Pub Date : 2025-11-15DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2025.106494
Susana Mendoza Elvira , Jorge Tórtora Pérez , María Elena Trujillo Ortega , Sofía González Gallardo , Jesús Horacio Lara Puente , David Quintanar Guerrero , Maykel González Torres , Abel Ciprián Carrasco
Porcine pleuropneumonia (PP), caused by Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, is a highly impactful respiratory disease in swine production. This study evaluated the efficacy and pathological outcomes of a polyvalent bacterin vaccine in both noninfected (ANI) and previously infected (AI) pigs. Eighty pigs were divided into four groups (n = 20): A, vaccinated ANI; B, nonvaccinated ANI; C, vaccinated AI; and D, nonvaccinated AI. Vaccinated animals received two doses over two weeks. All the groups were challenged via aerosols containing a combination of A. pleuropneumoniae serotypes. Each group was further divided into four subgroups (n = 5) exposed to different serotype combinations. Mortality occurred rapidly postchallenge: 10 % within 12–24 h, 22.5 % by 36 h, and 45 % by 60 h. Necropsy revealed extensive necrotic-hemorrhagic pulmonary lesions, affecting up to 77.5 % of the lung surface during early death, which was consistent with septic shock. Lesion severity varied by group: group A (10.1 %), C (11.5 %), D (13.5 %), and B (18.8 %). These results suggest that severe pulmonary vascular injury and a generalized septic response contribute to per-acute mortality in vaccinated and nonvaccinated pigs. These findings underscore the complex interplay between infection status, vaccination, and systemic inflammatory responses in PP pathogenesis. Early deaths in vaccinated, previously infected pigs were consistent with septic shock driven by endotoxin and RTX (Apx) toxin–mediated pulmonary vascular injury under overwhelming aerosol challenge; vaccination did not induce this phenomenon. These findings support screening for subclinical infection and pairing vaccination with strengthened biosecurity when herd status is uncertain.
{"title":"Septic shock in pigs infected, vaccinated and challenged with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae: A clinicopathological study","authors":"Susana Mendoza Elvira , Jorge Tórtora Pérez , María Elena Trujillo Ortega , Sofía González Gallardo , Jesús Horacio Lara Puente , David Quintanar Guerrero , Maykel González Torres , Abel Ciprián Carrasco","doi":"10.1016/j.tvjl.2025.106494","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tvjl.2025.106494","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Porcine pleuropneumonia (PP), caused by <em>Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae</em>, is a highly impactful respiratory disease in swine production. This study evaluated the efficacy and pathological outcomes of a polyvalent bacterin vaccine in both noninfected (ANI) and previously infected (AI) pigs. Eighty pigs were divided into four groups (n = 20): A, vaccinated ANI; B, nonvaccinated ANI; C, vaccinated AI; and D, nonvaccinated AI. Vaccinated animals received two doses over two weeks. All the groups were challenged via aerosols containing a combination of <em>A. pleuropneumoniae</em> serotypes. Each group was further divided into four subgroups (n = 5) exposed to different serotype combinations. Mortality occurred rapidly postchallenge: 10 % within 12–24 h, 22.5 % by 36 h, and 45 % by 60 h. Necropsy revealed extensive necrotic-hemorrhagic pulmonary lesions, affecting up to 77.5 % of the lung surface during early death, which was consistent with septic shock. Lesion severity varied by group: group A (10.1 %), C (11.5 %), D (13.5 %), and B (18.8 %). These results suggest that severe pulmonary vascular injury and a generalized septic response contribute to per-acute mortality in vaccinated and nonvaccinated pigs. These findings underscore the complex interplay between infection status, vaccination, and systemic inflammatory responses in PP pathogenesis. Early deaths in vaccinated, previously infected pigs were consistent with septic shock driven by endotoxin and RTX (Apx) toxin–mediated pulmonary vascular injury under overwhelming aerosol challenge; vaccination did not induce this phenomenon. These findings support screening for subclinical infection and pairing vaccination with strengthened biosecurity when herd status is uncertain.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23505,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary journal","volume":"314 ","pages":"Article 106494"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145542587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-14DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2025.106492
R. Baumgardner , A. Vientos-Plotts , I. Masseau , C. Reinero
In dogs, lung disease presenting with a radiographic unstructured interstitial pattern (UnIP) poses a diagnostic challenge due to heterogenous clinical signs, non-specific differentials, and need for tissue sampling to confirm the pathologic process. The terminology describing patterns on thoracic radiography (TR) can be misleading in assuming an interstitial pattern implies disease of the pulmonary interstitium. Thoracic computed tomography (CT) is more likely to predict anatomic localization on a subgross level with robust evidence for CT patterns/subpatterns having corresponding histologic correlates in people. The study objective was to show that dogs with a UnIP on TR (1) have multiple CT patterns and subpatterns reflecting pathology beyond the interstitium and that (2) CT supports final definitive diagnoses encompassing more disorders than a UnIP on TR would imply. Thirty-six dogs with respiratory clinical signs, a sole UnIP on TR, thoracic CT, and additional tests to determine final diagnosis were retrospectively enrolled. Thoracic CT scans were assessed for presence or absence of four major CT patterns and 14 subpatterns. Final diagnoses were obtained by comprehensive evaluation of clinicopathologic abnormalities. Thoracic CT identified disease beyond the interstitium in all patients with a UnIP including large airway, small airway, and mixed airway/parenchyma disease. Mean (range) number of final diagnoses was 5 (1−13) with 33/36 (92 %) dogs having > 1 final diagnosis. Dynamic segmental/subsegmental airway collapse (i.e., bronchomalacia; 21/36, 58 %) was missed on TR. Despite the classic paradigm for radiographic UnIP corresponding to interstitial disease, CT provides more comprehensive anatomic correlates, expanding the differential list for respiratory disease.
{"title":"The thoracic radiographic unstructured interstitial pattern underestimates and may fail to identify canine respiratory disease compared to computed tomography","authors":"R. Baumgardner , A. Vientos-Plotts , I. Masseau , C. Reinero","doi":"10.1016/j.tvjl.2025.106492","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tvjl.2025.106492","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In dogs, lung disease presenting with a radiographic unstructured interstitial pattern (UnIP) poses a diagnostic challenge due to heterogenous clinical signs, non-specific differentials, and need for tissue sampling to confirm the pathologic process. The terminology describing patterns on thoracic radiography (TR) can be misleading in assuming an interstitial pattern implies disease of the pulmonary interstitium. Thoracic computed tomography (CT) is more likely to predict anatomic localization on a subgross level with robust evidence for CT patterns/subpatterns having corresponding histologic correlates in people. The study objective was to show that dogs with a UnIP on TR (1) have multiple CT patterns and subpatterns reflecting pathology beyond the interstitium and that (2) CT supports final definitive diagnoses encompassing more disorders than a UnIP on TR would imply. Thirty-six dogs with respiratory clinical signs, a sole UnIP on TR, thoracic CT, and additional tests to determine final diagnosis were retrospectively enrolled. Thoracic CT scans were assessed for presence or absence of four major CT patterns and 14 subpatterns. Final diagnoses were obtained by comprehensive evaluation of clinicopathologic abnormalities. Thoracic CT identified disease beyond the interstitium in all patients with a UnIP including large airway, small airway, and mixed airway/parenchyma disease. Mean (range) number of final diagnoses was 5 (1−13) with 33/36 (92 %) dogs having > 1 final diagnosis. Dynamic segmental/subsegmental airway collapse (i.e., bronchomalacia; 21/36, 58 %) was missed on TR. Despite the classic paradigm for radiographic UnIP corresponding to interstitial disease, CT provides more comprehensive anatomic correlates, expanding the differential list for respiratory disease.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23505,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary journal","volume":"314 ","pages":"Article 106492"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145534093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-14DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2025.106484
Nai-Chieh Liu , Eileen L. Troconis , David R. Sargan , Jane F. Ladlow
The severity of brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS) can vary in dogs with similar external traits. This study aimed to identify breed-specific upper airway lesions measured on computed tomographic (CT) images and their associations with the BOAS index (a measure of airway obstruction). This was a prospective cross-sectional study including 40 pugs, 52 French bulldogs, and 21 bulldogs. All subjects underwent whole-body barometric plethysmography respiratory function testing to obtain a BOAS index and CT of the head/neck. Eleven validated CT measurements were recorded from nares to cervical trachea. Multivariate linear regressions were used to assess the associations between the breed-specific upper airway lesions and BOAS index. Pugs with a higher soft tissue proportion at the rostral nasopharyngeal meatus (β=0.639, p < .001) or with Grade III laryngeal collapse (β=15.099, p = .009); French bulldogs with a smaller nasopharyngeal index (β=-0.142, p < .001), or with Grade I (β=18.939, p < .001) or Grade II (β=26.503, p < .0001) laryngeal collapse (when compared to Grade 0); and bulldogs, with a smaller trachea perimeter (β=-1.46, p = 0.012), or smaller nasopharyngeal index (β=-0.119, p = 0.041) or higher skull index (β=247.525, p = 0.004) were associated with higher BOAS indices. The contributory lesions of BOAS are different between the three breeds. Some of these lesions are unfortunately not amenable to surgical correction. While breed specific surgical considerations are required, lesions such as the hypoplastic trachea in bulldogs should be eliminated by breeding selection.
具有相似外部特征的犬，其短头性阻塞性气道综合征（BOAS）的严重程度各不相同。本研究旨在确定在计算机断层扫描（CT）图像上测量的品种特异性上气道病变及其与BOAS指数（一种气道阻塞指标）的关系。这是一项前瞻性横断面研究，包括40只哈巴狗，52只法国斗牛犬和21只斗牛犬。所有受试者均进行了全身气压容积描记呼吸功能测试，以获得BOAS指数和头部/颈部CT。从鼻到颈气管记录了11个有效的CT测量。采用多元线性回归评估品种特异性上呼吸道病变与BOAS指数之间的关系。鼻咽道吻侧软组织比例较高的哈巴狗(β=0.639, p
{"title":"Breed-specific anatomical risk factors of brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome: A comprehensive computed tomographic study from nares to cervical trachea","authors":"Nai-Chieh Liu , Eileen L. Troconis , David R. Sargan , Jane F. Ladlow","doi":"10.1016/j.tvjl.2025.106484","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tvjl.2025.106484","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The severity of brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS) can vary in dogs with similar external traits. This study aimed to identify breed-specific upper airway lesions measured on computed tomographic (CT) images and their associations with the BOAS index (a measure of airway obstruction). This was a prospective cross-sectional study including 40 pugs, 52 French bulldogs, and 21 bulldogs. All subjects underwent whole-body barometric plethysmography respiratory function testing to obtain a BOAS index and CT of the head/neck. Eleven validated CT measurements were recorded from nares to cervical trachea. Multivariate linear regressions were used to assess the associations between the breed-specific upper airway lesions and BOAS index. Pugs with a higher soft tissue proportion at the rostral nasopharyngeal meatus (β=0.639, p < .001) or with Grade III laryngeal collapse (β=15.099, p = .009); French bulldogs with a smaller nasopharyngeal index (β=-0.142, p < .001), or with Grade I (β=18.939, p < .001) or Grade II (β=26.503, p < .0001) laryngeal collapse (when compared to Grade 0); and bulldogs, with a smaller trachea perimeter (β=-1.46, p = 0.012), or smaller nasopharyngeal index (β=-0.119, p = 0.041) or higher skull index (β=247.525, p = 0.004) were associated with higher BOAS indices. The contributory lesions of BOAS are different between the three breeds. Some of these lesions are unfortunately not amenable to surgical correction. While breed specific surgical considerations are required, lesions such as the hypoplastic trachea in bulldogs should be eliminated by breeding selection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23505,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary journal","volume":"314 ","pages":"Article 106484"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145534075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-14DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2025.106489
Masoud Nouri, Aliasghar Chalmeh, Mehrdad Pourjafar, Amir Pirbornatan, Armin Amirian
The transition period in dairy cows’ entails coordinated endocrine, metabolic, and immunological reprogramming that increases susceptibility to physiological endotoxemia, oxidative stress, hepatic strain, and insulin resistance. We conducted a randomized, blocked, four-arm longitudinal trial to evaluate dose-dependent effects of a multicomponent yeast–clay–probiotic toxin binder (Magnotox®) on systemic endotoxin load, redox balance, hepatic–lipid metabolism, insulin sensitivity, and performance in multiparous Holstein cows (n = 20) from −21 to + 80 days in milk (DIM). Cows received a basal diet (Ctrl) or basal diet supplemented with 50 g·d-¹ (TB-Low), 75 g·d-¹ (TB-Med), or 100 g·d-¹ (TB-High) Magnotox. Blood and milk were sampled at six time points for lipopolysaccharide (LPS), malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), fibrinogen, biochemical liver and lipid indices, and insulin-resistance metrics (HOMA-IR, QUICKI, RQUICKI). Linear mixed-effects and Bayesian hierarchical models were applied. TB-High elicited a sustained within-group post-calving decline in serum LPS (≈ 0.4 logₑ pg·mL-¹ from immediate postpartum to ≈ Day +50), whereas the time-averaged between-group difference versus Ctrl was small (estimated EMM Δ TB-High − Ctrl ≈ −0.05 logₑ pg·mL-¹). Milk LPS did not differ among groups on the time-averaged scale (p = 0.48). TB-High showed higher HDL (+8.13 mg·dL-¹, p = 0.004) and increased total protein (+0.59 g·dL-¹, p < 0.0001) and albumin (+0.23 g·dL-¹, p = 0.0128) compared with Ctrl, with no significant changes in NEFA, glucose, or LDL. Oxidative stress was attenuated across binder groups (e.g., MDA reduction in TB-High = −0.241 ± 0.060, p < 0.001); TAC was better preserved over time in TB-High (Time × Group p = 0.034) with a similar trend in TB-Med (p = 0.059). Fibrinogen showed a non-significant downward trend in TB-High. Body condition score exhibited an overall group effect (p = 0.002), with the largest increases observed in TB-High and TB-Low; milk yield and component percentages were numerically higher in TB-High and TB-Med but did not differ significantly among groups. In summary, high-dose (100 g·d-¹) multicomponent binder supplementation modulated the gut–liver–mammary axis during the transition period by mitigating endotoxemia and oxidative stress and supporting hepatic protein indices and body-reserve preservation, without adverse shifts in key energy metabolites. Larger, multi-herd trials with integrated rumen–intestinal microbiome profiling and mechanistic omics are warranted to confirm efficacy, refine dosing, and assess long-term productive and reproductive outcomes.
{"title":"Dose-dependent effects of a multicomponent toxin binder on the gut–liver–mammary axis and metabolic resilience in early-lactation dairy cows","authors":"Masoud Nouri, Aliasghar Chalmeh, Mehrdad Pourjafar, Amir Pirbornatan, Armin Amirian","doi":"10.1016/j.tvjl.2025.106489","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tvjl.2025.106489","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The transition period in dairy cows’ entails coordinated endocrine, metabolic, and immunological reprogramming that increases susceptibility to physiological endotoxemia, oxidative stress, hepatic strain, and insulin resistance. We conducted a randomized, blocked, four-arm longitudinal trial to evaluate dose-dependent effects of a multicomponent yeast–clay–probiotic toxin binder (Magnotox®) on systemic endotoxin load, redox balance, hepatic–lipid metabolism, insulin sensitivity, and performance in multiparous Holstein cows (n = 20) from −21 to + 80 days in milk (DIM). Cows received a basal diet (Ctrl) or basal diet supplemented with 50 g·d<sup>-</sup>¹ (TB-Low), 75 g·d<sup>-</sup>¹ (TB-Med), or 100 g·d<sup>-</sup>¹ (TB-High) Magnotox. Blood and milk were sampled at six time points for lipopolysaccharide (LPS), malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), fibrinogen, biochemical liver and lipid indices, and insulin-resistance metrics (HOMA-IR, QUICKI, RQUICKI). Linear mixed-effects and Bayesian hierarchical models were applied. TB-High elicited a sustained within-group post-calving decline in serum LPS (≈ 0.4 logₑ pg·mL<sup>-</sup>¹ from immediate postpartum to ≈ Day +50), whereas the time-averaged between-group difference versus Ctrl was small (estimated EMM Δ TB-High − Ctrl ≈ −0.05 logₑ pg·mL<sup>-</sup>¹). Milk LPS did not differ among groups on the time-averaged scale (p = 0.48). TB-High showed higher HDL (+8.13 mg·dL<sup>-</sup>¹, p = 0.004) and increased total protein (+0.59 g·dL<sup>-</sup>¹, p < 0.0001) and albumin (+0.23 g·dL<sup>-</sup>¹, p = 0.0128) compared with Ctrl, with no significant changes in NEFA, glucose, or LDL. Oxidative stress was attenuated across binder groups (e.g., MDA reduction in TB-High = −0.241 ± 0.060, p < 0.001); TAC was better preserved over time in TB-High (Time × Group p = 0.034) with a similar trend in TB-Med (p = 0.059). Fibrinogen showed a non-significant downward trend in TB-High. Body condition score exhibited an overall group effect (p = 0.002), with the largest increases observed in TB-High and TB-Low; milk yield and component percentages were numerically higher in TB-High and TB-Med but did not differ significantly among groups. In summary, high-dose (100 g·d<sup>-</sup>¹) multicomponent binder supplementation modulated the gut–liver–mammary axis during the transition period by mitigating endotoxemia and oxidative stress and supporting hepatic protein indices and body-reserve preservation, without adverse shifts in key energy metabolites. Larger, multi-herd trials with integrated rumen–intestinal microbiome profiling and mechanistic omics are warranted to confirm efficacy, refine dosing, and assess long-term productive and reproductive outcomes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23505,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary journal","volume":"314 ","pages":"Article 106489"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145534081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-13DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2025.106491
D. Arad, R. Ofri, L. Sebbag, D. Rimer, M. Mazaki-Tovi
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a leading cause of canine cataracts. This study aimed to determine the association between diabetic cataracts progression rate and long-term glycemic control in dogs. Nine dogs recently diagnosed with DM and early incipient cataracts were enrolled. Dogs were fitted with sensors for continuous glucose monitoring and underwent biweekly medical and ophthalmic examinations for 6 months or until phacoemulsification surgery was indicated. Measures of glycemic control were compared between dogs that required phacoemulsification surgery (PS) and those that did not (N), and between visits in which surgery was recommended (VS) and all other visits (O). Overall, 4/9 dogs required surgery within 12–24 weeks of recruitment. Coefficient of variation of glucose concentrations was higher in PS than N (P < .001), and was positively associated with cataract progression (P = .023). Average glucose and fructosamine concentrations were higher in VS than O (P ≤ .03). Fructosamine concentrations decreased with time in N (P = .001), but not in PS. Glycemic variability percentage increased with time in PS (P < .001), but not in N. This study shows that cataract progression in diabetic dogs is associated with increased glucose concentrations and glycemic variability. These preliminary findings suggest both measures of glycemic control should be improved in order to slow down cataract progression in dogs.
{"title":"The effect of glycemic control on diabetic cataract progression rate in dogs: A preliminary study","authors":"D. Arad, R. Ofri, L. Sebbag, D. Rimer, M. Mazaki-Tovi","doi":"10.1016/j.tvjl.2025.106491","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tvjl.2025.106491","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a leading cause of canine cataracts. This study aimed to determine the association between diabetic cataracts progression rate and long-term glycemic control in dogs. Nine dogs recently diagnosed with DM and early incipient cataracts were enrolled. Dogs were fitted with sensors for continuous glucose monitoring and underwent biweekly medical and ophthalmic examinations for 6 months or until phacoemulsification surgery was indicated. Measures of glycemic control were compared between dogs that required phacoemulsification surgery (PS) and those that did not (N), and between visits in which surgery was recommended (VS) and all other visits (O). Overall, 4/9 dogs required surgery within 12–24 weeks of recruitment. Coefficient of variation of glucose concentrations was higher in PS than N (P < .001), and was positively associated with cataract progression (P = .023). Average glucose and fructosamine concentrations were higher in VS than O (P ≤ .03). Fructosamine concentrations decreased with time in N (P = .001), but not in PS. Glycemic variability percentage increased with time in PS (P < .001), but not in N. This study shows that cataract progression in diabetic dogs is associated with increased glucose concentrations and glycemic variability. These preliminary findings suggest both measures of glycemic control should be improved in order to slow down cataract progression in dogs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23505,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary journal","volume":"314 ","pages":"Article 106491"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145530958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-12DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2025.106490
Gaia Casalino , Davide Messina , Francesco Pellegrini , Francesco D’Amico , Giancarlo Bozzo , Dalila Salierno , Antonella Bove , Vito Martella , Antonio Camarda , Elena Circella
Polyomavirus causes infections worldwide in both mammals and birds. Avian Polyomaviruses (APVs) lead to diseases in geese and pet birds, which are particularly severe in young and nestling birds. Adult birds often carry persistent infections, shedding the virus through feather dust, skin exfoliation, secretions, and excretions, thereby exposing young birds to infection. Due to limited data, this study aims to investigate whether vertical transmission of APV occurs in natural infections. Thirty-eight unhatched eggs were collected from a flock of infected finches, which showed infertility, a decrease in eggs, and embryo mortality. APV was detected in 21 out of 38 eggs (55.3 %), with no difference in infection rates between finch species. Complete genome sequencing identified Finch polyomavirus with 99.7 % similarity. The viral DNA copy number in embryonated eggs ranged from 3.11 × 10^2 to 1.1 × 10^9. In non-embryonated eggs, APV was more frequently found in the yolk than in the albumen, with DNA copy numbers ranging from 7.88 × 10^1 to 7.91 × 10^5. These results suggest that vertical transmission of APV, a mode that could significantly influence the epidemiology of the infection, is possible, especially since persistent infections are common in adult birds. Furthermore, the high DNA copy number observed in some embryonic livers indicates that APV may replicate within embryonated eggs. However, it remains unclear whether the infection caused the infertility and embryo mortality.
{"title":"Vertical transmission of avian poliomavirus during natural infection","authors":"Gaia Casalino , Davide Messina , Francesco Pellegrini , Francesco D’Amico , Giancarlo Bozzo , Dalila Salierno , Antonella Bove , Vito Martella , Antonio Camarda , Elena Circella","doi":"10.1016/j.tvjl.2025.106490","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tvjl.2025.106490","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Polyomavirus</em> causes infections worldwide in both mammals and birds. Avian Polyomaviruses (APVs) lead to diseases in geese and pet birds, which are particularly severe in young and nestling birds. Adult birds often carry persistent infections, shedding the virus through feather dust, skin exfoliation, secretions, and excretions, thereby exposing young birds to infection. Due to limited data, this study aims to investigate whether vertical transmission of APV occurs in natural infections. Thirty-eight unhatched eggs were collected from a flock of infected finches, which showed infertility, a decrease in eggs, and embryo mortality. APV was detected in 21 out of 38 eggs (55.3 %), with no difference in infection rates between finch species. Complete genome sequencing identified <em>Finch polyomavirus with</em> 99.7 % similarity. The viral DNA copy number in embryonated eggs ranged from 3.11 × 10^<sup>2</sup> to 1.1 × 10^<sup>9</sup>. In non-embryonated eggs, APV was more frequently found in the yolk than in the albumen, with DNA copy numbers ranging from 7.88 × 10^<sup>1</sup> to 7.91 × 10^<sup>5</sup>. These results suggest that vertical transmission of APV, a mode that could significantly influence the epidemiology of the infection, is possible, especially since persistent infections are common in adult birds. Furthermore, the high DNA copy number observed in some embryonic livers indicates that APV may replicate within embryonated eggs. However, it remains unclear whether the infection caused the infertility and embryo mortality.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23505,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary journal","volume":"314 ","pages":"Article 106490"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145516907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-11DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2025.106488
Zi-cong Shi , Jin-li Zhai , Jing-yue Yu , Zeng Wang , Hong-ying Liu , Xia Yang , Xin-wei Wang
Gallibacterium anatis (G. anatis) is an important pathogen for poultry, mainly causing a decrease of egg production rate in laying hens and an increase in the mortality rate in broilers. TolC, an outer membrane channel protein, has been implicated in the formation of biofilms by various pathogenic bacteria. This study aimed to assess the role of TolC in mediating G. anatis biofilm formation by utilizing a ΔtolC mutant strain. Key findings revealed that TolC deletion reduced surface hydrophobicity and decreased biofilm biomass. Additionally, the mutant strain showed impaired secretion of extracellular polysaccharides and diminished autoaggregation capacity. Using both enzymatic treatments and confocal microscopy, biofilm composition and architecture were characterized. Compared against the wild-type (WT) strain，the ΔtolC mutant biofilm showed an increased relative content of DNA and protein, a significantly reduced polysaccharide content, and a higher proportion of dead bacteria during the early stages of biofilm development. The effect of tolC deletion on biofilm-associated gene expression were quantitatively analyzed using RT-qPCR, revealing altered expression of these genes at different stages of ΔtolC biofilm formation. Collectively, these findings preliminarily demonstrate that TolC is essential for G. anatis biofilm formation, particularly in early cell attachment. TolC positively regulates biofilm formation through multiple mechanisms, including the secretion of polysaccharides, quorum sensing, and two-component signaling systems. These insights provide a foundation for further exploration of TolC’s role in G. anatis biofilm formation.
鸭芽孢杆菌（Gallibacterium anatis， G. anatis）是一种重要的家禽致病菌，主要引起蛋鸡产蛋率下降和肉鸡死亡率升高。TolC是一种外膜通道蛋白，与多种致病菌形成生物膜有关。本研究旨在利用ΔtolC突变菌株评估TolC在介导鹅肝菌生物膜形成中的作用。主要研究结果显示，TolC缺失降低了表面疏水性并降低了生物膜生物量。此外，突变菌株表现出细胞外多糖分泌受损和自聚集能力下降。利用酶处理和共聚焦显微镜对生物膜的组成和结构进行了表征。与野生型（WT）菌株相比，ΔtolC突变体生物膜在生物膜发育的早期阶段显示出DNA和蛋白质的相对含量增加，多糖含量显著降低，死菌比例更高。利用RT-qPCR定量分析tolC缺失对生物膜相关基因表达的影响，揭示了这些基因在ΔtolC生物膜形成的不同阶段的表达改变。总的来说，这些发现初步证明了TolC对鹅螺旋体生物膜的形成，特别是在早期细胞附着中是必不可少的。TolC通过多种机制积极调节生物膜的形成，包括多糖的分泌、群体感应和双组分信号系统。这些发现为进一步探索TolC在鹅肝菌生物膜形成中的作用提供了基础。
{"title":"Biofilm formation by Gallibacterium anatis depends on TolC-mediated initial attachment of cells","authors":"Zi-cong Shi , Jin-li Zhai , Jing-yue Yu , Zeng Wang , Hong-ying Liu , Xia Yang , Xin-wei Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.tvjl.2025.106488","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tvjl.2025.106488","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Gallibacterium anatis</em> (<em>G. anatis</em>) is an important pathogen for poultry, mainly causing a decrease of egg production rate in laying hens and an increase in the mortality rate in broilers. TolC, an outer membrane channel protein, has been implicated in the formation of biofilms by various pathogenic bacteria. This study aimed to assess the role of TolC in mediating <em>G. anatis</em> biofilm formation by utilizing a Δ<em>tolC</em> mutant strain. Key findings revealed that TolC deletion reduced surface hydrophobicity and decreased biofilm biomass. Additionally, the mutant strain showed impaired secretion of extracellular polysaccharides and diminished autoaggregation capacity. Using both enzymatic treatments and confocal microscopy, biofilm composition and architecture were characterized. Compared against the wild-type (WT) strain，the Δ<em>tolC</em> mutant biofilm showed an increased relative content of DNA and protein, a significantly reduced polysaccharide content, and a higher proportion of dead bacteria during the early stages of biofilm development. The effect of <em>tolC</em> deletion on biofilm-associated gene expression were quantitatively analyzed using RT-qPCR, revealing altered expression of these genes at different stages of Δ<em>tolC</em> biofilm formation. Collectively, these findings preliminarily demonstrate that TolC is essential for <em>G. anatis</em> biofilm formation, particularly in early cell attachment. TolC positively regulates biofilm formation through multiple mechanisms, including the secretion of polysaccharides, quorum sensing, and two-component signaling systems. These insights provide a foundation for further exploration of TolC’s role in <em>G. anatis</em> biofilm formation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23505,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary journal","volume":"314 ","pages":"Article 106488"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145514268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-08DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2025.106487
Ivayla D. Yozova , Leonel L. Londoño , Hiroki Sano , Neroli Thomson , John S. Munday
Fluid overload accompanies critical illness, contributing to morbidity and mortality. The mechanism is multifactorial, involving microvascular and endothelial glycocalyx damage. Felines are prompt to fluid overload. Studies in other species suggest that IV fluid administration could damage the endothelial glycocalyx, contributing to fluid overload. Therefore, assessing the effects of IV fluids on the feline microcirculation is crucial to avoid such complications. This study evaluated whether a large-volume-short-duration IV fluid (fluid challenge) results in endothelial glycocalyx changes in cats, measured using sidestream dark field videomicroscopy and the Glycocheck™ software. Healthy anaesthetized cats (n = 29) randomly received 10 ml/kg/20 min of Hartman’s solution, 6 % 130/0.4 tetrastarch, or no fluids. The GlycoCheck™ software calculated the perfused boundary region (PBR), an inverse estimate of endothelial glycocalyx thickness, from sublingual videomicroscopy images acquired before, during and immediately after intervention of microvessels with diameters 5–25 µm and 5–9, 10–19 and 20–25 µm subgroups. Packed cell volume was measured before and after intervention. We found that PBR did not increase significantly at the end of administration of either IV fluid, suggesting no immediate endothelial glycocalyx damage. Conversely, the PBR 10–19 µm increased over time in the control group (p = 0.029), indicating thinning of the endothelial glycocalyx. This suggests potential negative anaesthetic effects in this particular PBR subgroup. Since increases in this PBR were found in the control group not receiving IV fluids, these negative effects might have been mitigated by IV fluid administration in the other groups. Decreases in packed cell volume were associated with an increase in PBR 5–9 µm (p = 0.003). This study provides first insights into the feline endothelial glycocalyx response to IV fluids. Additional findings include potential anaesthetic effects on PBR and associations between PBR and packed cell volume.
{"title":"Immediate effects of an intravenous fluid challenge on the endothelial glycocalyx in healthy anaesthetized cats","authors":"Ivayla D. Yozova , Leonel L. Londoño , Hiroki Sano , Neroli Thomson , John S. Munday","doi":"10.1016/j.tvjl.2025.106487","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tvjl.2025.106487","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fluid overload accompanies critical illness, contributing to morbidity and mortality. The mechanism is multifactorial, involving microvascular and endothelial glycocalyx damage. Felines are prompt to fluid overload. Studies in other species suggest that IV fluid administration could damage the endothelial glycocalyx, contributing to fluid overload. Therefore, assessing the effects of IV fluids on the feline microcirculation is crucial to avoid such complications. This study evaluated whether a large-volume-short-duration IV fluid (fluid challenge) results in endothelial glycocalyx changes in cats, measured using sidestream dark field videomicroscopy and the Glycocheck™ software. Healthy anaesthetized cats (n = 29) randomly received 10 ml/kg/20 min of Hartman’s solution, 6 % 130/0.4 tetrastarch, or no fluids. The GlycoCheck™ software calculated the perfused boundary region (PBR), an inverse estimate of endothelial glycocalyx thickness, from sublingual videomicroscopy images acquired before, during and immediately after intervention of microvessels with diameters 5–25 µm and 5–9, 10–19 and 20–25 µm subgroups. Packed cell volume was measured before and after intervention. We found that PBR did not increase significantly at the end of administration of either IV fluid, suggesting no immediate endothelial glycocalyx damage. Conversely, the PBR 10–19 µm increased over time in the control group (<em>p = 0.029</em>), indicating thinning of the endothelial glycocalyx. This suggests potential negative anaesthetic effects in this particular PBR subgroup. Since increases in this PBR were found in the control group not receiving IV fluids, these negative effects might have been mitigated by IV fluid administration in the other groups. Decreases in packed cell volume were associated with an increase in PBR 5–9 µm (<em>p = 0.003</em>). This study provides first insights into the feline endothelial glycocalyx response to IV fluids. Additional findings include potential anaesthetic effects on PBR and associations between PBR and packed cell volume.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23505,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary journal","volume":"314 ","pages":"Article 106487"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145490271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-07DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2025.106486
Jing Sun , Yingshan Zhou , Xingbo Liu , Xiaoxu Du , Jiongze Cheng , Huihua Zheng , Shuonan Pan , Junfang Yan , Xingdong Zhou , Xiaodu Wang , Zixiang Zhu , Dongbo Sun , Houhui Song , Mingjun Su
Infection with the African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes a highly acute and lethal disease in pigs, emphasizing the urgent need for early detection to manage outbreaks effectively. While indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) based on antigenic epitopes provide high sensitivity, conventional adsorption of epitopes onto ELISA plates can hinder antibody recognition. In this study, we developed an indirect ELISA for ASFV antibody detection by integrating the identified p54 antigenic epitope into a core-streptavidin (cSA)-based immobilization system. Using the 6G9 monoclonal antibody (mAb), generated against the recombinant p54 protein (GST-rp54), we confirmed its specific recognition of ASFV-positive serum. A highly conserved linear epitope within p54, spanning amino acids 60–79 (A60AIEEEDIQFINPYQDQQQWV79; p5460–79), was identified as the 6G9 mAb binding region. Immobilization of biotin-PEG4-p5460–79 via cSA significantly enhanced immunoreactivity, increasing the OD₄₅₀ value by 0.22 (1:800 dilution) and 0.28 (1:400 dilution) for the 6G9 mAb and ASFV-positive serum, respectively. After optimizing key assay parameters, we established a cSA-based indirect ELISA using the p5460–79 epitope (cSA-p5460–79-inELISA). The assay exhibited high reproducibility (coefficient of variation 3.29–8.76 %) and strong specificity, showing no cross-reactivity with antisera against CSFV, PCV2, PRRSV, PRV, PEDV, TGEV, or PDCoV. It also demonstrated superior sensitivity, detecting ASFV-positive serum diluted up to 1:1600 (OD₄₅₀ > 0.43), outperforming a commercial ELISA kit (limit 1:400). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis revealed 95.5 % sensitivity and 96.2 % specificity based on samples of known status (n = 100). In conclusion, we developed a novel, specific, and highly sensitive serological method for ASF detection, providing an effective tool for early diagnosis.
{"title":"Development of a core streptavidin-bridging amplified ELISA based on p54 epitope for high-sensitivity detection of african swine fever virus antibodies","authors":"Jing Sun , Yingshan Zhou , Xingbo Liu , Xiaoxu Du , Jiongze Cheng , Huihua Zheng , Shuonan Pan , Junfang Yan , Xingdong Zhou , Xiaodu Wang , Zixiang Zhu , Dongbo Sun , Houhui Song , Mingjun Su","doi":"10.1016/j.tvjl.2025.106486","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tvjl.2025.106486","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Infection with the African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes a highly acute and lethal disease in pigs, emphasizing the urgent need for early detection to manage outbreaks effectively. While indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) based on antigenic epitopes provide high sensitivity, conventional adsorption of epitopes onto ELISA plates can hinder antibody recognition. In this study, we developed an indirect ELISA for ASFV antibody detection by integrating the identified p54 antigenic epitope into a core-streptavidin (cSA)-based immobilization system. Using the 6G9 monoclonal antibody (mAb), generated against the recombinant p54 protein (GST-rp54), we confirmed its specific recognition of ASFV-positive serum. A highly conserved linear epitope within p54, spanning amino acids 60–79 (A<sup>60</sup>AIEEEDIQFINPYQDQQQWV<sup>79</sup>; p54<sup>60–79</sup>), was identified as the 6G9 mAb binding region. Immobilization of biotin-PEG4-p54<sup>60–79</sup> via cSA significantly enhanced immunoreactivity, increasing the OD₄₅₀ value by 0.22 (1:800 dilution) and 0.28 (1:400 dilution) for the 6G9 mAb and ASFV-positive serum, respectively. After optimizing key assay parameters, we established a cSA-based indirect ELISA using the p54<sup>60–79</sup> epitope (cSA-p54<sup>60–79</sup>-inELISA). The assay exhibited high reproducibility (coefficient of variation 3.29–8.76 %) and strong specificity, showing no cross-reactivity with antisera against CSFV, PCV2, PRRSV, PRV, PEDV, TGEV, or PDCoV. It also demonstrated superior sensitivity, detecting ASFV-positive serum diluted up to 1:1600 (OD₄₅₀ > 0.43), outperforming a commercial ELISA kit (limit 1:400). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis revealed 95.5 % sensitivity and 96.2 % specificity based on samples of known status (n = 100). In conclusion, we developed a novel, specific, and highly sensitive serological method for ASF detection, providing an effective tool for early diagnosis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23505,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary journal","volume":"314 ","pages":"Article 106486"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145483034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-06DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2025.106485
Miluse Vozdova, Svatava Kubickova
Mast cell tumours (MCTs) are among the most common and clinically significant cutaneous neoplasms in dogs. While their pathogenesis is not yet fully understood, internal tandem duplications (ITDs) in genes encoding receptor tyrosine kinases KIT and FLT3 have been reported as frequent genetic abnormalities. In this study, we analysed 52 canine MCT samples for the presence of ITDs in exons 14 and 15 of the FLT3 gene using PCR with newly designed primers (P1 primers). No ITDs or point mutations were detected by gel electrophoresis and Sanger sequencing, respectively. Subsequently, we reanalysed 15 of these samples using the P2 primers, i.e. the primers previously used in the published study that reported FLT3 ITDs at a high frequency in canine MCTs. Both P1 and P2 primer sets target the same FLT3 region. Using the P2 primers, two additional PCR bands were observed in 66.7 % of the samples; however, these products corresponded to regions within the SRGAP2 and SLC2A9 genes as revealed using Sanger sequencing. These findings highlight the importance of rigorous methodological validation, even when employing previously published procedures, to ensure accuracy in both research and diagnostic settings. Besides, they suggest that ITDs in exons 14 and 15 of the FLT3 gene are not common in MCTs, at least in European dogs.
{"title":"Targeting internal tandem duplications in the FLT3 gene in canine mast cell tumors and a comment to the method","authors":"Miluse Vozdova, Svatava Kubickova","doi":"10.1016/j.tvjl.2025.106485","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tvjl.2025.106485","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mast cell tumours (MCTs) are among the most common and clinically significant cutaneous neoplasms in dogs. While their pathogenesis is not yet fully understood, internal tandem duplications (ITDs) in genes encoding receptor tyrosine kinases KIT and FLT3 have been reported as frequent genetic abnormalities. In this study, we analysed 52 canine MCT samples for the presence of ITDs in exons 14 and 15 of the FLT3 gene using PCR with newly designed primers (P1 primers). No ITDs or point mutations were detected by gel electrophoresis and Sanger sequencing, respectively. Subsequently, we reanalysed 15 of these samples using the P2 primers, i.e. the primers previously used in the published study that reported <em>FLT3</em> ITDs at a high frequency in canine MCTs. Both P1 and P2 primer sets target the same <em>FLT3</em> region. Using the P2 primers, two additional PCR bands were observed in 66.7 % of the samples; however, these products corresponded to regions within the SRGAP2 and SLC2A9 genes as revealed using Sanger sequencing. These findings highlight the importance of rigorous methodological validation, even when employing previously published procedures, to ensure accuracy in both research and diagnostic settings. Besides, they suggest that ITDs in exons 14 and 15 of the FLT3 gene are not common in MCTs, at least in European dogs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23505,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary journal","volume":"314 ","pages":"Article 106485"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145465780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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