This paper thoroughly investigates failure cases of the constructed pipe culverts in Baleela oil field in west of Sudan. The paper provides technical recommendations and remedial measures. Common types of failures of pipe culverts and their appropriate measures were briefly discussed. The paper provides inspection based on extensive site survey and data record review to find out the main structural and hydrological causes of culverts failure. The site survey is conducted in the last two years while the data record review extended since 2011. The pipe culverts engaged in this study were 20 water streams each of them contain 3 to 8 pipe culverts. Failures of pipe culverts constructed in 9 locations during the last 9 years were evaluated in percentage. The investigation showed that various reasons caused failures of the studied culverts including volume of water flow, corrosion and scouring, floating trees and deformation in pipe culvert obtained from traffic load beside construction related reasons such as culverts assembly, poor construction, un-compacted backfilling and the backfilling soil type in addition to design related reasons such as improper design and pipe capacity. It could be concluded that the pipe culvert is the most economic water crossing structures for valleys of low water flow volume. Also pipe culverts are not suitable for wide shallow valleys.
{"title":"Investigating Pipe Culvert Failure in Baleela Oil Field in Sudan","authors":"Omer S. M. Hamza, Zain E. Eltybe, Omer M. Omer","doi":"10.53332/kuej.v10i1.935","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53332/kuej.v10i1.935","url":null,"abstract":"This paper thoroughly investigates failure cases of the constructed pipe culverts in Baleela oil field in west of Sudan. The paper provides technical recommendations and remedial measures. Common types of failures of pipe culverts and their appropriate measures were briefly discussed. The paper provides inspection based on extensive site survey and data record review to find out the main structural and hydrological causes of culverts failure. The site survey is conducted in the last two years while the data record review extended since 2011. The pipe culverts engaged in this study were 20 water streams each of them contain 3 to 8 pipe culverts. Failures of pipe culverts constructed in 9 locations during the last 9 years were evaluated in percentage. The investigation showed that various reasons caused failures of the studied culverts including volume of water flow, corrosion and scouring, floating trees and deformation in pipe culvert obtained from traffic load beside construction related reasons such as culverts assembly, poor construction, un-compacted backfilling and the backfilling soil type in addition to design related reasons such as improper design and pipe capacity. It could be concluded that the pipe culvert is the most economic water crossing structures for valleys of low water flow volume. Also pipe culverts are not suitable for wide shallow valleys.","PeriodicalId":23461,"journal":{"name":"University of Khartoum Engineering Journal","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73710727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Magdi M. E. Zumrawi, Ammar A. Ismail, Ammar, Ammar O. Mohamed, Elkisheef A. Ahmed, M. M. Hassan
Khartoum airport plays a vital role in air traffic and national economy. The airport has experienced poor performance and lack of services. Serious congestion, delay and cancellation problems in flights becoming a daily habits. The study aims to evaluate the existing airport facilities and services and their ability to meet future demand. The literature concerning airport capacity and performance related issues were reviewed. The research depend on documents information, site inspection, and interviews for evaluation. The historical data of travelers at the Airport were analysed to estimate the forecasted demand. The study has identified challenges facing the increasing travel demand in the airport. Facilities that are unable to accommodate the increase in travel demand were identified for improvement. Thus, the improvement has to be done by expansion of terminal building, extending apron area for more aircraft parking spaces, additional runway length, increasing taxiways width as well as optimizing the operational processes by introducing flexibility and using technology.
{"title":"Improving Performance of Khartoum International Airport, Sudan","authors":"Magdi M. E. Zumrawi, Ammar A. Ismail, Ammar, Ammar O. Mohamed, Elkisheef A. Ahmed, M. M. Hassan","doi":"10.53332/kuej.v10i1.933","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53332/kuej.v10i1.933","url":null,"abstract":"Khartoum airport plays a vital role in air traffic and national economy. The airport has experienced poor performance and lack of services. Serious congestion, delay and cancellation problems in flights becoming a daily habits. The study aims to evaluate the existing airport facilities and services and their ability to meet future demand. The literature concerning airport capacity and performance related issues were reviewed. The research depend on documents information, site inspection, and interviews for evaluation. The historical data of travelers at the Airport were analysed to estimate the forecasted demand. The study has identified challenges facing the increasing travel demand in the airport. Facilities that are unable to accommodate the increase in travel demand were identified for improvement. Thus, the improvement has to be done by expansion of terminal building, extending apron area for more aircraft parking spaces, additional runway length, increasing taxiways width as well as optimizing the operational processes by introducing flexibility and using technology.","PeriodicalId":23461,"journal":{"name":"University of Khartoum Engineering Journal","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82595932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Suhaila Abdalla Awad Abras, Hazeifa Adam Abd Alshafy
The technological advances in computer and communication devices have been an important factor in the appearance for the applications of visual communication. Image quality assessment is one of the pillars for these applications. It is a measure to assess the quality of images. There are many degradations in image quality that occur during the reproduction and transmission of the image. This paper aims to introduce a framework of No-Reference Image Quality Assessment. The framework provides a general estimation for three types of image distortions which are sharpness, blackness, and noisiness. Based on this framework, experiments have been conducted by the use of two datasets (LIVE database, CSIQ database). The results of the experiments have shown that we have introduced a more precise framework of No-Reference Image Quality Assessment.
{"title":"No-Reference Framework for Image Quality Assessment","authors":"Suhaila Abdalla Awad Abras, Hazeifa Adam Abd Alshafy","doi":"10.53332/kuej.v10i1.931","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53332/kuej.v10i1.931","url":null,"abstract":"The technological advances in computer and communication devices have been an important factor in the appearance for the applications of visual communication. Image quality assessment is one of the pillars for these applications. It is a measure to assess the quality of images. There are many degradations in image quality that occur during the reproduction and transmission of the image. This paper aims to introduce a framework of No-Reference Image Quality Assessment. The framework provides a general estimation for three types of image distortions which are sharpness, blackness, and noisiness. Based on this framework, experiments have been conducted by the use of two datasets (LIVE database, CSIQ database). The results of the experiments have shown that we have introduced a more precise framework of No-Reference Image Quality Assessment.","PeriodicalId":23461,"journal":{"name":"University of Khartoum Engineering Journal","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88686861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Elsadig Eshag Abdalla, Yousif Ali Yousif, Ibnaof Ali Ibnaof
This study is a laboratory based study comparing the efficiency of Alum with Moringa seeds as coagulants in order to treat the water samples from Blue Nile River in Blue Nile State. The samples turbidities were 8580 NTU, 3000 NTU and 29.4 NTU from different sites. Six different doses for each coagulant and for each sample were used in Jar test apparatus with six- paddle gang stirrer. The initial turbidity 8580 NTU was reduced by 99.5% when used 150 ppm Alum. Meanwhile, Moringacoagulant gave 99.8% removal when using 130 ppm. The pH was decreased from 7.9 to 7.36 corresponding to Alum dose with increasing in EC and TDS but was in acceptable levels. With Moringa the pH, EC and TDS were insignificantly changed. The taste and color in both coagulants were unsuitable while the odor was acceptable. In the sample 3000 NTU, the best activity at 100ppm Alum. Achieved 90% reduction in turbidity load and 99.4% reduction at 100 ppm Moringa. The pH in Alum. Also started to fall down from 7.61 to 6.8, in Moringa no significant change was occurred. The EC, TDS, odor and taste were not affected with used doses. The color still unsuitable for consumer in both coagulants. In sample 29.4 NTU the Alum coagulant enhanced theturbidity removal till to 95.4% when 50 ppm was used, while in 10 ppm Moringa, reduced the turbidity by 87.9%. The other characteristics color, odor and taste were acceptable at both coagulants with no significant change in EC and TDS
{"title":"Comparative Study between Aluminium Sulphate and Moringa Oleifera Seeds as Coagulants in Drinking water Treatment","authors":"Elsadig Eshag Abdalla, Yousif Ali Yousif, Ibnaof Ali Ibnaof","doi":"10.53332/kuej.v8i1.906","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53332/kuej.v8i1.906","url":null,"abstract":"This study is a laboratory based study comparing the efficiency of Alum with Moringa seeds as coagulants in order to treat the water samples from Blue Nile River in Blue Nile State. The samples turbidities were 8580 NTU, 3000 NTU and 29.4 NTU from different sites. Six different doses for each coagulant and for each sample were used in Jar test apparatus with six- paddle gang stirrer. The initial turbidity 8580 NTU was reduced by 99.5% when used 150 ppm Alum. Meanwhile, Moringacoagulant gave 99.8% removal when using 130 ppm. The pH was decreased from 7.9 to 7.36 corresponding to Alum dose with increasing in EC and TDS but was in acceptable levels. With Moringa the pH, EC and TDS were insignificantly changed. The taste and color in both coagulants were unsuitable while the odor was acceptable. In the sample 3000 NTU, the best activity at 100ppm Alum. Achieved 90% reduction in turbidity load and 99.4% reduction at 100 ppm Moringa. The pH in Alum. Also started to fall down from 7.61 to 6.8, in Moringa no significant change was occurred. The EC, TDS, odor and taste were not affected with used doses. The color still unsuitable for consumer in both coagulants. In sample 29.4 NTU the Alum coagulant enhanced theturbidity removal till to 95.4% when 50 ppm was used, while in 10 ppm Moringa, reduced the turbidity by 87.9%. The other characteristics color, odor and taste were acceptable at both coagulants with no significant change in EC and TDS","PeriodicalId":23461,"journal":{"name":"University of Khartoum Engineering Journal","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84544351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Many developments are taking place in the network to meet the 5G (Fifth generation) cellular network requirements; one of the very important research areas is the physical layer architecture and techniques. Studies related to the spectrum efficiency maximization indicate that the 5G air interface technology will also need to be flexible and capable of mapping various services to the best suitable combinations of frequency and radio resources.This paper investigates the physical layer waveform approaches as part of enhanced mobile broadband use case in 5G, and finds the Cyclic-Prefix Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (CP-OFDM) as a suitable approach by comparing performance parameters where the filtering and windowing can result in degradation of the quality of the signal which is measured via Error Vector Magnitude(EVM). It also attempts to enhance the down link performance between the base station and user equipment by using power amplifier clipping technique, while modelling the downlink channel by implementing channel coding, synchronization signal burst generation, different subcarrier spacing and frame numerologies for different propagation channel and different waveform approaches.
{"title":"Physical Layer Famous Waveform Approaches for Fifth Generation Cellular Network","authors":"Alzahra Hassanet, Mohamed Ali Abbas","doi":"10.53332/kuej.v10i1.915","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53332/kuej.v10i1.915","url":null,"abstract":"Many developments are taking place in the network to meet the 5G (Fifth generation) cellular network requirements; one of the very important research areas is the physical layer architecture and techniques. Studies related to the spectrum efficiency maximization indicate that the 5G air interface technology will also need to be flexible and capable of mapping various services to the best suitable combinations of frequency and radio resources.This paper investigates the physical layer waveform approaches as part of enhanced mobile broadband use case in 5G, and finds the Cyclic-Prefix Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (CP-OFDM) as a suitable approach by comparing performance parameters where the filtering and windowing can result in degradation of the quality of the signal which is measured via Error Vector Magnitude(EVM). It also attempts to enhance the down link performance between the base station and user equipment by using power amplifier clipping technique, while modelling the downlink channel by implementing channel coding, synchronization signal burst generation, different subcarrier spacing and frame numerologies for different propagation channel and different waveform approaches.","PeriodicalId":23461,"journal":{"name":"University of Khartoum Engineering Journal","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79677357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mohamed Mosadag Albadawi, Hozeifa Adam Abd Alshafy
Recognition of Arabic handwriting has attracted the interest of researchers for many years. Until now it has been a challenging research area due to many issues. The feature extraction is an essential stage in the recognition systems of handwriting. The main idea behind this paper is to study EDMs (Edge Direction Matrixes) as a feature extraction technique for Online Arabic Handwriting Recognition. In this study, SUSTOLAH datasets will be used, in which datasets of online Arabic handwriting are presented in Sudan University of Science and Technology. In this paper, satisfactory results have been achieved, where the value of the correlation/regress coefficient for the differences between the variant handwritten characters is found to be -0.01322.
{"title":"Extended Feature Extraction Technique (Edge Direction Matrixes) For Online Arabic Handwriting Recognition","authors":"Mohamed Mosadag Albadawi, Hozeifa Adam Abd Alshafy","doi":"10.53332/kuej.v8i1.908","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53332/kuej.v8i1.908","url":null,"abstract":"Recognition of Arabic handwriting has attracted the interest of researchers for many years. Until now it has been a challenging research area due to many issues. The feature extraction is an essential stage in the recognition systems of handwriting. The main idea behind this paper is to study EDMs (Edge Direction Matrixes) as a feature extraction technique for Online Arabic Handwriting Recognition. In this study, SUSTOLAH datasets will be used, in which datasets of online Arabic handwriting are presented in Sudan University of Science and Technology. In this paper, satisfactory results have been achieved, where the value of the correlation/regress coefficient for the differences between the variant handwritten characters is found to be -0.01322.","PeriodicalId":23461,"journal":{"name":"University of Khartoum Engineering Journal","volume":"79 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76928669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper shows the difference in video quality between two compressed videos using H.264 AVC (Advanced Video Coding) and H.265 HEVC (High Efficiency Video Coding) encoders. To evaluate video completely it should be prepared video files that have a variety of bit rates and content. There are many video quality assessment methods. We can divide the min to subjective and objective methods. Subjective are conducted by a human perception and objective are conducted by a computer software which is calculating the video quality. All of these methods have theirs advantages and disadvantages. To generate compressed videos from the original video FFmpeg (Fast Forward-moving picture experts group) converter has been used. MSU-VQMT (Moscow State University’s Video Quality Measure- mentTool) was used to perform comparative objective analysis of video quality. Delta, MSE (mean square Error), MSAD (Mean Sum of Absolute Difference), PSNR (Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio), and SSIM (Structural Similarity Index Measure) metrics were measured. The result from FFmpeg shows that the size of the compressed video using the H.265 codec has been decreased by 50% compared to the compressed video using the H.264 codec. The comparison of metrics shows that delta, MSAD, PSNR, and SSIM values of H.265 encoded video was decreased, while Delta and MSE value was increased compared to H.264 encoded Video. That’s mean the overall video quality was decreased but the video size was enhanced.
本文展示了使用H.264 AVC (Advanced video Coding)和H.265 HEVC (High Efficiency video Coding)编码器压缩视频的视频质量差异。为了完整地评估视频，应该准备具有各种比特率和内容的视频文件。视频质量评估方法有很多。我们可以将其分为主观方法和客观方法。主观是由人的感知进行的，客观是由计算视频质量的计算机软件进行的。所有这些方法都有其优点和缺点。为了从原始视频中生成压缩视频，使用了FFmpeg (Fast Forward-moving picture expert group)转换器。使用MSU-VQMT(莫斯科国立大学视频质量测量工具)对视频质量进行比较客观分析。测量Delta、均方误差(MSE)、绝对差均值和(MSAD)、峰值信噪比(PSNR)和结构相似性指数(SSIM)指标。FFmpeg的结果表明，与使用H.264编解码器的压缩视频相比，使用H.265编解码器的压缩视频的大小减少了50%。指标比较表明，与H.264编码视频相比，H.265编码视频的delta值、MSAD值、PSNR值和SSIM值降低，而delta值和MSE值增加。这意味着整体视频质量下降，但视频大小增强。
{"title":"Comparative Objective Analysis of video quality Between H.265/HEVC and H.264/AVC","authors":"Jaafar A. A. Alnoor, Amin B. A. N. Mustafa","doi":"10.53332/kuej.v10i1.914","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53332/kuej.v10i1.914","url":null,"abstract":"This paper shows the difference in video quality between two compressed videos using H.264 AVC (Advanced Video Coding) and H.265 HEVC (High Efficiency Video Coding) encoders. To evaluate video completely it should be prepared video files that have a variety of bit rates and content. There are many video quality assessment methods. We can divide the min to subjective and objective methods. Subjective are conducted by a human perception and objective are conducted by a computer software which is calculating the video quality. All of these methods have theirs advantages and disadvantages. To generate compressed videos from the original video FFmpeg (Fast Forward-moving picture experts group) converter has been used. MSU-VQMT (Moscow State University’s Video Quality Measure- mentTool) was used to perform comparative objective analysis of video quality. Delta, MSE (mean square Error), MSAD (Mean Sum of Absolute Difference), PSNR (Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio), and SSIM (Structural Similarity Index Measure) metrics were measured. The result from FFmpeg shows that the size of the compressed video using the H.265 codec has been decreased by 50% compared to the compressed video using the H.264 codec. The comparison of metrics shows that delta, MSAD, PSNR, and SSIM values of H.265 encoded video was decreased, while Delta and MSE value was increased compared to H.264 encoded Video. That’s mean the overall video quality was decreased but the video size was enhanced.","PeriodicalId":23461,"journal":{"name":"University of Khartoum Engineering Journal","volume":"198 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79990504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Symmetric encryption algorithms are widely used in the field of information security due to the rapid increasing need to pass information via computer networks and communication technology. All symmetric algorithms are commonly used the same key for encryption and decryption. Triple-Data Encryption algorithm TDEA is a type of symmetric encryption methods. The proposed algorithm consists of triple-keys used through three stages of single round DES design. The proposed implementation in this paper is optimized in terms of chip area and performance speed. The results are concluded in terms of chip area performance and performance per area. The comparison results with similar encryption algorithms are satisfying and very competitive.
{"title":"A Compact Cryptosystem Design of Triple-DES","authors":"Murtada Mohamed Abdelwahab","doi":"10.53332/kuej.v8i1.907","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53332/kuej.v8i1.907","url":null,"abstract":"Symmetric encryption algorithms are widely used in the field of information security due to the rapid increasing need to pass information via computer networks and communication technology. All symmetric algorithms are commonly used the same key for encryption and decryption. Triple-Data Encryption algorithm TDEA is a type of symmetric encryption methods. The proposed algorithm consists of triple-keys used through three stages of single round DES design. The proposed implementation in this paper is optimized in terms of chip area and performance speed. The results are concluded in terms of chip area performance and performance per area. The comparison results with similar encryption algorithms are satisfying and very competitive.","PeriodicalId":23461,"journal":{"name":"University of Khartoum Engineering Journal","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73195706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bouran A. H. Mohammed, El-Sadig M.A Sharfi, Mansour A. I. Mordos
The main objective of this paper is to address long term morphological changes for Merowe Dam Reservoir located in Sudan using River Analysis System Software (HEC-RAS 5.0.3) , The trend of three different sediment transport equations (Laursen/Copeland, Yang and Ackre/White) had been represented in terms of the volumetric bed changes. The results obtained by the model had been calibrated and validated, furthermore, Sensitivity analysis was conducted. For the model, Two different boundary conditions had been used, one is the Sediment rating curve and the other is equilibrium load. Using the predictive model concept, three bed changes scenarios were simulated, assuming repeated flows, assuming wet and dry flows, Model limitations were considered and further recommendations were highlighted.
{"title":"Simulation of River Bed Changes Upstream Merowe Dam","authors":"Bouran A. H. Mohammed, El-Sadig M.A Sharfi, Mansour A. I. Mordos","doi":"10.53332/kuej.v8i1.909","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53332/kuej.v8i1.909","url":null,"abstract":"The main objective of this paper is to address long term morphological changes for Merowe Dam Reservoir located in Sudan using River Analysis System Software (HEC-RAS 5.0.3) , The trend of three different sediment transport equations (Laursen/Copeland, Yang and Ackre/White) had been represented in terms of the volumetric bed changes. The results obtained by the model had been calibrated and validated, furthermore, Sensitivity analysis was conducted. For the model, Two different boundary conditions had been used, one is the Sediment rating curve and the other is equilibrium load. Using the predictive model concept, three bed changes scenarios were simulated, assuming repeated flows, assuming wet and dry flows, Model limitations were considered and further recommendations were highlighted.","PeriodicalId":23461,"journal":{"name":"University of Khartoum Engineering Journal","volume":"91 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74823528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mudathir A. Mohammed, Rashad A. Khalil, Awadelgeed M. Awadelgeed, Gamal H. Seedahmed
The use of the Global Positioning System (GPS) as a fast and efficient alternative in the geodetic network measurements has become a common practice worldwide. The advantages of using the GPS technique compared to the traditional surveying methods are based on accuracy, time and cost. In this study, the static-mode of GPS measurement technique has been utilized to establish a precise geodetic network in Khartoum State. The network was referenced to a single control station that is related to the International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF 2005). A number of six points have been constructed and observed around Khartoum State. In particular, seven observation sessions were conducted that gave an over determined system. The least-squares method was used in the adjustment of the GPS network. Two methods were utilized for the adjustment, namely, the parametric and the condition equation methods. The most probable values of the coordinates of the newly-established points were computed from both methods and they were found to be identical. The average standard deviation of the X, Y, and Z coordinates are ±1.36 cm, ±1.12 cm, & ±0.69 cm respectively.
{"title":"On the Establishment of a Precise GPS Network in Khartoum State","authors":"Mudathir A. Mohammed, Rashad A. Khalil, Awadelgeed M. Awadelgeed, Gamal H. Seedahmed","doi":"10.53332/kuej.v10i1.911","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53332/kuej.v10i1.911","url":null,"abstract":"The use of the Global Positioning System (GPS) as a fast and efficient alternative in the geodetic network measurements has become a common practice worldwide. The advantages of using the GPS technique compared to the traditional surveying methods are based on accuracy, time and cost. In this study, the static-mode of GPS measurement technique has been utilized to establish a precise geodetic network in Khartoum State. The network was referenced to a single control station that is related to the International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF 2005). A number of six points have been constructed and observed around Khartoum State. In particular, seven observation sessions were conducted that gave an over determined system. The least-squares method was used in the adjustment of the GPS network. Two methods were utilized for the adjustment, namely, the parametric and the condition equation methods. The most probable values of the coordinates of the newly-established points were computed from both methods and they were found to be identical. The average standard deviation of the X, Y, and Z coordinates are ±1.36 cm, ±1.12 cm, & ±0.69 cm respectively.","PeriodicalId":23461,"journal":{"name":"University of Khartoum Engineering Journal","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73689014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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