Virus research最新文献

{"title":"COVID-19 mRNA vaccine immune response to the addition of osteopathic manipulative treatment with lymphatic pumps: a randomized controlled trial","authors":"Eric S. Martinez ,&nbsp;Sebastien Fuchs ,&nbsp;Hendrik Szurmant ,&nbsp;Xunxuan Chen ,&nbsp;Andrew Comer ,&nbsp;Edward Lee ,&nbsp;Raymond Hruby ,&nbsp;Rebecca Giusti ,&nbsp;Brian Loveless ,&nbsp;Julieanne P. Sees ,&nbsp;Paula Crone ,&nbsp;Laura J. Peek ,&nbsp;Gary Pestano ,&nbsp;Bin Xie ,&nbsp;Joseph Zammuto ,&nbsp;Sir Robert Hostoffer Jr. ,&nbsp;Jesus Sanchez Jr.","doi":"10.1016/j.virusres.2025.199607","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virusres.2025.199607","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) has demonstrated immune augmentation in preclinical studies, but direct evidence in humans is lacking. We conducted a randomized controlled trial on the addition of OMT in subjects receiving their first Pfizer-BioNTech (BNT162b2) COVID-19 vaccination in 2021. Subjects were randomized to either receive OMT at each vaccination or not. We measured anti-spike protein, anti-nucleocapsid, and neutralizing antibodies. Primary endpoints were time-resolved and cumulative anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike protein antibody titers. Secondary endpoints were breakthrough infection symptom frequency, severity, and duration. 104 subjects were randomly assigned to control or OMT group, with 91 subjects completing the primary vaccination series. Initial antibody titers separated subjects into 51 COVID-19-naïve and 40 COVID-19-pre-exposed. COVID19-naïve subjects were selected for analysis based on data homogeneity. In this cohort, the OMT group showed significantly increased anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike protein antibody titers at 3 weeks vs controls (<em>p</em> = 0.038). Cumulative titers in this cohort, were significantly increased in the OMT group at 5 weeks (<em>p</em> = 0.046) and at 13 weeks (<em>p</em> = 0.009) compared to controls. An intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis of all subjects revealed significant differences in titers between the OMT group and controls at 3 weeks (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.001) and at 13 weeks for AUC titers (<em>p</em> = 0.035) as compared to controls. The COVID-19- pre-exposed group showed no significant differences. Both groups had 10 breakthrough infections, but the OMT group experienced fewer and less severe symptoms, with symptom duration reduced from 8 days in controls to 4.5 days in the OMT group (<em>p</em> = 0.013). Medication duration was shorter in the OMT group, 1.5 days vs 5 days (<em>p</em> = 0.014). OMT-treated subjects developed quicker and stronger vaccine-induced antibody titers and had significantly shorter and less severe breakthrough symptoms, suggesting OMT may enhance immune responses to COVID19 vaccination.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23483,"journal":{"name":"Virus research","volume":"359 ","pages":"Article 199607"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144650692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “Transmissible gastroenteritis virus and porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus infection induces dramatic changes in the tight junctions and microfilaments of polarized IPEC-J2 cells” [Virus Research 192 (2014) 34-45]","authors":"Shanshan Zhao,&nbsp;Junkai Gao,&nbsp;Liqi Zhu,&nbsp;Qian Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.virusres.2025.199603","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virusres.2025.199603","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23483,"journal":{"name":"Virus research","volume":"358 ","pages":"Article 199603"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144609713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mosquito-borne alphaviruses in Zambia: Isolation and characterization of Eilat and Sindbis viruses","authors":"Chadwic De’Sean Mears ,&nbsp;Koshiro Tabata ,&nbsp;Takuma Ariizumi ,&nbsp;Bernard M. Hang'ombe ,&nbsp;Yongjin Qiu ,&nbsp;Hayato Harima ,&nbsp;Masahiro Kajihara ,&nbsp;William W. Hall ,&nbsp;Michihito Sasaki ,&nbsp;Hirofumi Sawa ,&nbsp;Yasuko Orba","doi":"10.1016/j.virusres.2025.199604","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virusres.2025.199604","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Alphaviruses in the family <em>Togaviridae</em> include zoonotic arthropod-borne viruses, including Sindbis virus (SINV), chikungunya virus, as well as insect-specific viruses such as Eilat virus (EILV). Previous investigations of alphaviruses in Zambia have identified a novel insect-specific alphavirus, Mwinilunga alphavirus in mosquitoes. Further ongoing surveillance resulted in the isolation of EILV and SINV for the first time in Zambia. Here, these alphaviruses were characterized in terms of growth kinetics in cells, and molecular phylogenetic relatedness to other alphaviruses. Zambian EILV (strain zmq19_M44) exhibited a close phylogenetic relationship with other insect-specific alphaviruses and shared a close nucleotide identity to those of EILV isolate (90.4 %) and Mwinilunga alphavirus (75.5 %). EILV zmq19_M44 attained a saturating titer in C6/36 cells at 6–8-days post infection but was unable to replicate in mammalian cells. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the Zambian SINV (strain zmq17_M115) belongs in Clade D of SINV Genotype 1 along with the Kenyan isolate BONI 584 from Central Africa. The growth of the SINV zmq17_M115 was comparable to that of the prototype SINV strain AR339 in mammalian cells but was statistically different in insect cells. Our findings will contribute to public health measures for the control of alphaviral diseases in Zambia.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23483,"journal":{"name":"Virus research","volume":"358 ","pages":"Article 199604"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144596283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A 15-year study of neuraminidase mutations and the increasing of S247N mutation in Spain","authors":"Iván Sanz-Muñoz ,&nbsp;Alejandro Martín-Toribio ,&nbsp;Adrián García-Concejo ,&nbsp;Irene Arroyo-Hernantes ,&nbsp;Marina Toquero-Asensio ,&nbsp;Javier Sánchez-Martínez ,&nbsp;Carla Rodríguez-Crespo ,&nbsp;Silvia Rojo-Rello ,&nbsp;Marta Domínguez-Gil ,&nbsp;Eduardo Tamayo-Gómez ,&nbsp;Marta Hernández-Pérez ,&nbsp;José M Eiros","doi":"10.1016/j.virusres.2025.199599","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virusres.2025.199599","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The therapeutic arsenal against influenza is extremely limited and resistance often arises due to the emergence of mutations, especially in the neuraminidase (NA) gene. This study aimed to evaluate the evolution of NA mutations over 15 years in Spain. To do so, we used the GISAID database from which we downloaded a total of 11,125 influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, A(H3N2), B/Victoria and B/Yamagata NA virus sequences, and analyzed the resistance mutations using FluSurver software. Our results showed that the occurrence of NA resistance mutations remained constant in the four viruses during the 15 seasons evaluated, being around 0.5–5 %. Most of the resistance was found in the A(H1N1)pdm09 subtype (around 70 %), especially from the 2023–2024 season onwards, when a significant increase in the occurrence of S247N mutation was observed. The occurrence of this type of mutation before 2022 was rare, but in the 2023–2024 season a total of 44 influenza viruses harboring S247N mutations were detected, while in the other years, only two cases were observed. Some studies have described a significant increase in this mutation over the past two seasons and although it appears to confer only slightly reduced inhibition to oseltamivir, its increase is noteworthy and should be a reason for increased their vigilance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23483,"journal":{"name":"Virus research","volume":"358 ","pages":"Article 199599"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144529695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A systematic review of T cell epitopes defined from the proteome of human immunodeficiency virus","authors":"Yan Ding ,&nbsp;Ling Huang ,&nbsp;Yandan Wu ,&nbsp;Jialai Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.virusres.2025.199602","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virusres.2025.199602","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) persists as a formidable and far - reaching threat without a cure. T cells are crucial for antiviral immunity and pathology in HIV patients, with specific T cell epitopes potentially key to effective therapies and HIV cure methods.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Identifying sufficient T-cell epitopes within the HIV proteome holds great significance. It can not only substantially accelerate the development of T-cell epitope-based vaccines but also enable a highly precise evaluation of the host's HIV-specific cellular immunity. This research provides an overview of functionally verified T-cell epitopes derived from HIV antigens, the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles, as well as the screening and identification strategies.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Totally, 239 and 82 epitopes have been verified for CD8⁺ T-cell and CD4⁺ T-cell respectively by functional experiments. The majority are presented by various HLA supertypes, such as HLA-B35, B5301, A6802 or A0201, and DRB1 molecules. Furthermore, 74 % of the epitopes for CD8⁺T-cell belong to Gag, Pol, as well as Nef Protein while 68 % of the CD4⁺ T-cell epitopes originate from Gag protein. Antigenic peptides of HIV-1 subtypes A/B/C/D/CRF01_AE account for 11.43 %, 58.26 %, 21.69 %, 4.96 %, and 3.65 %, respectively.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The 321 T-cell epitope repertoires of HIV encompass the HLA polymorphisms of the main populations and subtypes in a particular geographical area. These epitope catalogs provide strong support for researching therapeutic vaccines, specific T-cell detection, and the interaction mechanism between HIV and the immune system. However, the limitations of the identified T-cell epitope library, the polymorphism of HLA molecules, and the high mutation rate of HIV require more research to cover the entire HIV proteome and the comprehensive landscape of T-cell epitopes in global patients.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23483,"journal":{"name":"Virus research","volume":"358 ","pages":"Article 199602"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144489404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Accelerating vaccine development: Plug-and-play platforms for emerging infectious diseases","authors":"Kairui Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.virusres.2025.199601","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virusres.2025.199601","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Emerging pathogens underscore an urgent need for rapidly developed vaccines to minimize mortality and societal disruption. Traditional vaccine development requires time spans of years, making it ill-suited to fast evolving viruses that can overwhelm healthcare systems and economies. In response, plug-and-play vaccine platforms offer a more agile solution. By reusing proven backbones, they reduce the repetitive safety and production steps otherwise required for each new pathogen, thus accelerating both regulatory approval and large-scale manufacturing. In parallel, artificial intelligence and computational tools enable faster antigen and epitope identification, more accurate immune response modeling, and improved vaccine design. These innovations have already shortened timelines and enhanced efficacy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23483,"journal":{"name":"Virus research","volume":"358 ","pages":"Article 199601"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144476896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolutionary characterization and pathogenicity of a porcine G9P[23] rotavirus with gene segments linked to canine and giant panda strains","authors":"Xi Li ,&nbsp;Jingjing Wang ,&nbsp;Yuankui Zhang ,&nbsp;Yarong Zhao ,&nbsp;Wenjun Liu ,&nbsp;Yanli Shi","doi":"10.1016/j.virusres.2025.199600","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virusres.2025.199600","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Porcine rotavirus A (RVA) has emerged as an increasingly consequential zoonotic pathogen, causing severe intestinal disorders across diverse mammalian species, including humans. During of an outbreak that struck nursing piglets with diarrhea, a porcine G9P[23] rotavirus, named as RVA/Pig-wt/China/ZJ03/2022/G9P[23] (hereafter referred to as ZJ03), was identified. To further elucidate the evolutionary diversity of ZJ03, a comprehensive analysis of all genome segments was conducted. The genome constellation was identified as G9-P[23]-I5-R1-C1-M1-A8-N1-T1-E1-H1. Nucleotide sequence identity and phylogenetic analyses indicated that the VP3 and NSP1 genes of ZJ03 are most closely related to the corresponding genes of the giant panda strain and the dog strain, respectively, showing the highest homology at 95.73 % identity and 94.64 %. The remaining genes demonstrated the most intimate relationship with porcine strains. Their highest homology levels ranged from 95.98 % to 99.49 % similarity. Therefore, evidence suggests interspecies transmission and genetic reassortment events between porcine, canine, and giant panda rotavirus strains. To evaluate the pathogenicity of ZJ03 strain, we experimentally infected 3-day-old piglets oral inoculation with the PoRV ZJ03 strain at a dose of 2 × 10^5.5 TCID₅₀/ml per piglet. The infection resulted in severe diarrhea in all piglets, which occurred at 48 h post-infection (hpi), accompanied by sustained viral shedding and characteristic small intestinal villous atrophy, indicating significant damage to the intestinal epithelium. In vitro, ZJ03 exhibited efficient replication kinetics in MA104 cells, reaching peak titers of 10^9.25 TCID₅₀/mL at 36 h post-infection. This study reports the first documented case of a novel porcine G9P[23] rotavirus with gene segments linked to canine and giant panda strains in mainland China, characterized by high viral titer and virulence. The findings highlight the emergence of a previously unrecorded RVA strain with significant virological and ecological implications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23483,"journal":{"name":"Virus research","volume":"358 ","pages":"Article 199600"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144318045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of antigenically dominant regions in the hemagglutinin protein of B/victoria-lineage influenza B virus using monoclonal antibody escape mutants","authors":"Yoko Matsuzaki ,&nbsp;Kanetsu Sugawara ,&nbsp;Yoko Kadowaki ,&nbsp;Yuko Kidoguchi ,&nbsp;Yoshitaka Shimotai ,&nbsp;Katsumi Mizuta","doi":"10.1016/j.virusres.2025.199598","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virusres.2025.199598","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As of 2024, B/Victoria-lineage strains have emerged as the predominant influenza B viruses globally. To elucidate the antigenic regions responsible for variation within this lineage, three monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) targeting the hemagglutinin (HA) protein were employed to generate escape mutants of the B/Victoria strain B/Aichi/20/99, which was isolated approximately 10 years after the B/Victoria and B/Yamagata lineages began cocirculating. A total of 45 escape mutants were obtained. Sequencing of their HA genes identified six amino acid substitutions at four sites within two key antigenic regions—the 160-loop and 190-helix—specifically, N165Y, N165S, K167R, and an asparagine insertion between residues 164 and 165 in the 160-loop; and K203R and K203N in the 190-helix (numbering is based on the B/Brisbane/60/2008 HA sequence). Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays revealed that two MAbs affected binding of both mutants with mutations in the 160-loop and those with a mutation at residue 203. Mutations in the 160-loop did not affect reactivity with antiserum against the parental B/Aichi/20/99 strain, whereas K203N substitution reduced antiserum reactivity, indicating the antigenic importance of this residue. Further HI analyses using eight B/Victoria lineage strains isolated between 1997 and 2021 showed that all three MAbs lost reactivity with strains isolated after 2016, while the antiserum demonstrated reduced reactivity. Notably, the current vaccine strain, B/Austria/1359417/2021, which harbors substitutions at positions 150 and 203, also exhibited diminished reactivity. These findings suggest that both the 150-loop and 190-helix constitute antigenically dominant sites that contribute to immune escape and the emergence of drift variants within the B/Victoria-lineage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23483,"journal":{"name":"Virus research","volume":"358 ","pages":"Article 199598"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144310501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The association between influenza infection and acute myocardial infarction: A comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"Xia Zhou ,&nbsp;Li Feng","doi":"10.1016/j.virusres.2025.199594","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virusres.2025.199594","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Influenza infection could be associated with several systemic complications, including acute myocardial infarction (AMI); however, evidence on this association remains inconsistent. This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the influenza-AMI link, temporal AMI risk post-infection, and in-hospital outcomes and mortality in influenza-infected AMI patients. We conducted a systematic search of PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Web of Science. Observational studies and self-controlled case series (SCCS) designs, were included. Data were extracted and analyzed using random-effects models to calculate pooled odds ratios (ORs), incidence rate ratios (IRRs), and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs). Subgroup analyses were performed based on exposure definitions (laboratory-confirmed influenza vs. influenza-like illness [ILI]), study design, and temporal patterns of AMI risk. In-hospital outcomes, including mortality, complications, length of stay, and costs, were also evaluated. The meta-analysis included 17 studies. A significant association was found, with a pooled adjusted OR of 2.70 (95 % CI: 1.28–5.72). ILI showed a stronger association with AMI (aOR: 2.04; 95 % CI: 1.33–3.14) compared to laboratory-confirmed influenza. Temporal analyses from SCCS studies revealed a markedly increased risk of AMI within the first week post-infection, peaking in days 1–3 (IRR: 6.83; 95 % CI: 4.66–10.01) and gradually declining thereafter. Influenza-infected AMI patients had significantly worse in-hospital outcomes, including higher mortality (OR: 1.60; 95 % CI: 1.55–1.66), and multiorgan failure (OR: 2.90; 95 % CI: 2.79–3.01). Additionally, these patients experienced longer median hospital stays (8.8 days vs. 5.5 days) and higher hospitalization costs ($20,678 vs. $18,269) compared to non-influenza AMI patients. This study confirms a strong link between influenza and AMI, especially early post-infection. Influenza-infected AMI patients experience worse outcomes, longer hospital stays, and higher costs. These findings highlight the importance of influenza prevention strategies, including vaccination, particularly in high-risk groups, to reduce AMI risk and its cardiovascular burden.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23483,"journal":{"name":"Virus research","volume":"358 ","pages":"Article 199594"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144276030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Validation of signature molecular profiles of advanced HCV liver disease in hepatocellular carcinoma patients","authors":"In-Woo Park,&nbsp;Hope K. Fiadjoe,&nbsp;Tamara Hoteit,&nbsp;Pankaj Chaudhary","doi":"10.1016/j.virusres.2025.199593","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virusres.2025.199593","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Our previous transcriptome analysis revealed that hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in hepatocytes regulates the expression of numerous hepatocellular genes in a liver disease stage-specific manner. Based on the fold changes at different stages and the known relevant function of the cellular genes with respect to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and through comprehensive examination with various in silico assays, such as heatmap and volcano analysis for the differential expression, the Cancer Genome Atlas - Hepatocellular Carcinoma (TCGA-HCC) analysis, and molecular approaches, such as qRT-PCR, immunoblot analyses, we have chosen the two up-regulated genes - aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B10 (AKR1B10) and hexokinase domain containing 1 (HKDC1), and two down-regulated genes - glycine N-methyltransferase (GNMT) and C-type lectin domain family 4, member M (CLEC4M), and validated their differential expressions of the genes at disparate stages of liver disease with respect to the development of potential therapeutic targets against HCV-mediated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). These data suggested that the differentially expressed genes at various stages could serve as prognostic and diagnostic markers for liver disease progression and may also be utilized in developing therapeutic drugs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23483,"journal":{"name":"Virus research","volume":"357 ","pages":"Article 199593"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144258958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}