Mahmoud Mohamed Hamoud Kaid, Muawia Mohamed Ahmed Mahmoud
The process of distinguishing objects in digital images and recognizing them is a basic process in AI, in order to distinguish the object and determine its features. It has many uses in various engineering and medical fields. There is a great difficulty in recognizing digital images and distinguishing objects in them. This paper discusses some basic artificial intelligence techniques based on the geometric dimensions of the object in the image in order to recognize these objects and distinguish them from the background of the image. Where there is great difficulty in separating the object from its background, this paper presents the most accurate methods of programmatic application using Matlab environment to identify components in the image, its distinction, and its characteristics. The paper provides a comparison between these AI methods and chooses the most accurate one. AI recognition methods use various algorithms including algorithms based on color density and algorithms that depend on geometric dimensions such as Hue moment algorithms, Haralik features algorithms, and Zernike moment algorithms. In this paper these algorithms were applied to a group of images to extract the features of the object and the best one will be chosen with the aid of Matlab. The most accurate recognition process is chosen through building a digital library that contains many pictures and training the program on these images to recognize and distinguish the object in the image.
{"title":"A Comparative Study of Artificial Intelligence Algorithms Used for an Accurate Image Geometric Dimensions Recognition","authors":"Mahmoud Mohamed Hamoud Kaid, Muawia Mohamed Ahmed Mahmoud","doi":"10.53332/kuej.v10i2.938","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53332/kuej.v10i2.938","url":null,"abstract":"The process of distinguishing objects in digital images and recognizing them is a basic process in AI, in order to distinguish the object and determine its features. It has many uses in various engineering and medical fields. There is a great difficulty in recognizing digital images and distinguishing objects in them. This paper discusses some basic artificial intelligence techniques based on the geometric dimensions of the object in the image in order to recognize these objects and distinguish them from the background of the image. Where there is great difficulty in separating the object from its background, this paper presents the most accurate methods of programmatic application using Matlab environment to identify components in the image, its distinction, and its characteristics. The paper provides a comparison between these AI methods and chooses the most accurate one. AI recognition methods use various algorithms including algorithms based on color density and algorithms that depend on geometric dimensions such as Hue moment algorithms, Haralik features algorithms, and Zernike moment algorithms. In this paper these algorithms were applied to a group of images to extract the features of the object and the best one will be chosen with the aid of Matlab. The most accurate recognition process is chosen through building a digital library that contains many pictures and training the program on these images to recognize and distinguish the object in the image.","PeriodicalId":23461,"journal":{"name":"University of Khartoum Engineering Journal","volume":"9 1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90250528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mortada Mohammed Abdulwahab, Hussam Omer, Asaad Omer, O. Ayoub
Smart College refers to the technologies that have been developed to satisfy the needs of students and teachers in order to feel more confident in the education environment. These technologies facilitate the process of entry and exit and help to organize the time, these technologies also save the use of energy. The proposed design in this paper offers a complete control of all the electronic devices in the hall, whether within the collage or remotely from any place outside the college by using either android system or Wi-Fi technology. The design guarantees the system security, it does not allow anyone who is not authorized to enter or access it. The basic architecture of this design consists of raspberry pi device, group of drivers and relays .The system enables the manager of it to adjust the operation time of gates which controls the opening and closing time of the doors at specific time selected by the manager. This paper also includes a survey of most of the existed works related to this field. The proposed system has been experimentally proven to work successfully and it has high level of reiliabity and authentication.
{"title":"Design of Smart College Using Raspberry Pi","authors":"Mortada Mohammed Abdulwahab, Hussam Omer, Asaad Omer, O. Ayoub","doi":"10.53332/kuej.v10i2.936","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53332/kuej.v10i2.936","url":null,"abstract":"Smart College refers to the technologies that have been developed to satisfy the needs of students and teachers in order to feel more confident in the education environment. These technologies facilitate the process of entry and exit and help to organize the time, these technologies also save the use of energy. The proposed design in this paper offers a complete control of all the electronic devices in the hall, whether within the collage or remotely from any place outside the college by using either android system or Wi-Fi technology. The design guarantees the system security, it does not allow anyone who is not authorized to enter or access it. The basic architecture of this design consists of raspberry pi device, group of drivers and relays .The system enables the manager of it to adjust the operation time of gates which controls the opening and closing time of the doors at specific time selected by the manager. This paper also includes a survey of most of the existed works related to this field. The proposed system has been experimentally proven to work successfully and it has high level of reiliabity and authentication.","PeriodicalId":23461,"journal":{"name":"University of Khartoum Engineering Journal","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84318067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
this paper presents a new formula for calculating the Bit Error Rate (BER) and the Packet Error Rate (PER) for binary pulse position modulation scheme which had been used in Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast (ADS-B) system, ADS-B system is used in air traffic surveillance and control. ADS-B system uses the Binary Pulse Position Modulation (BPPM) scheme in the link between the aircraft and the ground station. The results show that the simulated bit-error rate and packet error rate are approximately matches the theoretical one; these results have been obtained for both coherent and non-coherent detection. As a result, mathematical formulas to represent the probability of error for BPPM are also derived for both coherent and no-coherent detection scheme.
{"title":"Performance Evaluation of Pulse Position Modulation Scheme in Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast System","authors":"Khalid Hassan, Mohamed Abdallah","doi":"10.53332/kuej.v10i2.940","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53332/kuej.v10i2.940","url":null,"abstract":"this paper presents a new formula for calculating the Bit Error Rate (BER) and the Packet Error Rate (PER) for binary pulse position modulation scheme which had been used in Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast (ADS-B) system, ADS-B system is used in air traffic surveillance and control. ADS-B system uses the Binary Pulse Position Modulation (BPPM) scheme in the link between the aircraft and the ground station. The results show that the simulated bit-error rate and packet error rate are approximately matches the theoretical one; these results have been obtained for both coherent and non-coherent detection. As a result, mathematical formulas to represent the probability of error for BPPM are also derived for both coherent and no-coherent detection scheme.","PeriodicalId":23461,"journal":{"name":"University of Khartoum Engineering Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89483187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ali Y. Ali, Mohammed A. Aldalil, Yasir A. Almukashfi, Gamal H. Seedahmed
Aerial and satellite images are conventionally used as a main data source for image-based geospatial data collection, map production, and updating purposes. However, it can be time consuming and costly to obtain them. Recently, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are emerging as suitable technology, which has the potential to provide information with a very high spatial and temporal resolution at a low cost. This paper aims to demonstrate and evaluate the potential of using UAVs for 3D photogrammetric mapping and GIS development as an affordable solution for many developing countries. Part of Khartoum railway station is used as a case study in which 127 images were collected with a DJI Phantom 4 at a flying height of 100 m. RTK-GPS and ground control points are used to improve the absolute accuracy of dereferencing. Two different software, namely, Pix4D and Photo scan are used to generate standard geospatial products such as Digital Surface Model (DSM), Digital Terrain Model (DTM), and orthophoto covering 0.225 km² with a spatial resolution of 3.61 cm. The final orthophoto with a positional accuracy of 2.4 cm was used to extract features for mapping purposes. General quantitative and qualitative control of the UAV data products and the final outputs were performed, indicating that the obtained accuracies comply with international standards. Moreover, possible problems and further perspectives were also discussed. The obtained results demonstrate that UAVs provide promising opportunities to create high-resolution and highly accurate orthophotos, thus facilitating map creation and updating. In addition, it demonstrates the capability of commercial photogrammetric software packages for automatic 3D reconstruction.
{"title":"UAV 3D Photogrammetric Mapping & GIS Development Case Study: Khartoum Railway Station","authors":"Ali Y. Ali, Mohammed A. Aldalil, Yasir A. Almukashfi, Gamal H. Seedahmed","doi":"10.53332/kuej.v9i1.947","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53332/kuej.v9i1.947","url":null,"abstract":"Aerial and satellite images are conventionally used as a main data source for image-based geospatial data collection, map production, and updating purposes. However, it can be time consuming and costly to obtain them. Recently, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are emerging as suitable technology, which has the potential to provide information with a very high spatial and temporal resolution at a low cost. This paper aims to demonstrate and evaluate the potential of using UAVs for 3D photogrammetric mapping and GIS development as an affordable solution for many developing countries. Part of Khartoum railway station is used as a case study in which 127 images were collected with a DJI Phantom 4 at a flying height of 100 m. RTK-GPS and ground control points are used to improve the absolute accuracy of dereferencing. Two different software, namely, Pix4D and Photo scan are used to generate standard geospatial products such as Digital Surface Model (DSM), Digital Terrain Model (DTM), and orthophoto covering 0.225 km² with a spatial resolution of 3.61 cm. The final orthophoto with a positional accuracy of 2.4 cm was used to extract features for mapping purposes. General quantitative and qualitative control of the UAV data products and the final outputs were performed, indicating that the obtained accuracies comply with international standards. Moreover, possible problems and further perspectives were also discussed. The obtained results demonstrate that UAVs provide promising opportunities to create high-resolution and highly accurate orthophotos, thus facilitating map creation and updating. In addition, it demonstrates the capability of commercial photogrammetric software packages for automatic 3D reconstruction.","PeriodicalId":23461,"journal":{"name":"University of Khartoum Engineering Journal","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75830768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Equal weighting is a general strategy in the least squares solutions to reflect the equal contribution of observations that were obtained, for example, by identical measurement systems or similar measurement procedures or algorithms. This type of weighting can be imposed either implicitly or explicitly. Implicit weighting takes the form of an identity weight matrix while explicit weighting is imposed by a weight matrix of equal and known variance value of the observations. Through theoretical and numerical demonstrations, this paper shows that equal weights do not affect the estimated parameters and the residuals in the least squares solution. Moreover, for a relatively large set of observations, the estimated variance component converges to the variance of the original observations in the case of the implicit weighting; and it converges to a value that is very close to one in the case of explicit weighting. In addition, the posterior variance-covariance or dispersion matrices in the implicit and explicit cases are very close to each other after the adjustment. In this study, Monte Carlo simulation was used to generate numerical values of random noise from a normal distribution. This random noise was added to the coordinates of a straight-line for practical evaluation of the proposed arguments.
{"title":"On The Effects of Equal Weights on the Derived Parameters From Least Squares Solution","authors":"Gamal H. Seedahmed","doi":"10.53332/kuej.v10i2.944","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53332/kuej.v10i2.944","url":null,"abstract":"Equal weighting is a general strategy in the least squares solutions to reflect the equal contribution of observations that were obtained, for example, by identical measurement systems or similar measurement procedures or algorithms. This type of weighting can be imposed either implicitly or explicitly. Implicit weighting takes the form of an identity weight matrix while explicit weighting is imposed by a weight matrix of equal and known variance value of the observations. Through theoretical and numerical demonstrations, this paper shows that equal weights do not affect the estimated parameters and the residuals in the least squares solution. Moreover, for a relatively large set of observations, the estimated variance component converges to the variance of the original observations in the case of the implicit weighting; and it converges to a value that is very close to one in the case of explicit weighting. In addition, the posterior variance-covariance or dispersion matrices in the implicit and explicit cases are very close to each other after the adjustment. In this study, Monte Carlo simulation was used to generate numerical values of random noise from a normal distribution. This random noise was added to the coordinates of a straight-line for practical evaluation of the proposed arguments.","PeriodicalId":23461,"journal":{"name":"University of Khartoum Engineering Journal","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82867614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Safa Abd ELWahab M. Ibrahim, Mohammad Ali H. Abbas
Long Term Evolution (LTE) is the fourth generation (4G) cellular network technology that provides improved performance that related to data rate, coverage and capacity compared to earlier cellular systems. The addition of many small cells in a heterogeneous network configuration provides a means to enhance capacity through extreme frequency reuse. The heterogeneous environment of different network technologies can provide high data rate and enhance multimedia services, but it is challenging to provide optimized handover (HO). In this paper, a new method is proposed to select the optimal network from available networks to which a UE may be handed over to achieve better QoS performance. The aggregation of multiple criteria for calculation of overall ranking of networks is obtained by Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) [1] and is combined with the history of previously visited cells and regression analysis of the Layer 1 (L1) and Layer 3 (L3) filtered Received Signal Strength (RSS) data for prediction of future values. The AHP is used to calculate the weights for the system attributes and to rank the available networks based on multiple criteria Multiple Attribute Decision Making (MADM). The sequence of visited cells is used in target network selection as it reduces frequent handover. The sequence of visited cells would be modeled as a Markov Chain. To assess RSS, beside L1, L3 filtering RSS prediction and smoothing is used to predict future signal samples to hasten the process of HO. RSS forecasting is used to predict handover necessity so as to reduce the handover delay. The results show that the number of handovers is reduced by up to 50% compared to the conventional AHP. The results also show that the threshold crossing rate and average duration of fades are reduced by 47% compared with the AHP. Handover delay is also reduced by up to 40 ms due to RSS forecasting.
{"title":"A New Vertical Handover Prediction Method for Heterogeneous Wireless Networks","authors":"Safa Abd ELWahab M. Ibrahim, Mohammad Ali H. Abbas","doi":"10.53332/kuej.v10i2.942","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53332/kuej.v10i2.942","url":null,"abstract":"Long Term Evolution (LTE) is the fourth generation (4G) cellular network technology that provides improved performance that related to data rate, coverage and capacity compared to earlier cellular systems. The addition of many small cells in a heterogeneous network configuration provides a means to enhance capacity through extreme frequency reuse. The heterogeneous environment of different network technologies can provide high data rate and enhance multimedia services, but it is challenging to provide optimized handover (HO). In this paper, a new method is proposed to select the optimal network from available networks to which a UE may be handed over to achieve better QoS performance. The aggregation of multiple criteria for calculation of overall ranking of networks is obtained by Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) [1] and is combined with the history of previously visited cells and regression analysis of the Layer 1 (L1) and Layer 3 (L3) filtered Received Signal Strength (RSS) data for prediction of future values. The AHP is used to calculate the weights for the system attributes and to rank the available networks based on multiple criteria Multiple Attribute Decision Making (MADM). The sequence of visited cells is used in target network selection as it reduces frequent handover. The sequence of visited cells would be modeled as a Markov Chain. To assess RSS, beside L1, L3 filtering RSS prediction and smoothing is used to predict future signal samples to hasten the process of HO. RSS forecasting is used to predict handover necessity so as to reduce the handover delay. The results show that the number of handovers is reduced by up to 50% compared to the conventional AHP. The results also show that the threshold crossing rate and average duration of fades are reduced by 47% compared with the AHP. Handover delay is also reduced by up to 40 ms due to RSS forecasting.","PeriodicalId":23461,"journal":{"name":"University of Khartoum Engineering Journal","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91363029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Salim Obeid, Yousef Al Horr, A. Hakki, Kamal Nasreldin Abdalla
Liquid desiccant systems (LDS) have attracted attention as promising low-energy alternative cooling solutions relative to conventional systems. An integral part of the LDS dehumidification capability depends on the composition of the hygroscopic desiccants utilized. The vapour pressure of different hygroscopic salt solutions and mixtures thereof have been measured at a temperature of 298.15K using a Yamamoto configuration. The initial validation of the measurement configuration using a single salt solution has exhibited a satisfactory correlation with vapour pressures reported by previous authors at various concentrations. The performance of MgCl2 solution was found to be comparable to that of LiCl. The results have shown that MgCl2 solution with 30% w/v concentration is sufficient to maintain the equilibrium relative humidity (ERH) at 50%, the recommended value for the human comfort zone, a value close to that obtained from LiCl solution (ERH = 55%) with the same concentration. Moreover, the best performing salt solution mixtures were found to be magnesium and lithium chlorides. Considering that the cost of LiCl is 23 times higher than that of MgCl2, the potential replacement of LiCl with MgCl2 in LDS is very promising from both a performance and cost point of view. The concentrated seawater brines have also shown a very promising performance comparable with that of 50% CaCl2– 50% MgCl2 artificial mixture.
{"title":"A Physicochemical Study of Cost-Effective Liquid Desiccants for Use in an air conditioning systems","authors":"Salim Obeid, Yousef Al Horr, A. Hakki, Kamal Nasreldin Abdalla","doi":"10.53332/kuej.v10i2.941","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53332/kuej.v10i2.941","url":null,"abstract":"Liquid desiccant systems (LDS) have attracted attention as promising low-energy alternative cooling solutions relative to conventional systems. An integral part of the LDS dehumidification capability depends on the composition of the hygroscopic desiccants utilized. The vapour pressure of different hygroscopic salt solutions and mixtures thereof have been measured at a temperature of 298.15K using a Yamamoto configuration. The initial validation of the measurement configuration using a single salt solution has exhibited a satisfactory correlation with vapour pressures reported by previous authors at various concentrations. The performance of MgCl2 solution was found to be comparable to that of LiCl. The results have shown that MgCl2 solution with 30% w/v concentration is sufficient to maintain the equilibrium relative humidity (ERH) at 50%, the recommended value for the human comfort zone, a value close to that obtained from LiCl solution (ERH = 55%) with the same concentration. Moreover, the best performing salt solution mixtures were found to be magnesium and lithium chlorides. Considering that the cost of LiCl is 23 times higher than that of MgCl2, the potential replacement of LiCl with MgCl2 in LDS is very promising from both a performance and cost point of view. The concentrated seawater brines have also shown a very promising performance comparable with that of 50% CaCl2– 50% MgCl2 artificial mixture.","PeriodicalId":23461,"journal":{"name":"University of Khartoum Engineering Journal","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89200341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Computer numerical controlled machines (CNC) are playing a huge role in the Industry today. It is capable of producing complex parts in large volumes along with keeping high level of accuracy. This paper presents a simple design of a 3 axis CNC routing Machine. The machine is driven by stepper motors utilizing lead screws and guides manufactured in a local workshop using conventional manufacturing techniques. The machine is controlled by Mach-3 open source software connected to the machine via parallel port and a breakout board which is connected directly to stepper motors. The hand calculation for the design of the lead screws and the sizing of the motor were carried out. The 3D model was built using Computer aided design software. After the fabrication experimental tests were conducted to measure the performance and the accuracy of the CNC.
{"title":"Design and Manufacturing of a Low Cost 3 Axis CNC Router Machine","authors":"Mudawi I Adam, Amr Elhussein, Awab Khogali","doi":"10.53332/kuej.v9i1.945","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53332/kuej.v9i1.945","url":null,"abstract":"Computer numerical controlled machines (CNC) are playing a huge role in the Industry today. It is capable of producing complex parts in large volumes along with keeping high level of accuracy. This paper presents a simple design of a 3 axis CNC routing Machine. The machine is driven by stepper motors utilizing lead screws and guides manufactured in a local workshop using conventional manufacturing techniques. The machine is controlled by Mach-3 open source software connected to the machine via parallel port and a breakout board which is connected directly to stepper motors. The hand calculation for the design of the lead screws and the sizing of the motor were carried out. The 3D model was built using Computer aided design software. After the fabrication experimental tests were conducted to measure the performance and the accuracy of the CNC.","PeriodicalId":23461,"journal":{"name":"University of Khartoum Engineering Journal","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75903019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Omer S. M. Hamza, Magdi M. E. Zumrawi, Awad E. M. Mohamed
This paper investigates empirical correlation between expansive soil index properties and soil swelling. The paper uses the concept of Nomographs to develop one for prediction of soil swelling. Disturbed soil samples from different regions in Sudan were collected to represent the most challenging soils in the country. The samples were collected from Al-Qadarif (S1), Wad Medani (S2) and Al-Giraif East in Khartoum (S3). The basic properties of the soil samples were thoroughly measured. The three soils gave high swelling potential and high plasticity. The X-ray diffraction test results showed that S1 has the highest montmorillonite than the other two soils. Therefore S1 is considered as the most expansive soil compared with the other soils. The consistency factor which was developed can be used to correlate the basic properties of the soil with the soil swelling. The consistency factor is a combination of the moisture content, dry density, void ratio, liquid limit and plasticity index. These parameters are combined in a way reflecting the influence of each of them on the soil property. The swelling properties were measured for the soil samples compacted at different moisture content and different dry densities. Very good linear relationships were developed between the swelling properties and the consistency factor. The correlations developed were verified by using data reported by some previous researchers. Using the relationships developed in this study, Nomograph was designed so as to make easy to predict swelling potential.
本文研究了膨胀土指标性质与土体膨胀的经验相关性。本文利用Nomographs的概念建立了一种预测土壤膨胀的Nomographs。从苏丹不同地区收集了受干扰的土壤样本，以代表该国最具挑战性的土壤。样本采集于喀土穆的Al-Qadarif (S1)、Wad Medani (S2)和Al-Giraif East (S3)。对土样的基本性质进行了全面测定。三种土均具有较高的膨胀势和塑性。x射线衍射测试结果表明，S1土中蒙脱土含量最高。因此S1被认为是最膨胀的土。所建立的一致性因子可用于将土体的基本性质与土体的膨胀联系起来。稠度系数是含水率、干密度、空隙比、液限和塑性指数的组合。这些参数以一种反映它们各自对土壤性质影响的方式组合在一起。测定了不同含水量、不同干密度压实土样的膨胀特性。膨胀特性与稠度因子之间存在很好的线性关系。使用一些先前研究人员报告的数据验证了所开发的相关性。利用本研究建立的关系，设计了Nomograph，以便于预测肿胀电位。
{"title":"Nomograph for Predicting Swelling Potential of Expansive Subgrade Soil","authors":"Omer S. M. Hamza, Magdi M. E. Zumrawi, Awad E. M. Mohamed","doi":"10.53332/kuej.v10i2.939","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53332/kuej.v10i2.939","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates empirical correlation between expansive soil index properties and soil swelling. The paper uses the concept of Nomographs to develop one for prediction of soil swelling. Disturbed soil samples from different regions in Sudan were collected to represent the most challenging soils in the country. The samples were collected from Al-Qadarif (S1), Wad Medani (S2) and Al-Giraif East in Khartoum (S3). The basic properties of the soil samples were thoroughly measured. The three soils gave high swelling potential and high plasticity. The X-ray diffraction test results showed that S1 has the highest montmorillonite than the other two soils. Therefore S1 is considered as the most expansive soil compared with the other soils. The consistency factor which was developed can be used to correlate the basic properties of the soil with the soil swelling. The consistency factor is a combination of the moisture content, dry density, void ratio, liquid limit and plasticity index. These parameters are combined in a way reflecting the influence of each of them on the soil property. The swelling properties were measured for the soil samples compacted at different moisture content and different dry densities. Very good linear relationships were developed between the swelling properties and the consistency factor. The correlations developed were verified by using data reported by some previous researchers. Using the relationships developed in this study, Nomograph was designed so as to make easy to predict swelling potential.","PeriodicalId":23461,"journal":{"name":"University of Khartoum Engineering Journal","volume":"64 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89954984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wesam A. Abbas, Kamil M.Wagiallah, Fathelrahman A. Elsheikh
The objective of this study is to investigate the usage of membrane reactor technology in the water-gas shift reaction. Furthermore an assessment of the optimum parameters for the maximum conversion of carbon monoxide was carried out. The water-gas shift reaction is a well-known step for upgrading carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide in the production of purified Hydrogen gas. More recently, a renewed interest in the water-gas reaction carried out in hydrogen selective membrane reactors has been observed, because of the growing use of polymeric electrolyte membrane fuel cells, that operate using high-purity hydrogen. Membrane reactors are viewed as an interesting technology in order to overcome the equilibrium conversion limitations in non-membrane reactors. Firstly, the modelling and simulation of the reactor without membrane was carried out, and the obtained results were validated against the experimental published results, then the membrane reactor was simulated by employing a Hydrogen-selective Palladium membrane. A one dimensional steady state model was developed; mass and heat balances were solved simultaneously using MATLAB software. It was found that the conversion of carbon monoxide reaches a maximum of 29% for the non-membrane reactor and 90% for the membrane reactor, which represents an improvement of 210%. It was found that the optimum operating condition for membrane reactor were temperatures of 740 K, pressure of 10 atm and a reactor length of 115 cm.
{"title":"Modeling and Simulation of Water-Gas Shift Reactors with and without Membrane","authors":"Wesam A. Abbas, Kamil M.Wagiallah, Fathelrahman A. Elsheikh","doi":"10.53332/kuej.v9i1.946","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53332/kuej.v9i1.946","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this study is to investigate the usage of membrane reactor technology in the water-gas shift reaction. Furthermore an assessment of the optimum parameters for the maximum conversion of carbon monoxide was carried out. The water-gas shift reaction is a well-known step for upgrading carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide in the production of purified Hydrogen gas. More recently, a renewed interest in the water-gas reaction carried out in hydrogen selective membrane reactors has been observed, because of the growing use of polymeric electrolyte membrane fuel cells, that operate using high-purity hydrogen. Membrane reactors are viewed as an interesting technology in order to overcome the equilibrium conversion limitations in non-membrane reactors. Firstly, the modelling and simulation of the reactor without membrane was carried out, and the obtained results were validated against the experimental published results, then the membrane reactor was simulated by employing a Hydrogen-selective Palladium membrane. A one dimensional steady state model was developed; mass and heat balances were solved simultaneously using MATLAB software. It was found that the conversion of carbon monoxide reaches a maximum of 29% for the non-membrane reactor and 90% for the membrane reactor, which represents an improvement of 210%. It was found that the optimum operating condition for membrane reactor were temperatures of 740 K, pressure of 10 atm and a reactor length of 115 cm.","PeriodicalId":23461,"journal":{"name":"University of Khartoum Engineering Journal","volume":"63 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84734831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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