were recorded in the V5 shoot. At seven days, the number of eggs recorded in shoots V2, V3, V4 and V5 was like that recorded at three and five days. In the confined shoots, at three days no N1 nymphs were recorded in the V5 and V1 shoots. On day five, nine N1 nymphs were recorded in the V2 shoot. While, on day seven the number of N1 nymphs was like that recorded on days three and five. In the control shoots, at three, five and seven days, 1 to 71 N1 nymphs were recorded in the V3 shoot. Implications: The results of this study are useful input for the development of management strategies targeting D. citri eggs and nymphs to suppress the presence of adults. Conclusion: According to the results, the trials allowed the identification of those categories of vegetative shoots preferential for N1 nymphs and oviposition of adults. This preference may be related to the quality and quantity of photo assimilates present in the different developmental stages of vegetative shoots, which are essential for insect development.
{"title":"ASOCIACIÓN DE LA ABUNDANCIA DE HUEVOS Y NINFAS DE PRIMER INSTAR DE Diaphorina citri CON EL TAMAÑO DE BROTE VEGETATIVO DEL CULTIVO DE NARANJA VALENCIA (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck).","authors":"Vidal Zavala Zapata, José Antonio Rangel Lucio, Jesús Armando Vargas Tovar, Ricardo Álvarez Ramos, Ausencio Azuara Dominguez","doi":"10.56369/tsaes.4544","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56369/tsaes.4544","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Currently, there is little information on the abundance of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae) eggs and nymphs in the size of vegetative shoots. Such information is relevant for the control of D. citri in early stages of development. Objective: To associate the abundance of eggs and N1 nymphs of D. citri with the size of the vegetative shoots of the Valencia orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) crop. Methodology: The study was carried out in the Valencia orange crop in the municipality of Güémez, Tamaulipas. In the field, five categories of shoots were selected under a randomized experimental design. Thirty shoots of each size were confined in a teal tulle bag and 30 shoots of each size were cut to one side of the confined shoot. The number of eggs and N1 nymphs was recorded at 3, 5 and 7 days in each shoot size. The result obtained was subjected to a multivariate analysis of multiple correspondence. Results: In the confined outbreaks, 9 to 27 eggs were recorded in the V2 and V3 outbreaks at three days, and from 71 to 213 eggs in the V4 outbreak at five days. At seven days the number of eggs was like that recorded on day five. In the control shoots, at three and five days, 1 to 3 eggs were recorded in the V5 shoot. At seven days, the number of eggs recorded in shoots V2, V3, V4 and V5 was like that recorded at three and five days. In the confined shoots, at three days no N1 nymphs were recorded in the V5 and V1 shoots. On day five, nine N1 nymphs were recorded in the V2 shoot. While, on day seven the number of N1 nymphs was like that recorded on days three and five. In the control shoots, at three, five and seven days, 1 to 71 N1 nymphs were recorded in the V3 shoot. Implications: The results of this study are useful input for the development of management strategies targeting D. citri eggs and nymphs to suppress the presence of adults. Conclusion: According to the results, the trials allowed the identification of those categories of vegetative shoots preferential for N1 nymphs and oviposition of adults. This preference may be related to the quality and quantity of photo assimilates present in the different developmental stages of vegetative shoots, which are essential for insect development. ","PeriodicalId":23259,"journal":{"name":"Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140711402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Edgar Lenin Aguirre Riofrio, D.R. Armijos, R. Bustillos, M.V. Puchaicela, A.B. Avila, P.A. Pineda, J.P. Riofrio
Background. The Creole goat (Chusca Lojana) is found in the tropical zone of the seasonally dry forest (SDF) in Loja province (southern Ecuador, South America), where 73 % of the nationwide goat population is located. Objective. To study the productive characteristics and the milk quality of this population because this genetic resource represents a valuable socio-economic element for the habitants of this region. Methodology. The production and milk quality of 198 goats, managed extensively and from different herds, were evaluated in four periodic visits, and production was recorded at the various stages of lactation, with milk samples taken for analysis using Lactoscan Milk Analyzer SA50. Results. It was determined that 64 % of the goats have a globular udder, 93 % have pigmented nipples, the productive life curve increases in the third calving, reaches its peak in the fourth calving and then declines (R2 = 0.82), lactation duration is 140 ± 20 days, the lactation curve follows a two-period mobile trend, showing two peaks, one higher (30 days) and another of less intensity between 120-150 days coinciding with the post-weaning period, and the mean daily production is 390 ± 231 ml. Production and composition of milk are not statistically affected by biotype. The milk composition of this goat presents 5.5 ± 1.9 % Fat, 8.2 ± 0.83 % NFS, 137 ± 2.1 % Total Solids, 4.5 ± 0.47 % Lactose, 3 ± 0.3 % Protein, 0.68 ± 0.07 % Mineral Salts, and pH 6.7 ± 0.26. Implication. Analyze the productive performance and quality of the milk of this goat in semi-intensive management and using shrub resources present in abundance in this ecosystem (Croton spp, Ipomea carnea), would help to improve management conditions and value this local zoogenetic resource. Conclusions. With the information obtained from this study, those animals with a tendency to produce quality milk in this population can be standardized for selection, management, and multiplication.
{"title":"MILK COMPOSITION OF THE CREOLE GOAT IN AN EXTENSIVE HUSBANDRY ENVIRONMENT IN A SEASONALLY DRY FOREST OF SOUTHERN ECUADOR","authors":"Edgar Lenin Aguirre Riofrio, D.R. Armijos, R. Bustillos, M.V. Puchaicela, A.B. Avila, P.A. Pineda, J.P. Riofrio","doi":"10.56369/tsaes.5019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56369/tsaes.5019","url":null,"abstract":"Background. The Creole goat (Chusca Lojana) is found in the tropical zone of the seasonally dry forest (SDF) in Loja province (southern Ecuador, South America), where 73 % of the nationwide goat population is located. Objective. To study the productive characteristics and the milk quality of this population because this genetic resource represents a valuable socio-economic element for the habitants of this region. Methodology. The production and milk quality of 198 goats, managed extensively and from different herds, were evaluated in four periodic visits, and production was recorded at the various stages of lactation, with milk samples taken for analysis using Lactoscan Milk Analyzer SA50. Results. It was determined that 64 % of the goats have a globular udder, 93 % have pigmented nipples, the productive life curve increases in the third calving, reaches its peak in the fourth calving and then declines (R2 = 0.82), lactation duration is 140 ± 20 days, the lactation curve follows a two-period mobile trend, showing two peaks, one higher (30 days) and another of less intensity between 120-150 days coinciding with the post-weaning period, and the mean daily production is 390 ± 231 ml. Production and composition of milk are not statistically affected by biotype. The milk composition of this goat presents 5.5 ± 1.9 % Fat, 8.2 ± 0.83 % NFS, 137 ± 2.1 % Total Solids, 4.5 ± 0.47 % Lactose, 3 ± 0.3 % Protein, 0.68 ± 0.07 % Mineral Salts, and pH 6.7 ± 0.26. Implication. Analyze the productive performance and quality of the milk of this goat in semi-intensive management and using shrub resources present in abundance in this ecosystem (Croton spp, Ipomea carnea), would help to improve management conditions and value this local zoogenetic resource. Conclusions. With the information obtained from this study, those animals with a tendency to produce quality milk in this population can be standardized for selection, management, and multiplication.","PeriodicalId":23259,"journal":{"name":"Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140711224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Castelán-Estrada, J. Villanueva-Jiménez, F. Osorio-Acosta, Tomás Medina-Sánchez
Background. Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions of the world for its nutritious and healthy fruits intended mainly for fresh consumption. Mexico was the world's leading papaya exporter in 2020 with 167,500 t. C. papaya is attacked by several viral diseases, the ring spot virus (PRSV-P) is the one that causes the most damage to the crop and the greatest production losses. Objective. To establish the phenology of a Carica papaya L. ‘Maradol Roja’ population infected with PRSV-P, to quantify its growth, and to relate its phenological steps with the accumulated degree days (DD). Methodology. The emissions of leaves, flower buds, flowers and fruits, apparent height of the plant, stem diameter and biomass were evaluated, based on the DD accumulated during the growth cycle. Results. The growth cycle is divided into nine phenological stages, where the leaf or flower bud formation requires ≈ 18 DD. In plants, the number of leaves is approximately equal to the number of flower buds. However, the number of ripe fruits is variable due to the adverse conditions that can occur throughout the growth period. To some extent, the roots typically present two growth peaks, although the available moisture in the soil could change this pattern. The apparent height of the plant and the stem diameter present a double sigmoid growth curve, with a maximum apparent height of 180 cm, and a diameter at the base of 11 cm. Implications. The infection by PRSV-P reduced the productivity and commercial quality of the fruits. Conclusions. PRSV-P infection reduced apparent height, stem diameter, number of leaves, flowers, and fruits, decrease in biomass gain, and shortened life cycle of plants.
{"title":"ANÁLISIS DEL CRECIMIENTO DE Carica papaya L. BAJO INFECCIÓN POR PRSV-P","authors":"M. Castelán-Estrada, J. Villanueva-Jiménez, F. Osorio-Acosta, Tomás Medina-Sánchez","doi":"10.56369/tsaes.5125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56369/tsaes.5125","url":null,"abstract":"Background. Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions of the world for its nutritious and healthy fruits intended mainly for fresh consumption. Mexico was the world's leading papaya exporter in 2020 with 167,500 t. C. papaya is attacked by several viral diseases, the ring spot virus (PRSV-P) is the one that causes the most damage to the crop and the greatest production losses. Objective. To establish the phenology of a Carica papaya L. ‘Maradol Roja’ population infected with PRSV-P, to quantify its growth, and to relate its phenological steps with the accumulated degree days (DD). Methodology. The emissions of leaves, flower buds, flowers and fruits, apparent height of the plant, stem diameter and biomass were evaluated, based on the DD accumulated during the growth cycle. Results. The growth cycle is divided into nine phenological stages, where the leaf or flower bud formation requires ≈ 18 DD. In plants, the number of leaves is approximately equal to the number of flower buds. However, the number of ripe fruits is variable due to the adverse conditions that can occur throughout the growth period. To some extent, the roots typically present two growth peaks, although the available moisture in the soil could change this pattern. The apparent height of the plant and the stem diameter present a double sigmoid growth curve, with a maximum apparent height of 180 cm, and a diameter at the base of 11 cm. Implications. The infection by PRSV-P reduced the productivity and commercial quality of the fruits. Conclusions. PRSV-P infection reduced apparent height, stem diameter, number of leaves, flowers, and fruits, decrease in biomass gain, and shortened life cycle of plants.","PeriodicalId":23259,"journal":{"name":"Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140711170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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