Pub Date : 2025-11-05DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2025.106483
Tímea Kovács , Veronika Szűcs , Márta Gácsi
Self-control is crucial for family dogs in an anthropogenic environment. As valid models of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), dogs may show behavioural inhibition impairments similar to those seen in humans. This study examines links between dogs’ ADHD-like traits and their ability to delay gratification (DG) — a key aspect of self-control impaired in children with ADHD. We tested N = 50 family dogs using an intertemporal choice task, where dogs chose between an immediate low-value reward and a delayed high-value reward. Dogs completed 20 delay trials, with delays increasing by 1 s upon successful waiting. The maximum delay reached and waiting behaviour during successful trials were recorded. ADHD scores were obtained from a validated owner-report questionnaire, and training level was included in the analyses. Higher total ADHD scores were associated with shorter maximum delays, but only in dogs with basic or intermediate training. Inattention scores were negatively linked to DG performance in dogs with basic/intermediate training, while hyperactivity was associated with poorer DG only in dogs with basic training. Impulsivity scores were not linked to success. Although some behavioural consistency was observed during waiting, limited between-individual variation prevented the identification of links with success or ADHD-like traits. Our findings mirror human research, showing links between inattention, hyperactivity, and self-control deficits, supporting dogs’ potential as a model to study human ADHD. The lack of association with impulsivity suggests the domain-specificity of this trait. The role of training level highlights its importance as a moderating factor in behavioural studies of self-control.
{"title":"Self-control is associated with the interaction of ADHD-like traits and training level in dogs","authors":"Tímea Kovács , Veronika Szűcs , Márta Gácsi","doi":"10.1016/j.tvjl.2025.106483","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tvjl.2025.106483","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Self-control is crucial for family dogs in an anthropogenic environment. As valid models of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), dogs may show behavioural inhibition impairments similar to those seen in humans. This study examines links between dogs’ ADHD-like traits and their ability to delay gratification (DG) — a key aspect of self-control impaired in children with ADHD. We tested N = 50 family dogs using an intertemporal choice task, where dogs chose between an immediate low-value reward and a delayed high-value reward. Dogs completed 20 delay trials, with delays increasing by 1 s upon successful waiting. The maximum delay reached and waiting behaviour during successful trials were recorded. ADHD scores were obtained from a validated owner-report questionnaire, and training level was included in the analyses. Higher total ADHD scores were associated with shorter maximum delays, but only in dogs with basic or intermediate training. Inattention scores were negatively linked to DG performance in dogs with basic/intermediate training, while hyperactivity was associated with poorer DG only in dogs with basic training. Impulsivity scores were not linked to success. Although some behavioural consistency was observed during waiting, limited between-individual variation prevented the identification of links with success or ADHD-like traits. Our findings mirror human research, showing links between inattention, hyperactivity, and self-control deficits, supporting dogs’ potential as a model to study human ADHD. The lack of association with impulsivity suggests the domain-specificity of this trait. The role of training level highlights its importance as a moderating factor in behavioural studies of self-control.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23505,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary journal","volume":"314 ","pages":"Article 106483"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145465781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-05DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2025.106478
Marta Rybska , Ewelina Czyżewska-Dors , Tatiana Wojciechowicz , Natalia Sowińska , Anna Łukomska , Agata Augustyniak , Aleksandra Szyguła , Maciej Gogulski , Barbara Wąsowska , Marek Skrzypski
Adropin, a peptide encoded by the energy homeostasis-associated gene (ENHO), is expressed in multiple tissues. It regulates glucose and lipid metabolism, as well as immune responses and exerts anti-inflammatory effects in various diseases. It was found that adropin may also modulate the female reproductive system. The objective of this study was to determine the expression of Enho and adropin production in the canine ovary (in healthy individuals and those with ovarian cysts) and in the endometrium of healthy female dogs and those affected by cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH) and pyometra. The analyses used in the study included RT-qPCR, Western blot, and immunofluorescent assays. Moreover, concentration of adropin was detected by ELISA assay in plasma samples. The results demonstrated higher Enho expression and adropin production in healthy animals compared to female dogs suffering from pyometra disease. The results also showed elevated adropin production and its blood concentrations in CEH-affected bitches. In ovarian tissues, higher peptide expression was shown in animals with healthy gonads and coexisting uterus disorders (such as CEH or pyometra). In cases of ovarian cysts, significantly lower expression of both Enho mRNA and adropin production compared to healthy ovarian tissues was detected. The presented studies expand our knowledge of adropin expression and localization in canine reproductive organs during physiological and pathological conditions.
{"title":"Expression of adropin in the reproductive organs of healthy female dogs and those with cystic endometrial hyperplasia, pyometra, and ovarian cysts","authors":"Marta Rybska , Ewelina Czyżewska-Dors , Tatiana Wojciechowicz , Natalia Sowińska , Anna Łukomska , Agata Augustyniak , Aleksandra Szyguła , Maciej Gogulski , Barbara Wąsowska , Marek Skrzypski","doi":"10.1016/j.tvjl.2025.106478","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tvjl.2025.106478","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Adropin, a peptide encoded by the energy homeostasis-associated gene (ENHO), is expressed in multiple tissues. It regulates glucose and lipid metabolism, as well as immune responses and exerts anti-inflammatory effects in various diseases. It was found that adropin may also modulate the female reproductive system. The objective of this study was to determine the expression of <em>Enho</em> and adropin production in the canine ovary (in healthy individuals and those with ovarian cysts) and in the endometrium of healthy female dogs and those affected by cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH) and pyometra. The analyses used in the study included RT-qPCR, Western blot, and immunofluorescent assays. Moreover, concentration of adropin was detected by ELISA assay in plasma samples. The results demonstrated higher <em>Enho</em> expression and adropin production in healthy animals compared to female dogs suffering from pyometra disease. The results also showed elevated adropin production and its blood concentrations in CEH-affected bitches. In ovarian tissues, higher peptide expression was shown in animals with healthy gonads and coexisting uterus disorders (such as CEH or pyometra). In cases of ovarian cysts, significantly lower expression of both <em>Enho</em> mRNA and adropin production compared to healthy ovarian tissues was detected. The presented studies expand our knowledge of adropin expression and localization in canine reproductive organs during physiological and pathological conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23505,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary journal","volume":"314 ","pages":"Article 106478"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145459614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-04DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2025.106477
Maria Chiara Alterisio , Ilaria Iacobucci , Jacopo Guccione , Simona Celentano , Maria Monti , Paolo Ciaramella
The aim of the study was to identify proteomic signatures from the serum of horses affected by simple obstructive intestinal colic to characterize the pathological process and to assess potential biomarkers for early diagnosis. Seven horses with obstructive colic received venous blood samples for determination of standard hematobiochemical, inflammatory, and lipid profiles at the time of initial clinical examination and after conservative therapy upon recovery. Proteomic profiling was also performed on all samples by means of a within-group analysis (sick horses at discharge vs. sick horses at admission). A validation of expression levels was performed by the Multiple Reaction Monitoring approach. In the within-group comparison, 70 proteins showed a significant difference; The proteins involved in the immune response (C2, FC 2.41; CFB, FC 3.41; HPX, FC 7.36; LTF, FC −0.55; PSMA7, FC-0.55), blood coagulation (VWF, FC −0.54; F13A1, FC-0.54; F13B, FC-0.57; PRDX2, FC-0.41; FBLN1, FC-0.62; KNG1, FC-3.86) and lipid homeostasis (APOA4, FC −0.66; APOA5, FC −0.13; APOE, FC-0.56; LCAT FC-0.58) have changed. The study suggested the coexistence of inflammatory status, the presence of intestinal bacteria that may have triggered the immune response, and hyperlipidemia in horses with obstructive colic.
该研究的目的是鉴定单纯性梗阻性肠绞痛马匹血清中的蛋白质组学特征，以表征病理过程并评估早期诊断的潜在生物标志物。7匹患有梗阻性绞痛的马在最初的临床检查和恢复后的保守治疗后接受静脉血样本，以测定标准血液生化、炎症和脂质谱。还通过组内分析（出院时的病马与入院时的病马）对所有样本进行了蛋白质组学分析。通过多反应监测方法验证表达水平。在组内比较中，有70个蛋白存在显著差异；参与免疫应答的蛋白（C2, FC 2.41； CFB, FC 3.41； HPX, FC 7.36； LTF, FC-0.55; PSMA7, FC-0.55）、凝血（VWF, FC-0.54; F13A1, FC-0.54; F13B, FC-0.57; PRDX2, FC-0.41; FBLN1, FC-0.62; KNG1, FC-3.86）和脂质稳态（APOA4, FC -0.66; APOA5, FC -0.13； APOE, FC-0.56; LCAT FC-0.58）发生了变化。该研究表明，患有阻塞性肠绞痛的马存在炎症状态、可能引发免疫反应的肠道细菌和高脂血症。
{"title":"Serum proteomic analysis in equine obstructive colic: A prospective observational study","authors":"Maria Chiara Alterisio , Ilaria Iacobucci , Jacopo Guccione , Simona Celentano , Maria Monti , Paolo Ciaramella","doi":"10.1016/j.tvjl.2025.106477","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tvjl.2025.106477","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The aim of the study was to identify proteomic signatures from the serum of horses affected by simple obstructive intestinal colic to characterize the pathological process and to assess potential biomarkers for early diagnosis. Seven horses with obstructive colic received venous blood samples for determination of standard hematobiochemical, inflammatory, and lipid profiles at the time of initial clinical examination and after conservative therapy upon recovery. Proteomic profiling was also performed on all samples by means of a within-group analysis (sick horses at discharge vs. sick horses at admission). A validation of expression levels was performed by the Multiple Reaction Monitoring approach. In the within-group comparison, 70 proteins showed a significant difference; The proteins involved in the immune response (C2, FC 2.41; CFB, FC 3.41; HPX, FC 7.36; LTF, FC −0.55; PSMA7, FC-0.55), blood coagulation (VWF, FC −0.54; F13A1, FC-0.54; F13B, FC-0.57; PRDX2, FC-0.41; FBLN1, FC-0.62; KNG1, FC-3.86) and lipid homeostasis (APOA4, FC −0.66; APOA5, FC −0.13; APOE, FC-0.56; LCAT FC-0.58) have changed. The study suggested the coexistence of inflammatory status, the presence of intestinal bacteria that may have triggered the immune response, and hyperlipidemia in horses with obstructive colic.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23505,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary journal","volume":"314 ","pages":"Article 106477"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145459858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-04DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2025.106482
Bangjun Gong , Lirun Xiang , Jinhao Li , Chao Li , Jiahao Shi , Zhenyang Guo , Siyu Zhang , Zixuan Feng , Haonan Kang , Xueli Zhang , Ziyu Song , Chaoliang Leng , Qian Wang , Jinmei Peng , Guohui Zhou , Kuan Zhao , Yan-Dong Tang , Hongyuan Zhao , Xuehui Cai , Hu Xu , Hongliang Zhang
Recent studies have shown significant changes in the whole-genome characteristics of both PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2 in China, which may compromise the accuracy of previous detection methods. Herein, based on the current whole-genome characteristics and a comprehensive sequence database of Chinese PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2, we identified conserved and specific genes for both viruses and designed corresponding primers and probes. After systematic optimization and evaluation, we developed a duplex real-time RT-qPCR for simultaneously identifying and differentiating PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2, along with two simplex quantitative RT-PCRs for viral load measurement. To assess the performance of the duplex real-time RT-qPCR, a comprehensive sample repository was established to refine its positive criterion, evaluate its specificity and inclusivity, and compare its detection capacity with that of three commercial kits. The evaluation demonstrated that a positive result for both PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2 channels was defined as an S-shaped amplification curve with a Ct value ≤ 36.0, while a suspected positive result was characterized by an S-shaped amplification curve with a Ct value greater than 36.0 but not exceeding 37.5. Samples exhibiting a Ct value exceeding 37.5 were classified as negative. Moreover, the method successfully detected diverse PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2 strains, accurately differentiated between the two types of viruses, and exhibited higher inclusivity for PRRSV-1 and better differentiation capability between PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2 than three commercial kits. For the two simplex quantitative RT-PCRs, validation using sera from pigs infected with multiple PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2 strains showed that no viral RNA was detected at 0 dpi, while the expected viral load was successfully quantified between 3 and 21 dpi. Overall, the three developed methods can serve as effective tools for the detection, discrimination, and quantification of PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2 strains circulating in China.
{"title":"Novel real-time quantitative RT-PCR for detection of PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2 strains circulating in China: A study based on whole-genome characteristics and epidemiological features","authors":"Bangjun Gong , Lirun Xiang , Jinhao Li , Chao Li , Jiahao Shi , Zhenyang Guo , Siyu Zhang , Zixuan Feng , Haonan Kang , Xueli Zhang , Ziyu Song , Chaoliang Leng , Qian Wang , Jinmei Peng , Guohui Zhou , Kuan Zhao , Yan-Dong Tang , Hongyuan Zhao , Xuehui Cai , Hu Xu , Hongliang Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.tvjl.2025.106482","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tvjl.2025.106482","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recent studies have shown significant changes in the whole-genome characteristics of both PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2 in China, which may compromise the accuracy of previous detection methods. Herein, based on the current whole-genome characteristics and a comprehensive sequence database of Chinese PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2, we identified conserved and specific genes for both viruses and designed corresponding primers and probes. After systematic optimization and evaluation, we developed a duplex real-time RT-qPCR for simultaneously identifying and differentiating PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2, along with two simplex quantitative RT-PCRs for viral load measurement. To assess the performance of the duplex real-time RT-qPCR, a comprehensive sample repository was established to refine its positive criterion, evaluate its specificity and inclusivity, and compare its detection capacity with that of three commercial kits. The evaluation demonstrated that a positive result for both PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2 channels was defined as an S-shaped amplification curve with a Ct value ≤ 36.0, while a suspected positive result was characterized by an S-shaped amplification curve with a Ct value greater than 36.0 but not exceeding 37.5. Samples exhibiting a Ct value exceeding 37.5 were classified as negative. Moreover, the method successfully detected diverse PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2 strains, accurately differentiated between the two types of viruses, and exhibited higher inclusivity for PRRSV-1 and better differentiation capability between PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2 than three commercial kits. For the two simplex quantitative RT-PCRs, validation using sera from pigs infected with multiple PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2 strains showed that no viral RNA was detected at 0 dpi, while the expected viral load was successfully quantified between 3 and 21 dpi. Overall, the three developed methods can serve as effective tools for the detection, discrimination, and quantification of PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2 strains circulating in China.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23505,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary journal","volume":"314 ","pages":"Article 106482"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145459686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-03DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2025.106481
Kiran Jayappa , Tridib Kumar Rajkhowa , Farhin Aktar Choudhury , Pura Yaro Semy , Tasso Yama , John Khithie
Canine distemper is a highly contagious multisystemic disease of domestic and wild carnivores worldwide. The constantly expanding host range of canine distemper virus (CDV) raises serious implications not only for domestic dogs and cats but also for wildlife conservation. This study investigated the molecular epidemiology of CDV circulating in Northeast India, part of the Indo-Burma Biodiversity Hotspot. Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of the complete H gene from fourteen different isolates of CDV revealed the co-circulation of Asia-1 and Asia-5 lineages. The concurrent detection of Asia-1 and Asia-5 lineages in this specific geographic area underscores Northeast India’s potential role as a convergence zone for CDV lineages and a corridor for viral exchange. The study also recorded one Asia-5 isolate from a wild jackal, underscoring potential wildlife spillover. Deduced amino acid analysis of the H gene showed several lineage specific substitutions including at key receptor binding sites, while N-glycosylation site analysis revealed inter and intra-lineage variations. The findings emphasize the need for a holistic approach to CDV surveillance, including targeted sampling across diverse host species and genomic analysis. This study provides the first comprehensive report of CDV circulating in Northeast India and underscores the importance of surveillance at cross border and human-wildlife interface.
{"title":"Canine distemper virus in Northeast India: Genetic diversity and spillover potential in the Indo-Burma biodiversity hotspot","authors":"Kiran Jayappa , Tridib Kumar Rajkhowa , Farhin Aktar Choudhury , Pura Yaro Semy , Tasso Yama , John Khithie","doi":"10.1016/j.tvjl.2025.106481","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tvjl.2025.106481","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Canine distemper is a highly contagious multisystemic disease of domestic and wild carnivores worldwide. The constantly expanding host range of canine distemper virus (CDV) raises serious implications not only for domestic dogs and cats but also for wildlife conservation. This study investigated the molecular epidemiology of CDV circulating in Northeast India, part of the Indo-Burma Biodiversity Hotspot. Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of the complete H gene from fourteen different isolates of CDV revealed the co-circulation of Asia-1 and Asia-5 lineages. The concurrent detection of Asia-1 and Asia-5 lineages in this specific geographic area underscores Northeast India’s potential role as a convergence zone for CDV lineages and a corridor for viral exchange. The study also recorded one Asia-5 isolate from a wild jackal, underscoring potential wildlife spillover. Deduced amino acid analysis of the H gene showed several lineage specific substitutions including at key receptor binding sites, while N-glycosylation site analysis revealed inter and intra-lineage variations. The findings emphasize the need for a holistic approach to CDV surveillance, including targeted sampling across diverse host species and genomic analysis. This study provides the first comprehensive report of CDV circulating in Northeast India and underscores the importance of surveillance at cross border and human-wildlife interface.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23505,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary journal","volume":"314 ","pages":"Article 106481"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145453046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of this study is to determine whether the formation of the teat canal keratin plug could be evaluated by ultrasonography in dairy cows. First, ultrasound examinations were conducted on the teats of 4 dry multiparous Holstein cows (20 teats). The hyperechoic lines observed on the ultrasound of the teat canals were assessed using a 4-point scale. The teat canal score (TCS) was defined as follows: one hyperechoic line in the teat canal as TCS1, the 2 lines as TCS2, the unclear lines as TCS3, and no lines as TCS4. On Day 0 and Day 1 of the dry period, 100 % and 87.5 % of the teats were TCS1, respectively. From Day 5 onwards, over 80 % of the teats were classified as TCS2, with no TCS1s. The proportion of teats classified as TCS3 or TCS4 ranged from 6.3 % to 18.8 % throughout the study period. Second, ultrasound examinations of teat canals from slaughtered dairy cows were conducted, and the wet weight of the keratin plugs were measured. The distribution of TCS was 37.5 % for TCS1, 62.5 % for TCS2, and 0 % for TCS3 and TCS4. The wet weight of keratin plugs in TCS2 (12.4 ± 6.5 mg) was significantly greater than in TCS1 (6.5 ± 3.0 mg). These findings indicate that keratin plug formation in the teat canal can effectively be evaluated using ultrasonography. Moreover, the teat canal scoring system introduced in this study offers a viable method for assessing keratin plug formation during the dry period and may be applicable in mastitis risk assessment.
{"title":"Ultrasonographic changes of dairy cow teat canals during the dry period","authors":"Mamiko Ono , Haruka Ueno , Masafumi Enokidani , Yoji Inui , Hitoshi Kondo , Tetsuya Horikita","doi":"10.1016/j.tvjl.2025.106475","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tvjl.2025.106475","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The aim of this study is to determine whether the formation of the teat canal keratin plug could be evaluated by ultrasonography in dairy cows. First, ultrasound examinations were conducted on the teats of 4 dry multiparous Holstein cows (20 teats). The hyperechoic lines observed on the ultrasound of the teat canals were assessed using a 4-point scale. The teat canal score (TCS) was defined as follows: one hyperechoic line in the teat canal as TCS1, the 2 lines as TCS2, the unclear lines as TCS3, and no lines as TCS4. On Day 0 and Day 1 of the dry period, 100 % and 87.5 % of the teats were TCS1, respectively. From Day 5 onwards, over 80 % of the teats were classified as TCS2, with no TCS1s. The proportion of teats classified as TCS3 or TCS4 ranged from 6.3 % to 18.8 % throughout the study period. Second, ultrasound examinations of teat canals from slaughtered dairy cows were conducted, and the wet weight of the keratin plugs were measured. The distribution of TCS was 37.5 % for TCS1, 62.5 % for TCS2, and 0 % for TCS3 and TCS4. The wet weight of keratin plugs in TCS2 (12.4 ± 6.5 mg) was significantly greater than in TCS1 (6.5 ± 3.0 mg). These findings indicate that keratin plug formation in the teat canal can effectively be evaluated using ultrasonography. Moreover, the teat canal scoring system introduced in this study offers a viable method for assessing keratin plug formation during the dry period and may be applicable in mastitis risk assessment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23505,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary journal","volume":"314 ","pages":"Article 106475"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145445092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2025.106480
Zihan Tian , Yingying Dong , Cairen Ga , Qiuzhong Suo Nan , Qiuzang Suo Ang , Qiumei Shi , Aizhen Guo , Yingyu Chen
Bovine brucellosis, which is caused primarily by Brucella abortus, is a widespread zoonotic disease that threatens cattle health and productivity and poses public health risks, leading to major economic losses. Although numerous risk factors—from husbandry practices to animal health conditions—have been implicated, findings across individual studies remain inconsistent, leaving a critical knowledge gap concerning the primary drivers of infection. We systematically searched PubMed, Web of Science and ScienceDirect databases and ultimately identified 58 observational studies published between 2000 and 2024 for a stratified Bayesian meta-analysis to quantify the strength of the associations between candidate risk factors and brucellosis infection. Excluding the overlap between the population level and the individual animal level, a total of 14 risk factors that may be associated with bovine brucellosis infection were identified. Cohousing with small ruminants poses significant risks at both the herd (OR=1.76, 95 % CI: 1.23–2.46) and individual levels (OR=2.76, 95 % CI: 2.20–3.45). Vaccination shows protective associations at the individual level (OR=0.67, 95 % CI: 0.54–0.84) but is associated with higher measured herd-level seropositivity under non-DIVA testing (OR=1.54, 95 % CI: 1.02–2.23). Multiparity (OR=2.41, 95 % CI: 1.60–3.50) and sex (male) (OR=0.67, 95 % CI: 0.56–0.81) were significant factors at the individual level. At the herd level, purchasing animals from outside (OR=1.88, 95 % CI: 1.33–2.57), farmer knowledge of brucellosis (OR=0.38, 95 % CI: 0.24–0.55) and on‑site veterinary oversight (OR=0.46, 95 % CI: 0.17–0.96) were significant factors. Communal grazing, wildlife contact, visitor restrictions, artificial insemination, dedicated facilities, disinfection, and borrowing of bulls were not significant. At the animal level, artificial insemination and the ability to purchase animals from the outside also showed no significant associations. This study identified seven risk factors related to brucellosis: co‑housing with small ruminants, vaccination, multiparity, sex (male), purchasing animals from outside, farmer knowledge of brucellosis and on‑site veterinary oversight. Among them, cohousing with small ruminants and multiparity are individual-level risk factors for animals, whereas vaccination and sex (male) are protective factors. Cohousing with small ruminants, purchasing animals from outside and vaccination are risk factors at the group level, and farmer knowledge of brucellosis and onsite veterinary oversight are protective factors. Livestock farmers should be encouraged to raise cattle and small ruminants separately, learn about the prevention and control of bovine brucellosis, and veterinarians should be stationed on the farm.
{"title":"Determinants of bovine brucellosis across herds and individuals: A Bayesian meta-analysis","authors":"Zihan Tian , Yingying Dong , Cairen Ga , Qiuzhong Suo Nan , Qiuzang Suo Ang , Qiumei Shi , Aizhen Guo , Yingyu Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.tvjl.2025.106480","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tvjl.2025.106480","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bovine brucellosis, which is caused primarily by <em>Brucella abortus</em>, is a widespread zoonotic disease that threatens cattle health and productivity and poses public health risks, leading to major economic losses. Although numerous risk factors—from husbandry practices to animal health conditions—have been implicated, findings across individual studies remain inconsistent, leaving a critical knowledge gap concerning the primary drivers of infection. We systematically searched PubMed, Web of Science and ScienceDirect databases and ultimately identified 58 observational studies published between 2000 and 2024 for a stratified Bayesian meta-analysis to quantify the strength of the associations between candidate risk factors and brucellosis infection. Excluding the overlap between the population level and the individual animal level, a total of 14 risk factors that may be associated with bovine brucellosis infection were identified. Cohousing with small ruminants poses significant risks at both the herd (OR=1.76, 95 % CI: 1.23–2.46) and individual levels (OR=2.76, 95 % CI: 2.20–3.45). Vaccination shows protective associations at the individual level (OR=0.67, 95 % CI: 0.54–0.84) but is associated with higher measured herd-level seropositivity under non-DIVA testing (OR=1.54, 95 % CI: 1.02–2.23). Multiparity (OR=2.41, 95 % CI: 1.60–3.50) and sex (male) (OR=0.67, 95 % CI: 0.56–0.81) were significant factors at the individual level. At the herd level, purchasing animals from outside (OR=1.88, 95 % CI: 1.33–2.57), farmer knowledge of brucellosis (OR=0.38, 95 % CI: 0.24–0.55) and on‑site veterinary oversight (OR=0.46, 95 % CI: 0.17–0.96) were significant factors. Communal grazing, wildlife contact, visitor restrictions, artificial insemination, dedicated facilities, disinfection, and borrowing of bulls were not significant. At the animal level, artificial insemination and the ability to purchase animals from the outside also showed no significant associations. This study identified seven risk factors related to brucellosis: co‑housing with small ruminants, vaccination, multiparity, sex (male), purchasing animals from outside, farmer knowledge of brucellosis and on‑site veterinary oversight. Among them, cohousing with small ruminants and multiparity are individual-level risk factors for animals, whereas vaccination and sex (male) are protective factors. Cohousing with small ruminants, purchasing animals from outside and vaccination are risk factors at the group level, and farmer knowledge of brucellosis and onsite veterinary oversight are protective factors. Livestock farmers should be encouraged to raise cattle and small ruminants separately, learn about the prevention and control of bovine brucellosis, and veterinarians should be stationed on the farm.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23505,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary journal","volume":"314 ","pages":"Article 106480"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145439273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2025.106476
Emre Eren , Murat İlgün , Büşra Kibar , Sıtkıcan Okur , Taner Arslan , Mustafa Sinan Aktaş , Muhammed Sertaç Eroğlu
This multicenter observer-performance study evaluated whether systemic diseases in cats can be inferred from fundus images and structured fundus descriptors and compared the diagnostic performance of large language models (LLMs) with experienced and novice veterinary clinicians. A total of 50 feline cases with representative fundus photographs and harmonized descriptors were retrospectively collected from three centers in Türkiye. Each case was assigned a single canonical diagnosis by a masked expert panel. Two LLMs (ChatGPT-5, ChatGPT-5 Thinking) are tested in text-only and text and image (multimodal) modes and compared with two expert ophthalmologists and two novice clinicians. The primary endpoint was an ordinal diagnostic score (0−3), while secondary endpoints included Top-1/Top-2/Top-3 accuracy, inter-reader agreement, and response times. Multimodal LLMs achieved near-expert diagnostic performance, with Top-1, Top-2, and Top-3 accuracies ranging from 34 % to 46 %, 62–74 %, and 74–86 %, respectively. Multimodal LLMs performed significantly better than novice readers (p < 0.05), whereas no significant differences were found between LLMs and expert clinicians. Response times were substantially shorter for LLMs (13.7–84.6 s) compared to humans (117–132 s), indicating potential workflow efficiency gains. These findings suggest that multimodal LLMs can provide rapid, near-expert-level diagnostic support in interpreting feline fundus images for systemic disease screening. Incorporating LLM assisted analysis into veterinary ophthalmology workflows could enhance diagnostic efficiency without compromising clinician oversight.
{"title":"Reading systemic disease from the feline fundus: A multicenter comparison of multimodal large language models and veterinary clinicians","authors":"Emre Eren , Murat İlgün , Büşra Kibar , Sıtkıcan Okur , Taner Arslan , Mustafa Sinan Aktaş , Muhammed Sertaç Eroğlu","doi":"10.1016/j.tvjl.2025.106476","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tvjl.2025.106476","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This multicenter observer-performance study evaluated whether systemic diseases in cats can be inferred from fundus images and structured fundus descriptors and compared the diagnostic performance of large language models (LLMs) with experienced and novice veterinary clinicians. A total of 50 feline cases with representative fundus photographs and harmonized descriptors were retrospectively collected from three centers in Türkiye. Each case was assigned a single canonical diagnosis by a masked expert panel. Two LLMs (ChatGPT-5, ChatGPT-5 Thinking) are tested in text-only and text and image (multimodal) modes and compared with two expert ophthalmologists and two novice clinicians. The primary endpoint was an ordinal diagnostic score (0−3), while secondary endpoints included Top-1/Top-2/Top-3 accuracy, inter-reader agreement, and response times. Multimodal LLMs achieved near-expert diagnostic performance, with Top-1, Top-2, and Top-3 accuracies ranging from 34 % to 46 %, 62–74 %, and 74–86 %, respectively. Multimodal LLMs performed significantly better than novice readers (p < 0.05), whereas no significant differences were found between LLMs and expert clinicians. Response times were substantially shorter for LLMs (13.7–84.6 s) compared to humans (117–132 s), indicating potential workflow efficiency gains. These findings suggest that multimodal LLMs can provide rapid, near-expert-level diagnostic support in interpreting feline fundus images for systemic disease screening. Incorporating LLM assisted analysis into veterinary ophthalmology workflows could enhance diagnostic efficiency without compromising clinician oversight.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23505,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary journal","volume":"314 ","pages":"Article 106476"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145439356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-31DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2025.106479
Mireia García-Roselló , Álvaro Jesús Gutiérrez-Bautista , José Ignacio Redondo , Mar Moreno-Barragán , Carles García-Vitoria
This study aimed to describe the termination of the conus medullaris (CM) and dural sac (DS) in sheep using computed tomography (CT) myelography. Forty-adult Merino-mixed sheep underwent CT imaging after a lumbosacral intrathecal injection of iodinated contrast. The vertebral level of CM and DS termination was recorded. The CM was visible in 28 animals and terminated at S1 in 14 (50 %; 95 % CI: 30.6–69.4 %) and at S2 in 14 (50 %; 95 % CI: 30.6–69.4 %). The DS was evaluable in 33 animals and ended caudal to the sacrococcygeal junction (Cd-SC) in 31 (93.9 %; 95 % CI: 79.8–99.3 %) and at the sacral level (SACR) in 2 (6.1 %; 95 % CI: 0.7–20.2 %). No terminations cranial to the lumbosacral space (Cr-LS) were observed. These findings have implications for neuraxial anaesthesia in sheep. The CM ends caudal to the lumbosacral space, and the DS often extends beyond the sacrococcygeal space. Careful site selection is essential to minimise the risk of iatrogenic spinal cord injury during lumbosacral or sacrococcygeal epidural injections.
{"title":"Computed tomography assessment of the conus medullaris and dural sac termination in adult sheep","authors":"Mireia García-Roselló , Álvaro Jesús Gutiérrez-Bautista , José Ignacio Redondo , Mar Moreno-Barragán , Carles García-Vitoria","doi":"10.1016/j.tvjl.2025.106479","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tvjl.2025.106479","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aimed to describe the termination of the conus medullaris (CM) and dural sac (DS) in sheep using computed tomography (CT) myelography. Forty-adult Merino-mixed sheep underwent CT imaging after a lumbosacral intrathecal injection of iodinated contrast. The vertebral level of CM and DS termination was recorded. The CM was visible in 28 animals and terminated at S1 in 14 (50 %; 95 % CI: 30.6–69.4 %) and at S2 in 14 (50 %; 95 % CI: 30.6–69.4 %). The DS was evaluable in 33 animals and ended caudal to the sacrococcygeal junction (Cd-SC) in 31 (93.9 %; 95 % CI: 79.8–99.3 %) and at the sacral level (SACR) in 2 (6.1 %; 95 % CI: 0.7–20.2 %). No terminations cranial to the lumbosacral space (Cr-LS) were observed. These findings have implications for neuraxial anaesthesia in sheep. The CM ends caudal to the lumbosacral space, and the DS often extends beyond the sacrococcygeal space. Careful site selection is essential to minimise the risk of iatrogenic spinal cord injury during lumbosacral or sacrococcygeal epidural injections.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23505,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary journal","volume":"314 ","pages":"Article 106479"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145432136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-25DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2025.106473
Dogukan Polat, Latif Emrah Yanmaz, Mehmet Nur Cetin, Kursad Yigitarslan, Muhammed Yusuf Sirin, Servet Yalcin
The accurate estimation of body weight (BW) in calves is essential for appropriate drug dosing, nutritional planning, and clinical decision-making. This prospective observational study aimed to assess the reliability of BW estimations made by different groups of individuals with varying levels of veterinary experience. A total of 97 calves aged between 1 and 33 days, scheduled for disbudding across nine farms between 1 and 15 February 2025, were included. Four evaluator groups were defined: veterinary professionals (VP), veterinary technicians (VT), veterinary interns (VI), and farmers (Fs). Each participant independently estimated calf BW prior to actual weighing using a calibrated digital scale. Estimation accuracy within 10 % of the actual BW was highest in VT (59 %), followed by VP (53 %), VI (31 %), and Fs (19 %). The VT had the smallest median difference from actual BW (2.1 kg). All evaluator groups underestimated the BW of dark-coated calves, except farmers, who overestimated them. While farmers demonstrated the lowest overall estimation accuracy, no group achieved consistently high precision across all animals. These results emphasize the importance of direct weighing in calves and suggest that, when unavailable, BW estimation by veterinary professionals is preferable to that of farmers.
{"title":"Veterinary technicians provide more reliable visual estimation of pre-weaned calf weight prior to disbudding","authors":"Dogukan Polat, Latif Emrah Yanmaz, Mehmet Nur Cetin, Kursad Yigitarslan, Muhammed Yusuf Sirin, Servet Yalcin","doi":"10.1016/j.tvjl.2025.106473","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tvjl.2025.106473","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The accurate estimation of body weight (BW) in calves is essential for appropriate drug dosing, nutritional planning, and clinical decision-making. This prospective observational study aimed to assess the reliability of BW estimations made by different groups of individuals with varying levels of veterinary experience. A total of 97 calves aged between 1 and 33 days, scheduled for disbudding across nine farms between 1 and 15 February 2025, were included. Four evaluator groups were defined: veterinary professionals (VP), veterinary technicians (VT), veterinary interns (VI), and farmers (Fs). Each participant independently estimated calf BW prior to actual weighing using a calibrated digital scale. Estimation accuracy within 10 % of the actual BW was highest in VT (59 %), followed by VP (53 %), VI (31 %), and Fs (19 %). The VT had the smallest median difference from actual BW (2.1 kg). All evaluator groups underestimated the BW of dark-coated calves, except farmers, who overestimated them. While farmers demonstrated the lowest overall estimation accuracy, no group achieved consistently high precision across all animals. These results emphasize the importance of direct weighing in calves and suggest that, when unavailable, BW estimation by veterinary professionals is preferable to that of farmers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23505,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary journal","volume":"314 ","pages":"Article 106473"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145416850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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