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Shape-shifting and Strategic In/visibility: Comparing Sex Work Activism in Singapore and the Philippines 形变与战略内/可见性:比较新加坡和菲律宾的性工作活动
IF 0.8 Q2 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-01-10 DOI: 10.1017/trn.2023.13
Sharmila Parmanand
Research on public health, crime, and policing regularly discusses sex workers in Southeast Asia but rarely recognises them as agents of social and political activism. This paper shows that sex workers and their allies in Singapore and the Philippines have long and rich histories of challenging their criminalisation and stigmatisation through cultural activism, political advocacy, consciousness-raising, and the provision of direct services to fellow sex workers. Using feminist ethnography, including interviews and participant observation with Project X in Singapore and the Philippine Sex Workers Collective, this paper explores how sex work activists have strategically adapted to their political environments. In Singapore, they maintain resistance through ‘shape-shifting,’ working within state-sanctioned mechanisms, positioning themselves as public health service providers, and creating spaces for radical political advocacy. In the Philippines, where an anti-sex work position is more deeply entrenched within dominant social blocs, sex work activists aggressively criticise state policies on social media and in carefully vetted forums but remain strategically invisible to avoid exposure, harassment, misrepresentation, and prosecution. This paper looks at how sex work activists engage in claims-making — underscoring the differences in the political resonance of human rights in both countries — and interrogates how sex work activism challenges social hierarchies, especially concerning migrants and trans individuals. Overall, it contributes to a richer understanding of non-traditional forms of political activism in Southeast Asia and makes visible sex workers’ contributions to feminism and labour movements in the global south and non-Western contexts.
有关公共卫生、犯罪和治安的研究经常讨论东南亚的性工作者,但很少将她们视为社会和政治活动的推动者。本文指出,新加坡和菲律宾的性工作者及其盟友有着悠久而丰富的历史,他们通过文化活动、政治倡导、意识提升以及为性工作者提供直接服务等方式,挑战对她们的定罪和污名化。本文利用女权主义人种学研究,包括对新加坡 X 项目和菲律宾性工作者集体的访谈和参与观察,探讨了性工作积极分子如何战略性地适应其政治环境。在新加坡,她们通过 "变形 "来保持反抗,在国家认可的机制内工作,将自己定位为公共卫生服务提供者,并为激进的政治主张创造空间。在菲律宾,反性工作的立场在占主导地位的社会集团中更加根深蒂固,性工作活动家在社交媒体和经过严格审查的论坛上积极批评国家政策,但为了避免曝光、骚扰、歪曲和起诉,战略性地保持隐身。本文探讨了性工作积极分子如何提出诉求--强调了两国在人权政治共鸣方面的差异--并探讨了性工作积极分子如何挑战社会等级制度,尤其是有关移民和变性人的社会等级制度。总之,这篇文章有助于人们更深入地了解东南亚非传统形式的政治活动,并使人们看到性工作者在全球南部和非西方背景下对女权主义和劳工运动的贡献。
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引用次数: 0
Reappraising the Narrative of Dato Mogul and Singora's Early History 再评拿督莫卧儿的叙事与辛格拉的早期历史
Q2 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-11-13 DOI: 10.1017/trn.2023.11
Benjamin J.Q. Khoo, Graham H. Dalrymple
Abstract This article surveys and analyses the available materials on Dato Mogul, the putative first ruler of Singora (present-day Songkhla) in the early seventeenth century. It argues that the narrative in Thailand surrounding Dato Mogul and his emergence is sketchy at best. In reviewing the literature and drawing on new and extant primary sources, we argue that Dato Mogul was likely a Malay governor authorised by Ligor. This reappraisal presents a more accurate biographical narrative and provides greater insight on polity formation in Lower Siam in the period under review.
摘要本文对17世纪初Singora(今宋卡)第一任统治者datto Mogul的资料进行了调查和分析。它认为,泰国关于拿都莫卧儿和他的出现的叙述最多是粗略的。在回顾文献和借鉴新的和现存的第一手资料时,我们认为拿督莫卧尔很可能是由利戈尔授权的马来总督。这种重新评价呈现了一个更准确的传记叙事,并提供了更深入的了解下暹罗在审查期间的政治形成。
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引用次数: 0
“Keeping Condition”: Gender Ambiguity and Sexual Citizenship of Queer Male Thai Classical Musicians “保持状态”:泰国男酷儿古典音乐家的性别歧义与性公民
Q2 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-11-13 DOI: 10.1017/trn.2023.12
Nattapol Wisuttipat
Abstract Gender pluralism has become a rich scholarly topic in Southeast Asia, especially with the rise of LGBT mobilisations across the region in the past decade. Transgender ritual specialists dominate the field of study, with a growing body of literature on Southeast Asian queer expressive cultures. However, queer performances in several classical performing arts are often excluded from the scholarship due to the field's association with the “traditional”. In this article, I address this scholarly gap by examining the social lives of queer men in Thai classical string music. I focus on a strategy called kep aakaan or “keeping condition” in which the musicians in question carefully articulate and disarticulate their femininity to render their gender nonconformity ambiguous under the heteronormative gaze. Using ethnographic methods to investigate the lived experience of queer male musicians on and off the stage, I show that “keeping condition” is not just about managing the display of queer potential but is also closely intertwined with morality and citizenship. Drawing on the ideas of tacit subjects and contextual sensitivities, I argue that “keeping condition” exposes the fluidity in which queer musicking bodies move between queerness and heteronormativity in ways that are more reconciliatory than confrontational. By focusing on the complicities of queerness and heteronormativity, I argue that non-normative classical performing arts can be a productive site for critical gender, sexuality, and queer studies in Southeast Asia, cutting through the “traditional” and “modern” divide that looms large in the region.
性别多元化在东南亚已经成为一个丰富的学术话题,特别是随着过去十年LGBT运动在该地区的兴起。跨性别仪式专家在研究领域占据主导地位,关于东南亚酷儿表达文化的文献越来越多。然而,一些经典表演艺术中的酷儿表演往往被排除在奖学金之外,因为该领域与“传统”有关。在这篇文章中,我通过研究泰国古典弦乐中酷儿男人的社会生活来解决这一学术差距。我关注的是一种名为“保持状态”(keep aakaan)的策略,在这种策略中,有问题的音乐家会小心地表达或不表达他们的女性特质,使他们的性别不一致性在异性恋规范的注视下变得模糊。我用人种学的方法调查了酷儿男音乐家在舞台上和舞台下的生活经历,表明“保持状态”不仅仅是管理酷儿潜力的展示,还与道德和公民身份密切相关。根据默会主体和语境敏感性的观点,我认为“保持状态”暴露了酷儿音乐身体在酷儿和异性恋之间以更和解而不是对抗的方式移动的流动性。通过关注酷儿和异性恋的复杂性,我认为非规范性的古典表演艺术可以成为东南亚批判性性别、性行为和酷儿研究的一个富有成效的场所,突破了该地区巨大的“传统”和“现代”鸿沟。
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引用次数: 0
Postcolonial Pessimisms and Alternative Spatial Practices: Critical Interpretation of the concept of the Third Space through the Case of Fatahillah Square, Indonesia 后殖民悲观主义与另类空间实践:对第三空间概念的批判性解读——以印尼法塔希拉广场为例
Q2 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-10-09 DOI: 10.1017/trn.2023.10
Junyoung Park
Abstract Spatial practice is at the core of postcolonial geography's response to the geography of colonialism. However, the methodology of postcolonial spatial practice is linked to pessimisms within the postcolonial debate. This study aims to overcome pessimisms of postcolonialism by analysing a case of postcolonial spatial practice through literature review, expert interview, and field study. The case under investigation is Fatahillah Square in Jakarta, which has been transformed through postcolonial spatial practices from a space that symbolised the tragedy of colonialism into one of culture and art. Here, the characteristics of Homi K. Bhabha's “third space” are apparent, but this case may also be interpreted as an extension of the concept. Through the hybrid and emancipatory plurality of its spatial practice, it refutes the pessimisms of postcolonialism and calls for further postcolonial practice and analysis.
空间实践是后殖民地理学对殖民主义地理学的回应的核心。然而,后殖民空间实践的方法论与后殖民辩论中的悲观主义有关。本研究通过文献综述、专家访谈、实地考察等方法,分析了一个后殖民空间实践案例,旨在克服后殖民主义的悲观情绪。正在调查的案例是雅加达的Fatahillah广场,该广场通过后殖民空间实践从象征殖民主义悲剧的空间转变为文化和艺术之一。在这里,Homi K. Bhabha的“第三空间”的特征是显而易见的,但这个案例也可以被理解为这个概念的延伸。通过其空间实践的混合性和解放性的多元性,它反驳了后殖民主义的悲观主义,并呼吁进一步的后殖民实践和分析。
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引用次数: 0
Contextualising Statelessness: Contingent Citizenship and The Politics of (non)Recognition in Thailand 情境化无国籍:泰国偶然的公民身份和(非)承认的政治
IF 0.8 Q2 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-09-04 DOI: 10.1017/trn.2023.7
Janepicha Cheva-Isarakul
The legal evidentiary approach to “solving” statelessness can sometimes lead to the issue being framed in terms of certain groups of people not meeting objective citizenship criteria or lacking required legal documents. Building on critical interdisciplinary scholarship in anthropology, history and legal studies, this article demonstrates the “constructedness” of citizenship and statelessness through the lens of the politics of recognition and documentation. Using Thailand as a case study, I highlight how global economic, political and social contexts play a significant and dynamic role in delineating the legal line of membership. By tracing how Thai nationality has been instrumentalised by the state throughout the twentieth century, this article contextualises statelessness as a legal and social by-product of statemaking. As such, it challenges the framing of nationality as a non-discriminatory mode of recognition founded in legal objectivity and reiterates the politics of statelessness. In emphasising the fragility of citizenship when granted without genuine social, political and moral recognition, I argue that the objective of statelessness advocacy should not simply be about turning stateless persons into citizens, but rather about creating a more equitable society wherein one's rights are upheld regardless of legal status.
“解决”无国籍状态的法律证据方法有时可能导致将问题归结为某些群体不符合客观的公民标准或缺乏所需的法律文件。本文以人类学、历史学和法学领域的跨学科学术研究为基础,通过承认和文献政治的视角,论证了公民身份和无国籍状态的“建构性”。我以泰国为例,强调全球经济、政治和社会背景如何在界定成员国的法律界限方面发挥重要和动态的作用。通过追溯泰国国籍在整个20世纪是如何被国家工具化的,本文将无国籍作为国家建立的法律和社会副产品置于背景下。因此,它对将国籍作为一种建立在法律客观性基础上的非歧视性承认模式的框架提出了挑战,并重申了无国籍政治。我强调,在没有得到真正的社会、政治和道德认可的情况下,公民身份是脆弱的。我认为,无国籍倡导的目标不应该仅仅是把无国籍人变成公民,而是要创造一个更公平的社会,在这个社会中,无论法律地位如何,个人的权利都得到维护。
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引用次数: 0
Ayutthaya's Seventeenth-century Shi‘ite Muslim Enclave: A Reassessment 大城府17世纪的什叶派穆斯林飞地:重新评估
IF 0.8 Q2 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1017/trn.2023.8
Christopher M. Joll
The primary purpose of this article is to reconstruct the date, location, and significance of Ayutthaya's Shi‘ite enclave within the former Siamese capital during the seventeenth century. This reassessment is based on a mixture of Persian, Thai, and European sources that clarify the confused picture generated by European cartographers that has for too long cast a shadow over Muslim studies in Thailand. Following a summary of extant explanations and a description of my primary sources and methodological approach, I summarise two aspects of Muslim presence in Ayutthaya. First, I introduce readers to connections between the incremental growth of the Muslim presence in Ayutthaya during the sixteenth century with geopolitical developments on the eastern littoral of the Bay of Bengal. Second, I present the range of accounts provided in primary sources specifically mentioning Ayutthaya's Muslim enclave. Having orientated readers to the origins of the Muslim presence within Ayutthaya's citadel, I incrementally introduce annotated portions of Thai and European maps. These clarify confusion about where and when this Shi‘ite mosque was constructed. I conclude with comments about how this reassessment brings into focus the presence of Shi‘ite ‘alid piety, Shi‘ite polemics about local Sunnis, Siamese conversion to Shi‘ism, and distinctions between these “Moors” and “Malays.”
本文的主要目的是重建大城府在17世纪前暹罗首都的什叶派飞地的日期、地点和意义。这一重新评估是基于波斯、泰国和欧洲资料的混合,澄清了欧洲制图师产生的混乱局面,这些局面长期以来给泰国的穆斯林研究蒙上了阴影。在总结现有的解释和描述我的主要来源和方法方法之后,我总结了穆斯林在大城府存在的两个方面。首先,我向读者介绍了16世纪大城府穆斯林人数的增长与孟加拉湾东岸地缘政治发展之间的联系。其次,我列出了主要资料来源提供的一系列具体提到大城府穆斯林聚居地的记述。在向读者介绍了穆斯林在大城府城堡的起源之后,我逐渐介绍了泰国和欧洲地图的注释部分。这些资料澄清了有关这座什叶派清真寺建于何时何地的困惑。最后,我评论了这一重新评估是如何将什叶派虔诚的存在、什叶派对当地逊尼派的争论、暹罗人对什叶派的皈依以及这些“摩尔人”和“马来人”之间的区别集中起来的。
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引用次数: 0
The Power of Everyday Networks in Nation-Building: The Case of Inter-Ethnic Friendships in Singapore 日常网络在国家建设中的力量:以新加坡种族间友谊为例
IF 0.8 Q2 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-08-23 DOI: 10.1017/trn.2023.9
Vincent Chua, E. Tan, M. Mathews
While scholars commonly see nation-building as a modernist project or a cultural assertion, we suggest that a “third way” is equally important. Analysing data from a representative survey of 2,001 Singaporean residents collected in 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic, we demonstrate that everyday social networks have been key to creating and maintaining Singaporean nationalism. We make the point that despite ambitious plans at transforming society, modernist projects must rely upon organic, routinised, and quotidian mechanisms such as friendship-making within and between ethnic groups for national cohesion to materialise.
虽然学者们通常将国家建设视为现代主义项目或文化主张,但我们认为“第三条道路”同样重要。我们分析了2020年在2019冠状病毒病大流行期间对2001名新加坡居民进行的一项代表性调查的数据,结果表明,日常社交网络是创造和维持新加坡民族主义的关键。我们认为,尽管改造社会的计划雄心勃勃,但现代主义项目必须依赖于有机的、常规的、日常的机制,如族群内部和族群之间的友谊建立,以实现民族凝聚力。
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引用次数: 0
Muslim Women Against Feminism: The Family Love Alliance (Aliansi Cinta Keluarga) and Its Impact on Women's and Sexual Rights in Contemporary Indonesia 穆斯林妇女反对女权主义:家庭之爱联盟及其对当代印度尼西亚妇女和性权利的影响
IF 0.8 Q2 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-07-10 DOI: 10.1017/trn.2023.6
Afifur Rochman Sya'rani
This article discusses how Islamic conservatism has affected public discourse and policymaking on gender and sexuality and its impact on the struggle for gender equality and sexual rights in contemporary Indonesia. It particularly seeks to examine and analyse how Muslim women in the Family Love Alliance produced a counter-discourse against feminism in their struggle to oppose the ratification of the sexual violence eradication bill. While research on Islam and gender in Indonesia has primarily focused on Islamic feminism, little research has addressed the counter-discourse against Islamic feminism produced by Muslim women and how this might influence ideas of and advocacy for women's rights and gender equality. Some scholars on Indonesian Islam have also argued that rising Islamism has turned the country more religiously conservative. However, scholarly understanding of the relationship between Islamic conservatism and gender remains limited. Drawing on my fieldwork in 2018 and 2019 and informed by social movement theory, this study captures how AILA women activists represent a conservative Islamic backlash against gender equality movements in contemporary Indonesia's public sphere.
本文讨论伊斯兰保守主义如何影响公共话语和有关性别和性行为的政策制定,以及它对当代印尼性别平等和性权利斗争的影响。它特别试图审查和分析家庭爱联盟中的穆斯林妇女如何在反对批准消除性暴力法案的斗争中产生反对女权主义的反话语。虽然印度尼西亚对伊斯兰教和性别的研究主要集中在伊斯兰女权主义上,但很少有研究涉及穆斯林妇女对伊斯兰女权主义的反对言论,以及这可能如何影响妇女权利和性别平等的思想和倡导。一些研究印尼伊斯兰教的学者也认为,伊斯兰主义的兴起使这个国家在宗教上变得更加保守。然而,对伊斯兰保守主义和性别之间关系的学术理解仍然有限。根据我在2018年和2019年的田野调查,并根据社会运动理论,本研究捕捉了AILA女性活动家如何代表当代印度尼西亚公共领域中对性别平等运动的保守伊斯兰反弹。
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引用次数: 0
Twisted Civility: Comparing Courtesy, Coercion and Shaming in Southeast Asian Cities and Beyond 扭曲的文明:比较东南亚城市及其他地区的礼貌、强迫和羞辱
IF 0.8 Q2 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-06-13 DOI: 10.1017/trn.2023.5
Asmus Rungby, Erik Harms
The literature on civility navigates the gravitational pulls of binary camps: civility sceptics tend to emphasize how it operates as an instrument of power; civility optimists tend to emphasize its emancipatory potentials. While some scholarship has attempted to reconcile these perspectives by showing how civility can be both negative and positive, such theorization tends to describe this relation in terms of ambivalence. While these approaches rightly indicate that normative judgments about civility are largely a matter of perspective, the concept of twisted civility developed here focuses on the ways in which actors become trapped by the dynamic shifts of force embedded within civility. Comparisons across seemingly incommensurate examples suggest that such multidirectional dynamics are not culturally specific but rather more generalizable. Building our theoretical conception of twisted civility from a comparative approach based on research in Kuching and Saigon, and then using the concept to consider examples from the United States and Denmark, this article also reverses the direction of theorizing typically employed in scholarship on civility. Using postcolonial Southeast Asia as the source of theory rather than its afterthought, the method here uses anthropological comparison to generate theory and to problematize assumptions that universalize Euro-American trajectories of civility.
关于文明的文献在两个阵营的引力作用下游移自如:文明怀疑论者倾向于强调文明作为权力工具的运作方式;对文明持乐观态度的人倾向于强调文明的解放潜力。虽然一些学者试图通过展示文明如何既消极又积极来调和这些观点,但这种理论化倾向于用矛盾心理来描述这种关系。虽然这些方法正确地表明,关于文明的规范性判断在很大程度上是一个视角问题,但这里发展的扭曲文明的概念侧重于行为者被嵌入在文明中的力量的动态变化所困住的方式。对看似不相称的例子的比较表明,这种多向动态不是文化特有的,而是更普遍的。以古晋和西贡的研究为基础,通过比较的方法构建扭曲文明的理论概念,然后将这一概念用于考虑美国和丹麦的例子,本文还扭转了文明学术研究中典型的理论化方向。将后殖民时期的东南亚作为理论的来源,而不是事后的想法,本文的方法使用人类学比较来产生理论,并对使欧美文明轨迹普遍化的假设提出问题。
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引用次数: 0
Land Control, Coal Resource Exploitation and Democratic Decline in Indonesia 土地管制、煤炭资源开采与印尼民主衰落
IF 0.8 Q2 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-05-23 DOI: 10.1017/trn.2023.4
Iqra Anugrah
Debates on the causes of Indonesia's recent democratic decline have mostly focused on institutional, political and attitudinal–behavioural causes. By bringing the rural political economy dimension into this conversation, this article presents another picture of the illiberal turn in Indonesian democracy. Specifically, it examines the implications of elite control over land and coal resources on democratic quality. Based on in-country fieldwork materials and relevant secondary data, it analyses instances of episodic repression, the contraction of democratic spaces and the corrosive effects of coal-fuelled intra-elite clientelism by looking at the elite control of land resources and the influence of political and economic elites benefitting from the coal industry in elections and the broader political arena. Finally, it also discusses the capitulation of key agrarian social movement actors to state interests and its impact on the movement's ability to resist democratic regression. This elaboration shows how the current contour of elite control over rural resources contributes to the declining quality of Indonesian democracy.
关于印尼最近民主衰落原因的争论主要集中在制度、政治和态度行为原因上。通过将农村政治经济维度带入对话,本文呈现了印尼民主中不自由转向的另一幅图景。具体来说,它考察了精英控制土地和煤炭资源对民主质量的影响。根据国内实地调查资料和相关的二手数据,它通过观察精英对土地资源的控制以及受益于煤炭工业的政治和经济精英在选举和更广泛的政治舞台上的影响,分析了间歇性镇压、民主空间收缩和煤炭驱动的精英内部庇护主义的腐蚀效应的实例。最后,它还讨论了关键的农业社会运动参与者向国家利益的投降及其对运动抵抗民主回归能力的影响。这一阐述表明,目前精英阶层对农村资源的控制是如何导致印尼民主质量下降的。
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引用次数: 0
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TRaNS: Trans -Regional and -National Studies of Southeast Asia
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