Pub Date : 2007-06-10DOI: 10.1109/SENSOR.2007.4300512
S. Kostner, M. Vellekoop
In this paper the influence of optical absorption on projection cytometer measurements is discussed. Projection cytometry is an optical method for measuring physical parameters of biological cells in the optical near field. For reliable results, it is crucial to keep the projection distance constant for consecutive measurements which is achieved by applying a non-coaxial sheath flow. Simulations have been performed to predict the sensor signal for different absorption coefficients inside a cell. The interesting result is that with changing absorption coefficient only a part of the signal shape changes which indicates the ability to extract this parameter from the shape of the signal.
{"title":"The Influence of Physical Cell Parameters on Projection Cytometer Measurements","authors":"S. Kostner, M. Vellekoop","doi":"10.1109/SENSOR.2007.4300512","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SENSOR.2007.4300512","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper the influence of optical absorption on projection cytometer measurements is discussed. Projection cytometry is an optical method for measuring physical parameters of biological cells in the optical near field. For reliable results, it is crucial to keep the projection distance constant for consecutive measurements which is achieved by applying a non-coaxial sheath flow. Simulations have been performed to predict the sensor signal for different absorption coefficients inside a cell. The interesting result is that with changing absorption coefficient only a part of the signal shape changes which indicates the ability to extract this parameter from the shape of the signal.","PeriodicalId":23295,"journal":{"name":"TRANSDUCERS 2007 - 2007 International Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems Conference","volume":"25 1","pages":"1833-1836"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91531585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-06-10DOI: 10.1109/SENSOR.2007.4300615
S. Aravamudhan, S. Bhansali
Pressure measurements in marine environment are of utmost importance to better understand the ocean processes, for maritime security and even for tsunami wave detection. In this work, a MEMS reinforced piezoresistive pressure sensor with packaging and protective coatings was tested to achieve both higher sensitivity and larger full scale span compared to conventional single diaphragm. By eliminating large deflections and non-linearities, the reinforced design showed about 15% higher sensitivity and twice the operating range. Further, reliability of protective coatings was evaluated in real ocean conditions.
{"title":"Reinforced Pressure Sensor for Marine Environment","authors":"S. Aravamudhan, S. Bhansali","doi":"10.1109/SENSOR.2007.4300615","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SENSOR.2007.4300615","url":null,"abstract":"Pressure measurements in marine environment are of utmost importance to better understand the ocean processes, for maritime security and even for tsunami wave detection. In this work, a MEMS reinforced piezoresistive pressure sensor with packaging and protective coatings was tested to achieve both higher sensitivity and larger full scale span compared to conventional single diaphragm. By eliminating large deflections and non-linearities, the reinforced design showed about 15% higher sensitivity and twice the operating range. Further, reliability of protective coatings was evaluated in real ocean conditions.","PeriodicalId":23295,"journal":{"name":"TRANSDUCERS 2007 - 2007 International Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems Conference","volume":"9 1","pages":"2243-2246"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90132940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-06-10DOI: 10.1109/SENSOR.2007.4300186
A. Bhagat, P. Jothimuthu, I. Papautsky
In this paper, we report a new and simple method of patterning polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) directly under normal ambient light for rapid prototyping of disposable microfluidic lab-on-a-chips (LOCs). The photodefinable PDMS (photoPDMS) is positive-acting and only sensitive to light below 365 nm, which permits processing outside a gold room. A parametric study was conducted to optimize this novel fabrication technique. Features as small as 100 mum were successfully fabricated using photoPDMS. To further demonstrate the potential of this novel technique, thin (< 30 mum) free-standing patterned PDMS films. Successful demonstration of this novel process presents a feasibly simpler alternative approach for rapid prototyping of disposable microfluidic biochips for lab-on-a-chip applications.
{"title":"Photosensitive Poly(Dimethylsiloxane) (Photopdms) for Rapid and Simple Polymer Fabrication","authors":"A. Bhagat, P. Jothimuthu, I. Papautsky","doi":"10.1109/SENSOR.2007.4300186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SENSOR.2007.4300186","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we report a new and simple method of patterning polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) directly under normal ambient light for rapid prototyping of disposable microfluidic lab-on-a-chips (LOCs). The photodefinable PDMS (photoPDMS) is positive-acting and only sensitive to light below 365 nm, which permits processing outside a gold room. A parametric study was conducted to optimize this novel fabrication technique. Features as small as 100 mum were successfully fabricated using photoPDMS. To further demonstrate the potential of this novel technique, thin (< 30 mum) free-standing patterned PDMS films. Successful demonstration of this novel process presents a feasibly simpler alternative approach for rapid prototyping of disposable microfluidic biochips for lab-on-a-chip applications.","PeriodicalId":23295,"journal":{"name":"TRANSDUCERS 2007 - 2007 International Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems Conference","volume":"66 1","pages":"537-540"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80705556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-06-10DOI: 10.1109/SENSOR.2007.4300221
M. Tang, A. Liu, A. Agarwal
A low-loss single-pole-double-throw (SPDT) switch circuit using lateral RF MEMS switches has been developed on glass to operate from DC to 20 GHz. High compactness and low loss can be obtained by use of the lateral switches and coplanar waveguide (CPW) configuration. The circuit provides > 24-dB isolation and < 0.9-dB insertion loss up to 20 GHz. The pull-in voltage of the switch is only 12.4 V, with a switching-on time of 35 mus and a switching-off time of 36 mus. A single-mask silicon-on-glass (SiOG) fabrication process has been developed to fabricate the SPDT switch circuit on glass, which has the advantages of low loss and high yield. The whole circuit has a size of 1.64 mm times 1.3 mm.
{"title":"A Low-Loss Single-Pole-Double-Throw (SPDT) Switch Circuit","authors":"M. Tang, A. Liu, A. Agarwal","doi":"10.1109/SENSOR.2007.4300221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SENSOR.2007.4300221","url":null,"abstract":"A low-loss single-pole-double-throw (SPDT) switch circuit using lateral RF MEMS switches has been developed on glass to operate from DC to 20 GHz. High compactness and low loss can be obtained by use of the lateral switches and coplanar waveguide (CPW) configuration. The circuit provides > 24-dB isolation and < 0.9-dB insertion loss up to 20 GHz. The pull-in voltage of the switch is only 12.4 V, with a switching-on time of 35 mus and a switching-off time of 36 mus. A single-mask silicon-on-glass (SiOG) fabrication process has been developed to fabricate the SPDT switch circuit on glass, which has the advantages of low loss and high yield. The whole circuit has a size of 1.64 mm times 1.3 mm.","PeriodicalId":23295,"journal":{"name":"TRANSDUCERS 2007 - 2007 International Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems Conference","volume":"42 1","pages":"679-682"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80737176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-06-10DOI: 10.1109/SENSOR.2007.4300676
R. Lam, Min-Cheol Kim, T. Thorsen
In this paper, we report on the development of a microfluidic platform in which dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations can be dynamically adjusted for cell culture applications. The DO concentration in culture media flowing through enclosed microchannels is regulated by the diffusion through an elastromeric interface from an overhead gas channel, using an oxygen-sensitive dye embedded in the fluid channel as a sensor. Using a microchannel network functioning as an oxygen/nitrogen mixer, the growth characteristics of murine fibroblast cells (3T3) were analyzed as a function of eight discrete DO concentrations in culture media within a single device, ranging from anaerobic (0 ppm) to fully saturated (42 ppm).
{"title":"A Microfluidic Oxygenator for Biological Cell Culture","authors":"R. Lam, Min-Cheol Kim, T. Thorsen","doi":"10.1109/SENSOR.2007.4300676","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SENSOR.2007.4300676","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we report on the development of a microfluidic platform in which dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations can be dynamically adjusted for cell culture applications. The DO concentration in culture media flowing through enclosed microchannels is regulated by the diffusion through an elastromeric interface from an overhead gas channel, using an oxygen-sensitive dye embedded in the fluid channel as a sensor. Using a microchannel network functioning as an oxygen/nitrogen mixer, the growth characteristics of murine fibroblast cells (3T3) were analyzed as a function of eight discrete DO concentrations in culture media within a single device, ranging from anaerobic (0 ppm) to fully saturated (42 ppm).","PeriodicalId":23295,"journal":{"name":"TRANSDUCERS 2007 - 2007 International Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems Conference","volume":"52 4 1","pages":"2489-2492"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79716811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-06-10DOI: 10.1109/SENSOR.2007.4300669
Yang Lin, Jing Wang, S. Pietrangelo, Z. Ren, Clark T.-C. Nguyen
A statistical evaluation of the standard deviations of the resonance frequencies and quality factors of polysilicon surface-micromachined micromechanical disk resonators with fully-surrounding and split electrode configurations has been conducted by fabricating and measuring a large quantity (>400) of devices. Through this analysis, respective single-wafer resonance frequency standard deviations as low as 642 ppm for fully-surrounding electrode devices; and 984 ppm for two-port split electrode devices; have been measured. Respective average quality factor standard deviations for fully surrounding electrode devices of 5.6% in vacuum; and 3.9% in air; have also been obtained. The standard deviations for both frequency and Q of each resonator type are well within values needed to achieve the -3% percent bandwidth requirements for filters presently used in the RF front-ends of wireless communication devices without trimming.
{"title":"Effect of Electrode Configuration on the Frequency and Quality Factor Repeatability of RF Micromechanical Disk Resonators","authors":"Yang Lin, Jing Wang, S. Pietrangelo, Z. Ren, Clark T.-C. Nguyen","doi":"10.1109/SENSOR.2007.4300669","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SENSOR.2007.4300669","url":null,"abstract":"A statistical evaluation of the standard deviations of the resonance frequencies and quality factors of polysilicon surface-micromachined micromechanical disk resonators with fully-surrounding and split electrode configurations has been conducted by fabricating and measuring a large quantity (>400) of devices. Through this analysis, respective single-wafer resonance frequency standard deviations as low as 642 ppm for fully-surrounding electrode devices; and 984 ppm for two-port split electrode devices; have been measured. Respective average quality factor standard deviations for fully surrounding electrode devices of 5.6% in vacuum; and 3.9% in air; have also been obtained. The standard deviations for both frequency and Q of each resonator type are well within values needed to achieve the -3% percent bandwidth requirements for filters presently used in the RF front-ends of wireless communication devices without trimming.","PeriodicalId":23295,"journal":{"name":"TRANSDUCERS 2007 - 2007 International Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems Conference","volume":"25 1","pages":"2461-2464"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83382902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-06-10DOI: 10.1109/SENSOR.2007.4300699
F. Alves, B. Kaviraj, L. A. Rached, J. Moutoussamy, C. Coillot
We have selected stress-annealed nanocrystalline Fe-based ribbons for magnetic/copper/magnetic sensors exhibiting high magneto-impedance ratio. Longitudinal magneto-impedance DeltaZ/Zsat reaches 400% at 60 kHz and longitudinal magneto-resistance DeltaR/Rsat increases up to 1100% around 300 kHz.
{"title":"Performances of a Newly High Sensitive Trilayer F/CU/F GMI Sensor","authors":"F. Alves, B. Kaviraj, L. A. Rached, J. Moutoussamy, C. Coillot","doi":"10.1109/SENSOR.2007.4300699","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SENSOR.2007.4300699","url":null,"abstract":"We have selected stress-annealed nanocrystalline Fe-based ribbons for magnetic/copper/magnetic sensors exhibiting high magneto-impedance ratio. Longitudinal magneto-impedance DeltaZ/Zsat reaches 400% at 60 kHz and longitudinal magneto-resistance DeltaR/Rsat increases up to 1100% around 300 kHz.","PeriodicalId":23295,"journal":{"name":"TRANSDUCERS 2007 - 2007 International Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems Conference","volume":"29 1","pages":"2581-2584"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88552311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-06-10DOI: 10.1109/SENSOR.2007.4300541
P. Gadiraju, Jung-Hwan Park, Jeong Woo Lee, M. Prausnitz, M. Allen
This paper presents the design, fabrication and characterization of a jet ejection device that operates on the actuation principle of arc discharge for the purpose of generating micron-scale pores in skin. This thermo-mechanical micro-ablation technique increases skin permeability to drugs, while expected to maintain the patient friendliness of conventional transdermal patches. Laser micromachining and lamination techniques were utilized in fabricating these arc-discharge jet ejection devices. The released jet from the device is characterized in terms of its force, velocity and temperature and is used in skin ablation experiments. The skin is exposed to the jet and the permeability effects are characterized. Skin permeability was increased by approximately three orders of magnitude after jet exposure when compared to non-exposed controls, which is a significant advance for transdermal drug delivery.
{"title":"Micro-Ablation of Skin by Arc-Discharge Jet Ejection for Transdermal Drug Delivery","authors":"P. Gadiraju, Jung-Hwan Park, Jeong Woo Lee, M. Prausnitz, M. Allen","doi":"10.1109/SENSOR.2007.4300541","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SENSOR.2007.4300541","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the design, fabrication and characterization of a jet ejection device that operates on the actuation principle of arc discharge for the purpose of generating micron-scale pores in skin. This thermo-mechanical micro-ablation technique increases skin permeability to drugs, while expected to maintain the patient friendliness of conventional transdermal patches. Laser micromachining and lamination techniques were utilized in fabricating these arc-discharge jet ejection devices. The released jet from the device is characterized in terms of its force, velocity and temperature and is used in skin ablation experiments. The skin is exposed to the jet and the permeability effects are characterized. Skin permeability was increased by approximately three orders of magnitude after jet exposure when compared to non-exposed controls, which is a significant advance for transdermal drug delivery.","PeriodicalId":23295,"journal":{"name":"TRANSDUCERS 2007 - 2007 International Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems Conference","volume":"41 1","pages":"1947-1950"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88728081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-06-10DOI: 10.1109/SENSOR.2007.4300236
L. Johansson, M. Evander, T. Lilliehorn, M. Almqvist, J. Nilsson, T. Laurell, S. Johansson
An acoustic lateral trap for application in non-contact trapping of cells or particles in a microfluidic channel in a μTAS (micro total analysis system) is characterized by temperature and trapping efficiency measurements. Temperature is measured by fluorescent response of Rhodamine B in the microchannel. Trapping efficiency is measured as the projected area of a trapped particle cluster counter-balanced by hydrodynamic force. One of the main objectives is to obtain quantitative values of the temperature in the fluidic channel to ensure safe handling of cells and proteins. Other objectives are to evaluate optimal drive parameters. The optimal frequency, when temperature and trapping is considered, was found to be the parallel resonance frequency.
{"title":"Temperature and Trapping Characterization of an Acoustic Lateral Trap for μ TAS","authors":"L. Johansson, M. Evander, T. Lilliehorn, M. Almqvist, J. Nilsson, T. Laurell, S. Johansson","doi":"10.1109/SENSOR.2007.4300236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SENSOR.2007.4300236","url":null,"abstract":"An acoustic lateral trap for application in non-contact trapping of cells or particles in a microfluidic channel in a μTAS (micro total analysis system) is characterized by temperature and trapping efficiency measurements. Temperature is measured by fluorescent response of Rhodamine B in the microchannel. Trapping efficiency is measured as the projected area of a trapped particle cluster counter-balanced by hydrodynamic force. One of the main objectives is to obtain quantitative values of the temperature in the fluidic channel to ensure safe handling of cells and proteins. Other objectives are to evaluate optimal drive parameters. The optimal frequency, when temperature and trapping is considered, was found to be the parallel resonance frequency.","PeriodicalId":23295,"journal":{"name":"TRANSDUCERS 2007 - 2007 International Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems Conference","volume":"37 1","pages":"739-742"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87266355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-06-10DOI: 10.1109/SENSOR.2007.4300542
Youngdo Jung, Yoonsu Choi, Ki-Ho Han, A. B. Frazier
This paper is focused on the development of a 6-stage cascade paramagnetic mode magnetophoretic separation (PMMS) system. The design and fabrication of a 6-stage cascade mode magnetophoretic microseparator are presented along with the experimental characterization of the separation system using human whole blood as the case study. In this example, the PMMS system is used to separate blood cells from human whole blood based on their native magnetic properties using the magnetic force produced from a high magnetic field gradient. The most significant advancement of the PMMS system over our previously reported microseparators is the ability to obtain similar blood cell separation efficiencies while significantly increasing the volumetric flow rate through the separator. Experimental results show a separation efficiency of 89.5plusmn0.20 % for red blood cells at a volumetric flow rate of 28.8 muL / hr, resulting in a separation time of 10.4 minutes for a 5.0 muL blood sample.
{"title":"6-Stage Cascade Mode Magnetophoretic Microseparator for Human Blood Cells","authors":"Youngdo Jung, Yoonsu Choi, Ki-Ho Han, A. B. Frazier","doi":"10.1109/SENSOR.2007.4300542","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SENSOR.2007.4300542","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is focused on the development of a 6-stage cascade paramagnetic mode magnetophoretic separation (PMMS) system. The design and fabrication of a 6-stage cascade mode magnetophoretic microseparator are presented along with the experimental characterization of the separation system using human whole blood as the case study. In this example, the PMMS system is used to separate blood cells from human whole blood based on their native magnetic properties using the magnetic force produced from a high magnetic field gradient. The most significant advancement of the PMMS system over our previously reported microseparators is the ability to obtain similar blood cell separation efficiencies while significantly increasing the volumetric flow rate through the separator. Experimental results show a separation efficiency of 89.5plusmn0.20 % for red blood cells at a volumetric flow rate of 28.8 muL / hr, resulting in a separation time of 10.4 minutes for a 5.0 muL blood sample.","PeriodicalId":23295,"journal":{"name":"TRANSDUCERS 2007 - 2007 International Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems Conference","volume":"7 1","pages":"1951-1954"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87352055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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