The main objective of this paper is to assess the quality of drinking water at the out skirts of Khartoum State. The objectives include studying the effects of practices employed by the inhabitants of Al-Hella Al-Jadeeda in handling, transporting and storing water. In addition to statistical analysis of data collected through questionnaires, samples from different sources and locations of wells, tanks, carro carts and drinking water containers, were collected and examined physically, chemically and microbiologically. The results revealed that, the water is physically and chemically acceptable for human consumption except for some doubts in its lead content. The lead content was found to be varied between 0.03 to 0.667 mg/L, which indicates a quantity far above the maximum allowable limits. Tests conducted on microbiological quality of water showed that water samples, were highly contaminated with coliform bacteria, which implies that fecal contamination is evident. It could be concluded that the pollution found is due to poor environmental sanitation awareness and carelessness of people on their personal hygiene. The study recommended that a network distribution system should be established in the area. Meanwhile, traditional drinking water carriers and distributors must be periodically cleaned, regularly disinfected with chlorine to remove any public health hazards. It is also recommended to introduce low-cost technologies such as sand purification systems in addition to the enhancement of awareness on the health hazards of polluted water.
{"title":"Quality Aspects of Manually Transported Drinking Water in the Outskirts of Khartoum State","authors":"Kamal Eldin Eltayeb Yassin, Razan Mohamed Ibrahim","doi":"10.53332/kuej.v4i1.1054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53332/kuej.v4i1.1054","url":null,"abstract":"The main objective of this paper is to assess the quality of drinking water at the out skirts of Khartoum State. The objectives include studying the effects of practices employed by the inhabitants of Al-Hella Al-Jadeeda in handling, transporting and storing water. In addition to statistical analysis of data collected through questionnaires, samples from different sources and locations of wells, tanks, carro carts and drinking water containers, were collected and examined physically, chemically and microbiologically. The results revealed that, the water is physically and chemically acceptable for human consumption except for some doubts in its lead content. The lead content was found to be varied between 0.03 to 0.667 mg/L, which indicates a quantity far above the maximum allowable limits. Tests conducted on microbiological quality of water showed that water samples, were highly contaminated with coliform bacteria, which implies that fecal contamination is evident. It could be concluded that the pollution found is due to poor environmental sanitation awareness and carelessness of people on their personal hygiene. The study recommended that a network distribution system should be established in the area. Meanwhile, traditional drinking water carriers and distributors must be periodically cleaned, regularly disinfected with chlorine to remove any public health hazards. It is also recommended to introduce low-cost technologies such as sand purification systems in addition to the enhancement of awareness on the health hazards of polluted water.","PeriodicalId":23461,"journal":{"name":"University of Khartoum Engineering Journal","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77245689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Theories of soil mechanics and basic hydraulic relations and principles of loose boundary channel hydraulics were combined and integrated to analyze stratified river bank failure due to undercutting (undermining) of a bottom loose layer. A near bank velocity distribution model was developed from which the boundary shear stress acting on the bank surface was determined. The model allows computation of the eroded soil volume from the bottom loose layer and the lateral undercut distance at any time in the flow hydrograph as long as the induced flow shear stress is greater than the particle critical shear stress resistance to hydraulic entrainment. At failure the size of the failure block and the ultimate critical value of the lateral undercut distance are determined. Therefore the annual rate of bank retreat and bank sediment load contribution can be identified for the reach under consideration. The application of the model to the River Nile hydrograph in Northern Sudan State showed a good agreement with field observations.
{"title":"Modelling of Stratified River Bank Erosion Due to Undercutting","authors":"M. Akode Osman","doi":"10.53332/kuej.v4i1.1040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53332/kuej.v4i1.1040","url":null,"abstract":"Theories of soil mechanics and basic hydraulic relations and principles of loose boundary channel hydraulics were combined and integrated to analyze stratified river bank failure due to undercutting (undermining) of a bottom loose layer. A near bank velocity distribution model was developed from which the boundary shear stress acting on the bank surface was determined. The model allows computation of the eroded soil volume from the bottom loose layer and the lateral undercut distance at any time in the flow hydrograph as long as the induced flow shear stress is greater than the particle critical shear stress resistance to hydraulic entrainment. At failure the size of the failure block and the ultimate critical value of the lateral undercut distance are determined. Therefore the annual rate of bank retreat and bank sediment load contribution can be identified for the reach under consideration. The application of the model to the River Nile hydrograph in Northern Sudan State showed a good agreement with field observations.","PeriodicalId":23461,"journal":{"name":"University of Khartoum Engineering Journal","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84401004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A dynamic mathematical model of batch distillation columns is formulated using four basic assumptions: binary separation, negligible vapour holdup, constant pressure and constant molar flows. Simulations performed in the modelling tool MATLAB, proved that the model gives satisfactory description of the process behaviour. Simulations studies were then used to apply the theory of self-optimising control to batch distillation columns, in order to provide a systematic procedure for the selection of controlled variables based on operational economics. It was found that the distillate and boilup flows have good self-optimising properties. The study has also shown the unsuitability of the reflux ratio (Rin) and reflux return (LT) to self-optimising control due to their sensitivity to disturbances in batch distillation of the system.
{"title":"Self-optimising Control, a Batch Distillation Simulation Study","authors":"Malaz Laloob, Taj Alasfia M. M. Barakat","doi":"10.53332/kuej.v4i1.1056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53332/kuej.v4i1.1056","url":null,"abstract":"A dynamic mathematical model of batch distillation columns is formulated using four basic assumptions: binary separation, negligible vapour holdup, constant pressure and constant molar flows. Simulations performed in the modelling tool MATLAB, proved that the model gives satisfactory description of the process behaviour. Simulations studies were then used to apply the theory of self-optimising control to batch distillation columns, in order to provide a systematic procedure for the selection of controlled variables based on operational economics. It was found that the distillate and boilup flows have good self-optimising properties. The study has also shown the unsuitability of the reflux ratio (Rin) and reflux return (LT) to self-optimising control due to their sensitivity to disturbances in batch distillation of the system.","PeriodicalId":23461,"journal":{"name":"University of Khartoum Engineering Journal","volume":"AES-11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84521851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper implements object video tracking system that represents object location in subsequent video frames. A closed-circuit television (CCTV) camera mounted on a rotating system is used for capturing video while the object of interest always kept at the centre of the screen. Three tracking algorithms were selected and implemented: template matching, contour matching and optical flow. Measures of their accuracy and speed were taken for comparison. The software was implemented in a personal computer with C# programming language, with the aid of EmguCV which is a wrapper for OpenCV, a famous image processing library. The system implemented for this study is able to successfully track a rigid body, discernible from the background objects with size up to 400×300 pixel for the Phase Alternate Line (PAL) system of 720×576 pixel frame size. Tracking was stable even with the existence of rotation and scaling. Some faults were observed when occlusion was present or when the target was moving with a speed faster than that of the rotation system of 30 degrees/s horizontal and 15 degrees/s vertical.
{"title":"Object Video Tracking using a Pan-Tilt-Zoom System","authors":"Mohammed A. Taha, Sharief F. Babiker","doi":"10.53332/kuej.v4i1.1041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53332/kuej.v4i1.1041","url":null,"abstract":"This paper implements object video tracking system that represents object location in subsequent video frames. A closed-circuit television (CCTV) camera mounted on a rotating system is used for capturing video while the object of interest always kept at the centre of the screen. Three tracking algorithms were selected and implemented: template matching, contour matching and optical flow. Measures of their accuracy and speed were taken for comparison. The software was implemented in a personal computer with C# programming language, with the aid of EmguCV which is a wrapper for OpenCV, a famous image processing library. The system implemented for this study is able to successfully track a rigid body, discernible from the background objects with size up to 400×300 pixel for the Phase Alternate Line (PAL) system of 720×576 pixel frame size. Tracking was stable even with the existence of rotation and scaling. Some faults were observed when occlusion was present or when the target was moving with a speed faster than that of the rotation system of 30 degrees/s horizontal and 15 degrees/s vertical.","PeriodicalId":23461,"journal":{"name":"University of Khartoum Engineering Journal","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82113276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Particle size distribution estimation (PSDE) is a fundamental task for heterogeneous materials characterization and modeling. This paper presents a general image-based approach for PSDE, which is called collectively “Pixel-Vernier” or PV for short. Meaningful image segmentation is the main problem to be solved for image-based PSDE. To this end, the proposed approach combines markers-controlled watershed segmentation with a clustering algorithm to solve the delineation of the boundaries of the particles. The combined approach is embedded in a coarse-to-fine strategy using a one training parameter to adapt the algorithm to the underlying distributions of the particle size. This training parameter is restricted to the size of an averaging filter. PV decomposes the image into separate particle regions. The final results of these regions are used to compute several geometric attributes for particles such as the semi-major axis, the semi-minor axis, and the equivalent diameter. Then, the geometric attributes of all the particles are used to estimate size distribution and relevant statistics. PV can be used in a laboratory as well as in a field setting. It is tested successfully on a diverse set of images that represent materials like soils, texture, rocks, and Mars surface geology.
{"title":"Pixel-Vernier: A General Image-Based Approach For Particle Size Distribution Estimation","authors":"Gamal H. Seedahmed, Andy L. Ward","doi":"10.53332/kuej.v4i1.1049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53332/kuej.v4i1.1049","url":null,"abstract":"Particle size distribution estimation (PSDE) is a fundamental task for heterogeneous materials characterization and modeling. This paper presents a general image-based approach for PSDE, which is called collectively “Pixel-Vernier” or PV for short. Meaningful image segmentation is the main problem to be solved for image-based PSDE. To this end, the proposed approach combines markers-controlled watershed segmentation with a clustering algorithm to solve the delineation of the boundaries of the particles. The combined approach is embedded in a coarse-to-fine strategy using a one training parameter to adapt the algorithm to the underlying distributions of the particle size. This training parameter is restricted to the size of an averaging filter. PV decomposes the image into separate particle regions. The final results of these regions are used to compute several geometric attributes for particles such as the semi-major axis, the semi-minor axis, and the equivalent diameter. Then, the geometric attributes of all the particles are used to estimate size distribution and relevant statistics. PV can be used in a laboratory as well as in a field setting. It is tested successfully on a diverse set of images that represent materials like soils, texture, rocks, and Mars surface geology.","PeriodicalId":23461,"journal":{"name":"University of Khartoum Engineering Journal","volume":"68 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79600069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The objective of this study is to evaluate the pharmaceutical properties of three brands of Amlodipine (5mg) for local and international pharmaceutical companies. The main aim is to evaluate whether compliance with the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) is implemented for physical and chemical parameters including: assay, dissolution, hardness, thickness, length and disintegration. A HPLC device was used in the assay test to determine the percentage of the labeled amount of amlodipine (active ingredient) in the portion of tablets or capsules. Results of assay test showed that values for Norvasc, Myodipine and Nordip were 97.83%, 95.31%, and 93.64% respectively, which are within the acceptable range of 90-110% of the labeled amount of amlodipine. UV-VisibleSpectrometer was used in dissolution test to measure the percentage of dissolved amlodipine. Results of dissolution test showed that values for Norvasc, Myodipine and Nordip were 99.795%, 99.415% and 96.61 respectively, which are all within the acceptable range of not less than 75% of the labeled amount of dissolved amlodipine. Tablets andcapsules were subjected to various physical tests which included hardness, thickness, length and disintegration. Results were statistically analyzed as per USP official methods. The study concluded that all brands of Amlodipine Besylate showed satisfactory results for the chemical and physical tests.
{"title":"A Comparative Pharmaceutical Evaluation of Amlodipine (5mg)","authors":"Rawnag A. Hussein, Mustafa A. Mustafa","doi":"10.53332/kuej.v5i1.1018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53332/kuej.v5i1.1018","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this study is to evaluate the pharmaceutical properties of three brands of Amlodipine (5mg) for local and international pharmaceutical companies. The main aim is to evaluate whether compliance with the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) is implemented for physical and chemical parameters including: assay, dissolution, hardness, thickness, length and disintegration. A HPLC device was used in the assay test to determine the percentage of the labeled amount of amlodipine (active ingredient) in the portion of tablets or capsules. Results of assay test showed that values for Norvasc, Myodipine and Nordip were 97.83%, 95.31%, and 93.64% respectively, which are within the acceptable range of 90-110% of the labeled amount of amlodipine. UV-VisibleSpectrometer was used in dissolution test to measure the percentage of dissolved amlodipine. Results of dissolution test showed that values for Norvasc, Myodipine and Nordip were 99.795%, 99.415% and 96.61 respectively, which are all within the acceptable range of not less than 75% of the labeled amount of dissolved amlodipine. Tablets andcapsules were subjected to various physical tests which included hardness, thickness, length and disintegration. Results were statistically analyzed as per USP official methods. The study concluded that all brands of Amlodipine Besylate showed satisfactory results for the chemical and physical tests.","PeriodicalId":23461,"journal":{"name":"University of Khartoum Engineering Journal","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73084424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ammar Hassan El Sheikh, Ibrahim Eltayeb Ibrahim Elhaj
This paper presents experimental study of the performance of chisel plow under conditions of central irrigated Schemes. The research was conducted in the Gezira irrigated Scheme at Experimental Field of Gezira University. Mounted 3-rows chisel plows mark RAU and 75 hp Massey Fergusson (GIAD) tractor were used in the experiment. The performance of chisel plow was evaluated by parameters, which included: losses of chiseling process (uncut area); aggregate size distribution; bulk density; soil moisture content; control of weeds and residues; degree of soil surface evenness; draft requirement; fuel consumption; and field capacity. Each of these parameter studied dependent of two parameters: working speed and depth of cut. A loss of uncut areas at critical depth was found to be 12%. The failure zone and overlap area was found to be 31.4 x 11 cm and 0.02 m2 respectively. The later was dependent of the depth. Losses of plowed area were increased to 23% and 31% when depth was increased to 15cm and 20cm respectively. Based on mean weight diameter of soil clod, structure of the soil was improved by 14% when the speed and depth were increased from 3.34 to 5.85km/hr. and from 15cm to 20cm respectively. Soil natural bulk density was found to be 1.45, g/cm3. Bulk density generally was decreased, in such that it decreased in the upper layer (0-10 cm) by 10%, in the middle layer (10-20 cm) by 7%, and in the bottom soil layer (20-30 cm) by only 1 %. Soil moisture content was decreased by 30% at the upper soil layer (0-15cm) during 9 hours only. Weeds and residues leaving at soil surface after chiseling (at 5.58 km/hr. and 20 cm) were found to be 13% and 37%. Degree of the soil level after chiseling was found to be improved by ±14% of the mean value. Draft force increased by 14% when the depth was increased from 15 to 20 cm at constant speed of 5.85 km/hr. Draft force at critical depth changed by 22% when the speed was increased from 3.34 to 5.85 km/hr. Fuel consumption of chisel plow at speeds of 3.34 km/hr and 5.85 km/hr was increased by 17% and 23% respectively when depth increased from 15cm to 20cm in both cases. Machine field capacity and energy consumption increased by 66% and 39% respectively when speed was changed from 3.34km/hr to5.85 km/hr. in both cases.
{"title":"Performance Evaluation of A Chisel Plow in Heavy Clay Soil of Central Sudan","authors":"Ammar Hassan El Sheikh, Ibrahim Eltayeb Ibrahim Elhaj","doi":"10.53332/kuej.v5i2.1033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53332/kuej.v5i2.1033","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents experimental study of the performance of chisel plow under conditions of central irrigated Schemes. The research was conducted in the Gezira irrigated Scheme at Experimental Field of Gezira University. Mounted 3-rows chisel plows mark RAU and 75 hp Massey Fergusson (GIAD) tractor were used in the experiment. The performance of chisel plow was evaluated by parameters, which included: losses of chiseling process (uncut area); aggregate size distribution; bulk density; soil moisture content; control of weeds and residues; degree of soil surface evenness; draft requirement; fuel consumption; and field capacity. Each of these parameter studied dependent of two parameters: working speed and depth of cut. A loss of uncut areas at critical depth was found to be 12%. The failure zone and overlap area was found to be 31.4 x 11 cm and 0.02 m2 respectively. The later was dependent of the depth. Losses of plowed area were increased to 23% and 31% when depth was increased to 15cm and 20cm respectively. Based on mean weight diameter of soil clod, structure of the soil was improved by 14% when the speed and depth were increased from 3.34 to 5.85km/hr. and from 15cm to 20cm respectively. Soil natural bulk density was found to be 1.45, g/cm3. Bulk density generally was decreased, in such that it decreased in the upper layer (0-10 cm) by 10%, in the middle layer (10-20 cm) by 7%, and in the bottom soil layer (20-30 cm) by only 1 %. Soil moisture content was decreased by 30% at the upper soil layer (0-15cm) during 9 hours only. Weeds and residues leaving at soil surface after chiseling (at 5.58 km/hr. and 20 cm) were found to be 13% and 37%. Degree of the soil level after chiseling was found to be improved by ±14% of the mean value. Draft force increased by 14% when the depth was increased from 15 to 20 cm at constant speed of 5.85 km/hr. Draft force at critical depth changed by 22% when the speed was increased from 3.34 to 5.85 km/hr. Fuel consumption of chisel plow at speeds of 3.34 km/hr and 5.85 km/hr was increased by 17% and 23% respectively when depth increased from 15cm to 20cm in both cases. Machine field capacity and energy consumption increased by 66% and 39% respectively when speed was changed from 3.34km/hr to5.85 km/hr. in both cases.","PeriodicalId":23461,"journal":{"name":"University of Khartoum Engineering Journal","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82469554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This work aims to study the behavior of fluid mixtures in the dividing wall column, particularly from a controllability point of view. It covers the aspects of design, modeling, and control. A ternary mixture of benzene, toluene, and o-xylene (BTX) is selected as a case study. A controllability analysis for determining and screening the candidate control combinations of the manipulated variables is carried out with the aid of a linearized model using the concept of relative gain array (RGA). The manipulated variables are the reflux (L), the distillate (D), the side stream (S), the bottom (B) and the boilup (V). Based on RGA criterion, two of the candidate combinations are selected to control the column due to the low interaction between control loops. In each combination the manipulated variables are used to control the top level, the bottom level, the top composition, the middle composition and the bottom composition. Finally, the performance of these two combinations is examined and found to be successful in resisting the disturbances.
{"title":"Modelling and Control Analysis of Dividing Wall Distillation Columns","authors":"Isra Osman M. Koko, T. A. M. Barakat","doi":"10.53332/kuej.v5i1.1016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53332/kuej.v5i1.1016","url":null,"abstract":"This work aims to study the behavior of fluid mixtures in the dividing wall column, particularly from a controllability point of view. It covers the aspects of design, modeling, and control. A ternary mixture of benzene, toluene, and o-xylene (BTX) is selected as a case study. A controllability analysis for determining and screening the candidate control combinations of the manipulated variables is carried out with the aid of a linearized model using the concept of relative gain array (RGA). The manipulated variables are the reflux (L), the distillate (D), the side stream (S), the bottom (B) and the boilup (V). Based on RGA criterion, two of the candidate combinations are selected to control the column due to the low interaction between control loops. In each combination the manipulated variables are used to control the top level, the bottom level, the top composition, the middle composition and the bottom composition. Finally, the performance of these two combinations is examined and found to be successful in resisting the disturbances.","PeriodicalId":23461,"journal":{"name":"University of Khartoum Engineering Journal","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73689074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alfatih A. Yassen, Abdelsalam A. Almaged, Gurashi A Gasmelseed
Spent liming liquor is produced from unhairing and liming processes. This study was carried out in Afrotan Tannery, by using the existing liming recovery unit in the tannery. The aim of the study is to determine and to evaluate the efficiency of the method of treatment applied in liming liquor recovery unit. The results showed that the value of pH was 12 and the values of TSS, Cl, NH4 and COD in liming liquor before treatment were 10623, 8511, 498 and 37396 mg/l, respectively. The value of pH is 11.5 and the values of TSS, Cl, NH4, COD and sulphide in liming liquor after treatment were 4321, 7796, 407, 21985 and1602mg/l, respectively. The liming liquor recovery unit receives 300 m3/day of spent liming liquor. 140 m3/day of the quantity is floated and precipitated as sludge. 60 m3/day of this sludge does not enter sludge treatment unit and directly is filled in land contaminating the soil with sulphide. 160 m3/day of the quantity is the treated spent liming liquor which is mixed with fresh makeup basic sodium sulfide and ammonium sulphate and recycled in unhairing and liming processes. The study concludes that it is important to conduct further studies to decrease COD in clear liming liquor and to send all sludge to sludge treatment unit.
{"title":"Recovery of Spent Liming Liquor Case study: Afrotan Tannery, Sudan","authors":"Alfatih A. Yassen, Abdelsalam A. Almaged, Gurashi A Gasmelseed","doi":"10.53332/kuej.v5i1.1025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53332/kuej.v5i1.1025","url":null,"abstract":"Spent liming liquor is produced from unhairing and liming processes. This study was carried out in Afrotan Tannery, by using the existing liming recovery unit in the tannery. The aim of the study is to determine and to evaluate the efficiency of the method of treatment applied in liming liquor recovery unit. The results showed that the value of pH was 12 and the values of TSS, Cl, NH4 and COD in liming liquor before treatment were 10623, 8511, 498 and 37396 mg/l, respectively. The value of pH is 11.5 and the values of TSS, Cl, NH4, COD and sulphide in liming liquor after treatment were 4321, 7796, 407, 21985 and1602mg/l, respectively. The liming liquor recovery unit receives 300 m3/day of spent liming liquor. 140 m3/day of the quantity is floated and precipitated as sludge. 60 m3/day of this sludge does not enter sludge treatment unit and directly is filled in land contaminating the soil with sulphide. 160 m3/day of the quantity is the treated spent liming liquor which is mixed with fresh makeup basic sodium sulfide and ammonium sulphate and recycled in unhairing and liming processes. The study concludes that it is important to conduct further studies to decrease COD in clear liming liquor and to send all sludge to sludge treatment unit.","PeriodicalId":23461,"journal":{"name":"University of Khartoum Engineering Journal","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91283802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents the superiority of data mining techniques in predicting the amount of power generated by thermal power plants, over the traditional approaches that use thermodynamic laws or the power plant manufacturer’s guides. The paper first compares between amount of power calculated using thermodynamic laws, and the amount of power predicted using manufacturers’ guides with the actual power generated. Then prediction model was built to predict the amount of generated power using the controllable parameters at turbine inlet. Models were evaluated using separate test sets, or cross validation in case of small sets. The values predicted by this model is then compared with actual and other predicted values to prove that data mining tool is most accurate than traditional methods.
{"title":"Superiority of Data Mining Techniques to Predict the Amount of Power Generated by Thermal Power Plants","authors":"Waleed Hamed Ahmed Eisa, Naomie Bt Salim","doi":"10.53332/kuej.v5i2.1029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53332/kuej.v5i2.1029","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the superiority of data mining techniques in predicting the amount of power generated by thermal power plants, over the traditional approaches that use thermodynamic laws or the power plant manufacturer’s guides. The paper first compares between amount of power calculated using thermodynamic laws, and the amount of power predicted using manufacturers’ guides with the actual power generated. Then prediction model was built to predict the amount of generated power using the controllable parameters at turbine inlet. Models were evaluated using separate test sets, or cross validation in case of small sets. The values predicted by this model is then compared with actual and other predicted values to prove that data mining tool is most accurate than traditional methods.","PeriodicalId":23461,"journal":{"name":"University of Khartoum Engineering Journal","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79448996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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