Roads play a vital role in the sustainable economic development for many countries in the world. The quality of road pavement is considered to be one of the most important indicator of economic competitiveness. Therefore, it is very important for Sudan government and road authorities to maintain road networks with appropriate levels of quality and safety standards. The research conducted a field survey in four major national roads to collect data on surface distresses, determine the level of road quality, and identify the most important factors leading to road deterioration. The results obtained showed that 49.5% of the roads are in good condition, 24.4% are in fair condition, and 16.1% are in poor condition and the major distresses observed on roads’ surfaces are cracking and potholes failures. It was found that the main reasons for road deterioration are traffic overloading and climatic changes. Finally, recommendations are provided to help the government and road authorities in Sudan to improve the quality of road network.
{"title":"Assessing the Pavement Quality of National Roads in Sudan","authors":"M. Zumrawi","doi":"10.53332/kuej.v11i1.151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53332/kuej.v11i1.151","url":null,"abstract":"Roads play a vital role in the sustainable economic development for many countries in the world. The quality of road pavement is considered to be one of the most important indicator of economic competitiveness. Therefore, it is very important for Sudan government and road authorities to maintain road networks with appropriate levels of quality and safety standards. The research conducted a field survey in four major national roads to collect data on surface distresses, determine the level of road quality, and identify the most important factors leading to road deterioration. The results obtained showed that 49.5% of the roads are in good condition, 24.4% are in fair condition, and 16.1% are in poor condition and the major distresses observed on roads’ surfaces are cracking and potholes failures. It was found that the main reasons for road deterioration are traffic overloading and climatic changes. Finally, recommendations are provided to help the government and road authorities in Sudan to improve the quality of road network.","PeriodicalId":23461,"journal":{"name":"University of Khartoum Engineering Journal","volume":"117 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75719139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
There are many techniques to remove fluoride from drinking water. However, adsorption was found to be very effective and easy to apply. Along with this line, many studies were done to find an effective and affordable fluoride adsorbent. Activated Alumina (AA), Aluminum oxide coated sand (AOCS), pumice (AOCP), bauxite (AOCB) and charcoal (AOCC) were recently investigated. Nevertheless, AOCC found to be more promising for two reasons: it is cheap and can be regenerated. This paper aims to further contribute to feasibility of AOCC for fluoride removal in order to reduce the operation cost. Batch and continuous flow filter runs were conducted AOCC regenerated batch-wise, and used for the next filter run. AOCC was consequently regenerated three times. The results showed a considerable increase in AOCC fluoride adsorption capacity after each regeneration cycle. Characterization of virgin charcoal, virgin AOCC and regenerated AOCC after the first, the second and the third regeneration cycle, showed that virgin charcoal has highest specific surface area and micro porosity. For virgin AOCC and regenerated AOCC after the first, the second regeneration cycle a reduction in the specific surface area occurred, coupled with a reduction of micro porosity. AOCC after third regeneration cycle showed an increase in specific surface area likely due to aluminum hydroxide deposits on re-coated AOCC surface. Most of the pores after the third regeneration cycle were found to be meso pores. This means that, specific surface area alone cannot explain the increase in the AOCC adsorption capacity after regeneration. The paper recommends investigating the fluoride removal mechanism onto AOCC in order to produce affordable fluoride removal material from drinking water.
{"title":"Fluoride Removal from Drinking Water Using Aluminium Oxide Coated Charcoal – effectiveness of repetitive regenerations","authors":"Motwkel M. E. Alhaj, B. Elhassan","doi":"10.53332/kuej.v10i1.912","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53332/kuej.v10i1.912","url":null,"abstract":"There are many techniques to remove fluoride from drinking water. However, adsorption was found to be very effective and easy to apply. Along with this line, many studies were done to find an effective and affordable fluoride adsorbent. Activated Alumina (AA), Aluminum oxide coated sand (AOCS), pumice (AOCP), bauxite (AOCB) and charcoal (AOCC) were recently investigated. Nevertheless, AOCC found to be more promising for two reasons: it is cheap and can be regenerated. This paper aims to further contribute to feasibility of AOCC for fluoride removal in order to reduce the operation cost. Batch and continuous flow filter runs were conducted AOCC regenerated batch-wise, and used for the next filter run. AOCC was consequently regenerated three times. The results showed a considerable increase in AOCC fluoride adsorption capacity after each regeneration cycle. Characterization of virgin charcoal, virgin AOCC and regenerated AOCC after the first, the second and the third regeneration cycle, showed that virgin charcoal has highest specific surface area and micro porosity. For virgin AOCC and regenerated AOCC after the first, the second regeneration cycle a reduction in the specific surface area occurred, coupled with a reduction of micro porosity. AOCC after third regeneration cycle showed an increase in specific surface area likely due to aluminum hydroxide deposits on re-coated AOCC surface. Most of the pores after the third regeneration cycle were found to be meso pores. This means that, specific surface area alone cannot explain the increase in the AOCC adsorption capacity after regeneration. The paper recommends investigating the fluoride removal mechanism onto AOCC in order to produce affordable fluoride removal material from drinking water.","PeriodicalId":23461,"journal":{"name":"University of Khartoum Engineering Journal","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86070117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The importance of this paper is the use of seasonal time series models (some seasonal models of Box & Jenkins) to predict electricity consumption in Sudan National Grid, making it easier to estimate consumption, and provide accurate indicators for planners to develop appropriate future plans in electricity sector. The objective of this paper is to forecast the electric load consumption using different model.
{"title":"Sudan Load Forecast for Period 2017 – 2066 Using Seasonal Time Series Model","authors":"A. Khadam, K. Ramadan, E. Hamouda","doi":"10.53332/kuej.v8i2.897","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53332/kuej.v8i2.897","url":null,"abstract":"The importance of this paper is the use of seasonal time series models (some seasonal models of Box & Jenkins) to predict electricity consumption in Sudan National Grid, making it easier to estimate consumption, and provide accurate indicators for planners to develop appropriate future plans in electricity sector. The objective of this paper is to forecast the electric load consumption using different model.","PeriodicalId":23461,"journal":{"name":"University of Khartoum Engineering Journal","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87797409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this work, a Multiple Low Latency Queuing scheduling mechanism model is developed to improve the QoS performance for real time and critical mission data traffic in LTE mobile networks. The main objective of this model is to achieve minimum delay and improve the QoS for real time applications (like Live Video and Voice over LTE). In addition, issues likestarvation of lower priority queues and bandwidth allocation are addressed. The model is composed of four components, first, classifier to classify the incoming traffic in router interface. Second, four Class Based Weighted Fair Queues (CBWFQ) scheduling mechanisms, with activation of strict priority feature in the first two queues. Third, two separate rate limiters (policers), one for each strict priority queue. Two scenarios are designed and simulated using Optimized Network Engineering Tool (OPNET). The results show that, in the case of Multiple Low Latency Queuing scheduling mechanism model, the real time traffic suffers less delay compared to the case of existing scheduling mechanisms like (Custom Queuing, Priory Queuing, CBWFQ and Low Latency Queuing). On the other hand, the model also addressed the starvation of lower-priority queuesproblem.
{"title":"Improving QoS for Real-time Traffic using Multiple Low Latency Queueing Scheduling Mechanisms","authors":"Mudathir Yousif, I. Abuel Maaly, M. Abbas","doi":"10.53332/kuej.v8i2.896","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53332/kuej.v8i2.896","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, a Multiple Low Latency Queuing scheduling mechanism model is developed to improve the QoS performance for real time and critical mission data traffic in LTE mobile networks. The main objective of this model is to achieve minimum delay and improve the QoS for real time applications (like Live Video and Voice over LTE). In addition, issues likestarvation of lower priority queues and bandwidth allocation are addressed. The model is composed of four components, first, classifier to classify the incoming traffic in router interface. Second, four Class Based Weighted Fair Queues (CBWFQ) scheduling mechanisms, with activation of strict priority feature in the first two queues. Third, two separate rate limiters (policers), one for each strict priority queue. Two scenarios are designed and simulated using Optimized Network Engineering Tool (OPNET). The results show that, in the case of Multiple Low Latency Queuing scheduling mechanism model, the real time traffic suffers less delay compared to the case of existing scheduling mechanisms like (Custom Queuing, Priory Queuing, CBWFQ and Low Latency Queuing). On the other hand, the model also addressed the starvation of lower-priority queuesproblem.","PeriodicalId":23461,"journal":{"name":"University of Khartoum Engineering Journal","volume":"127 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85858735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abubaker Younis, M. Onsa, Y. Alhorr, Esam Elsarrag
In this study, the effect of dust accumulation on the performance of photovoltaic (PV) module has been shown. A statistical analysis has been conducted on a medium sized sample data collected from 30 hours of experimental work to obtain an empirical coefficient like temperature coefficients of short circuit current and open circuit voltage usually provided by manufacturers. This coefficient will be named dust coefficient of short circuit current and it will represent a predefined range of environmental conditions and soiling amounts; as the available testing conditions, and the statistical model prediction limits bound the coefficient extent of applicability.
{"title":"Development of an Empirical Coefficient for the Short Circuit Current to Determine Soiling Effect on PV Performance","authors":"Abubaker Younis, M. Onsa, Y. Alhorr, Esam Elsarrag","doi":"10.53332/kuej.v7i2.973","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53332/kuej.v7i2.973","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, the effect of dust accumulation on the performance of photovoltaic (PV) module has been shown. A statistical analysis has been conducted on a medium sized sample data collected from 30 hours of experimental work to obtain an empirical coefficient like temperature coefficients of short circuit current and open circuit voltage usually provided by manufacturers. This coefficient will be named dust coefficient of short circuit current and it will represent a predefined range of environmental conditions and soiling amounts; as the available testing conditions, and the statistical model prediction limits bound the coefficient extent of applicability.","PeriodicalId":23461,"journal":{"name":"University of Khartoum Engineering Journal","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85969936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Application of power system stabilizers (PSS), as supplementary control signals for the excitation system in order to damp the low frequency, generator angle, speed variation, generator power, voltage magnitude and power flow oscillations. This paper presents the application of robust decentralized power system stabilizer (PSS) design approaches, for Sudan power system which consists of 41 machines with 167 buses. The paper mainly focus on operator testing of robust decentralized control techniques for power systems, and the optimal control approach to robust control design. Results of robust decentralized control design approaches are defined by using state space model equations. Also for testing dynamic stability Lyapunov theorem is used. The simulations were carried out using symmetrical fault and results presented by Power System Analysis Toolbox, MATLAB.
{"title":"Dynamic Stability Control of Sudan National Grid Using Power System Stabilizer","authors":"I. Hassan, Kamal Romadan, Elamin Hamuda","doi":"10.53332/kuej.v7i2.968","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53332/kuej.v7i2.968","url":null,"abstract":"Application of power system stabilizers (PSS), as supplementary control signals for the excitation system in order to damp the low frequency, generator angle, speed variation, generator power, voltage magnitude and power flow oscillations. This paper presents the application of robust decentralized power system stabilizer (PSS) design approaches, for Sudan power system which consists of 41 machines with 167 buses. The paper mainly focus on operator testing of robust decentralized control techniques for power systems, and the optimal control approach to robust control design. Results of robust decentralized control design approaches are defined by using state space model equations. Also for testing dynamic stability Lyapunov theorem is used. The simulations were carried out using symmetrical fault and results presented by Power System Analysis Toolbox, MATLAB.","PeriodicalId":23461,"journal":{"name":"University of Khartoum Engineering Journal","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91004288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Power system stabilizers (PSS) are used to generate supplementary control signals for the excitation system in order to damp the low frequency, generator angle, speed variation, generator power, voltage magnitude and power flow oscillations. This paper presents robust decentralized power system stabilizer (PSS) design approaches for a power system consisting of 41 machines with 167 buses. This paper mainly focuses on developing robust decentralized control techniques for power systems, with special emphasis on problems that can be expressed as minimizing a linear objective function under linear matrix inequalities [LMI] in tandem with bilinear matrix inequalities [BMI] constraints. The design problem is considered the natural extension of the reduced order for decentralized dynamic output H2/H∞ -norm controller’s synthesis for power systems. The resulting optimization problem has a general bilinear matrix inequalities (BMIs) form which can be solved using an iterative linear matrix inequalities [LMIs] programming method. Simulations were carried out using loss of line without fault tests at transmission line on Sudan grid.
{"title":"Design of a Robust Decentralized Power System Stabilizer for Sudan National Grid","authors":"I. Hassan, Kamal Romadan, Elamin Hamuda","doi":"10.53332/kuej.v7i2.967","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53332/kuej.v7i2.967","url":null,"abstract":"Power system stabilizers (PSS) are used to generate supplementary control signals for the excitation system in order to damp the low frequency, generator angle, speed variation, generator power, voltage magnitude and power flow oscillations. This paper presents robust decentralized power system stabilizer (PSS) design approaches for a power system consisting of 41 machines with 167 buses. This paper mainly focuses on developing robust decentralized control techniques for power systems, with special emphasis on problems that can be expressed as minimizing a linear objective function under linear matrix inequalities [LMI] in tandem with bilinear matrix inequalities [BMI] constraints. The design problem is considered the natural extension of the reduced order for decentralized dynamic output H2/H∞ -norm controller’s synthesis for power systems. The resulting optimization problem has a general bilinear matrix inequalities (BMIs) form which can be solved using an iterative linear matrix inequalities [LMIs] programming method. Simulations were carried out using loss of line without fault tests at transmission line on Sudan grid.","PeriodicalId":23461,"journal":{"name":"University of Khartoum Engineering Journal","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75145684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-06-11DOI: 10.20448/JOURNAL.508.2017.41.1.6
M. Zumrawi, A. A. Babikir
This paper presents an experimental study in stabilization of expansive soil using Steel Slag (SS). Experimental program was conducted to evaluate the influence of Steel Slag on improving the engineering properties of expansive clay. A series of tests to measure consistency limits, free swell index, compaction parameters and unconfined compressive strength of natural and stabilized soils. The effectiveness of adding 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 percentages of SS to the soil was studied. Comparing the results obtained for the natural and stabilized soils, revealed that SS has significant effect on strength parameters and considerable improvement in plasticity and swelling properties. Addition of SS to the soil increased the dry density and decreased the optimum moisture content as well as increased the unconfined compressive strength. It is concluded that the use of steel slag to enhance properties of expansive soil is successful and beneficial.
{"title":"Laboratory Study of Steel Slag Used for Stabilizing Expansive Soil","authors":"M. Zumrawi, A. A. Babikir","doi":"10.20448/JOURNAL.508.2017.41.1.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20448/JOURNAL.508.2017.41.1.6","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents an experimental study in stabilization of expansive soil using Steel Slag (SS). Experimental program was conducted to evaluate the influence of Steel Slag on improving the engineering properties of expansive clay. A series of tests to measure consistency limits, free swell index, compaction parameters and unconfined compressive strength of natural and stabilized soils. The effectiveness of adding 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 percentages of SS to the soil was studied. Comparing the results obtained for the natural and stabilized soils, revealed that SS has significant effect on strength parameters and considerable improvement in plasticity and swelling properties. Addition of SS to the soil increased the dry density and decreased the optimum moisture content as well as increased the unconfined compressive strength. It is concluded that the use of steel slag to enhance properties of expansive soil is successful and beneficial.","PeriodicalId":23461,"journal":{"name":"University of Khartoum Engineering Journal","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89663298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study aims to investigate the effect of dewatering technique on retained ground and adjacent existing structures in order to avoid any damages that may occur. The paper presents three cases of potential structure failure caused by ground settlement as a result of dewatering. Two current construction projects in Khartoum North were selected as a case study. The two projects are located near Blue Nile River where ground water table exists at shallow depths. Dewatering to reduce the groundwater level was carried out in the two sites to facilitate excavation works. The buildings and road pavements around the two sites suffered serious damages due to excessive differential settlements of the retained ground. The study results showed that there are numerous sources of risks associated with performing dewatering. Therefore, developing appropriate plan for dewatering before construction is essential to mitigate any adverse impacts and avoid risks.
{"title":"Effect of Excavation Dewatering on Adjacent Structures","authors":"M. Zumrawi, E. Hassan","doi":"10.53332/kuej.v6i2.1001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53332/kuej.v6i2.1001","url":null,"abstract":"The study aims to investigate the effect of dewatering technique on retained ground and adjacent existing structures in order to avoid any damages that may occur. The paper presents three cases of potential structure failure caused by ground settlement as a result of dewatering. Two current construction projects in Khartoum North were selected as a case study. The two projects are located near Blue Nile River where ground water table exists at shallow depths. Dewatering to reduce the groundwater level was carried out in the two sites to facilitate excavation works. The buildings and road pavements around the two sites suffered serious damages due to excessive differential settlements of the retained ground. The study results showed that there are numerous sources of risks associated with performing dewatering. Therefore, developing appropriate plan for dewatering before construction is essential to mitigate any adverse impacts and avoid risks.","PeriodicalId":23461,"journal":{"name":"University of Khartoum Engineering Journal","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75935163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Farouk, AbduAllah Husien, Hazim M Ali, S. Osama
There is increasing interest on waste cooking oils (WCO) as a cost-effective feedstock for biodiesel production. In this study, a one-step transesterification process was adopted to produce biodiesel at a laboratory scale from waste cooking oil with a low level of free fatty acids (A.V. 1.09 mgKOH/g). The maximum biodiesel yield obtained was 85.3% when using a combination of process parameters of 25% (v/v) methanol to oil ratio, 0.8% (w/w) of KOH, a maintained reaction time of two hours, reaction temperature of 60o C, and a stirring speed of 400 rpm. In the quest to optimize the process parameters such as alcohol to oil molar ratio, and catalyst concentration, the results show that the biodiesel yield increases with the increase in methanol to oil molar ratio until the optimum ratio, then starts to decrease and it decreases if the alkali catalyst is added above an optimum concentration. The optimum values of methanol to oil molar ratio and alkali catalyst were 25% (v/v) and 0.8% (w/w), respectively. The basic physicochemical properties of the WCO biodiesel produced were found to be within the ASTM Standard D6751 specified limits for required parameters. The principal parameters were acid value, density, viscosity and flash point. The calorific value was found to be 41.05 MJ/kg.
{"title":"Production and Analysis of Characteristics of Biodiesel Produced from Waste Cooking Oil","authors":"H. Farouk, AbduAllah Husien, Hazim M Ali, S. Osama","doi":"10.53332/kuej.v6i2.1000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53332/kuej.v6i2.1000","url":null,"abstract":"There is increasing interest on waste cooking oils (WCO) as a cost-effective feedstock for biodiesel production. In this study, a one-step transesterification process was adopted to produce biodiesel at a laboratory scale from waste cooking oil with a low level of free fatty acids (A.V. 1.09 mgKOH/g). The maximum biodiesel yield obtained was 85.3% when using a combination of process parameters of 25% (v/v) methanol to oil ratio, 0.8% (w/w) of KOH, a maintained reaction time of two hours, reaction temperature of 60o C, and a stirring speed of 400 rpm. In the quest to optimize the process parameters such as alcohol to oil molar ratio, and catalyst concentration, the results show that the biodiesel yield increases with the increase in methanol to oil molar ratio until the optimum ratio, then starts to decrease and it decreases if the alkali catalyst is added above an optimum concentration. The optimum values of methanol to oil molar ratio and alkali catalyst were 25% (v/v) and 0.8% (w/w), respectively. The basic physicochemical properties of the WCO biodiesel produced were found to be within the ASTM Standard D6751 specified limits for required parameters. The principal parameters were acid value, density, viscosity and flash point. The calorific value was found to be 41.05 MJ/kg.","PeriodicalId":23461,"journal":{"name":"University of Khartoum Engineering Journal","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82133853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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