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Real-time in vivo confocal laser endomicroscopic imaging of equine endometrium: Preliminary observations and feasibility study 马子宫内膜的实时活体共焦激光内窥镜成像:初步观察和可行性研究。
IF 2.3 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106222
K. Gallacher , L. Woolford , L.C. Santos , P.B.S. Serpa , J. Len , R.O. Gilbert , K.L. Kind

Endometrial health is vital for the reproductive efficiency of broodmares and accurate diagnostic testing is crucial for directing the best treatment options and outcomes. Confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) is an endoscopic technique for obtaining in-vivo, real-time microscopic imaging of tissues using a fiber optic probe. CLE relies on induced tissue fluorescence and fluorescein sodium, given intravenously, is the contrast agent most used in human medicine. This study aimed to determine the feasibility of CLE for imaging equine endometrium and determine a standard dose of fluorescein sodium to achieve optimal cellular imaging. In-vivo CLE was performed on 44 mares, and the images were compared with routine histopathological analysis of endometrial biopsies. No adverse reactions occurred after IV fluorescein sodium administration and a dose of 4 mg/kg was established (0.04 mL/kg of 10 % fluorescein sodium solution) to achieve optimal image contrast. CLE enabled multiple regions of the endometrium to be assessed quickly. Distinct tissue architecture patterns could be appreciated using CLE, and the luminal epithelium could be assessed for integrity (ulceration) and exocytosed inflammatory cells. Endometrial gland distribution, density, shape, and epithelial height were evaluated. Blood vessels were clearly outlined, and inflammatory cells and fibrosis were discernable within the interstitium. Image quality varied between mares, and the stage of oestrous cycle may have been a factor of influence. This novel imaging modality enables collection of “virtual” biopsies and facilitates critical assessment of multiple regions of the uterus compared with the standard histopathologic assessment of a single random tissue biopsy.

子宫内膜健康对肉用母马的繁殖效率至关重要,准确的诊断检测对指导最佳治疗方案和结果至关重要。共焦激光内窥镜(CLE)是一种内窥镜技术,可通过光纤探头获得体内组织的实时显微成像。CLE 依靠诱导组织荧光,而静脉注射荧光素钠是人类医学中最常用的造影剂。本研究旨在确定 CLE 对马子宫内膜成像的可行性,并确定实现最佳细胞成像的荧光素钠标准剂量。对 44 匹母马进行了体内 CLE,并将图像与子宫内膜活检的常规组织病理学分析进行了比较。静脉注射荧光素钠后未出现不良反应,并确定了 4 毫克/千克的剂量(0.04 毫升/千克 10%荧光素钠溶液),以获得最佳图像对比度。CLE 能够快速评估子宫内膜的多个区域。使用 CLE 可观察到不同的组织结构模式,并可评估管腔上皮的完整性(溃疡)和外渗的炎性细胞。对子宫内膜腺体的分布、密度、形状和上皮高度进行了评估。血管轮廓清晰,间质内的炎性细胞和纤维化清晰可见。不同母马的图像质量不同,发情周期的阶段可能是影响因素之一。与单个随机组织活检的标准组织病理学评估相比,这种新颖的成像模式能够收集 "虚拟 "活检组织,并有助于对子宫的多个区域进行关键评估。
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引用次数: 0
Dynamics of the thymic transcriptome at stages of acute thymic involution in Japanese Black calves with a poor prognosis 预后不良的日本黑犊牛在急性胸腺萎缩阶段的胸腺转录组动态。
IF 2.3 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106225
Ryogo Furukawa, Shoichi Wakitani, Risako Kawabata, Masahiro Yasuda

Transcriptome analysis was performed on the thymus of Japanese Black calves that were necropsied due to poor prognosis, to characterize changes associated with acute thymic involution. Gene expression profiles obtained by DNA microarray analysis of eight calf thymuses were classified into three patterns that correlated with the histopathological stage of acute thymic involution. Using principal component analysis, the first principal component of the global gene expression levels in the calf thymus was associated with the stage of acute thymic involution, suggesting that histopathological changes greatly influence the gene expression profile. Gene ontology enrichment analysis revealed that genes related to cell proliferation, wound healing, and inflammatory responses were the main contributors to the first principal component. Real-time RT-PCR showed that the thymus had lower expression of PCNA, KIFC1, and HES6, and higher expression of SYNPO2, PDGFRB, and TWIST1 during acute thymic involution. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated a decrease in the rate of Ki67-positive cells in the thymic cortex during the late stage of acute thymic involution. The rate of cleaved caspase-1-positive cells increased in the thymic cortex at an earlier stage than the increase in the rate of cleaved caspase-3-positive cells. Vimentin, which was almost absent in the non-involuted thymic cortex, appeared in the thymic cortex during acute thymic involution. These results suggest that in farmed calves with a poor prognosis, inflammatory responses and impaired thymocyte proliferation are primarily involved in acute thymic involution.

我们对因预后不良而死亡的日本黑犊牛胸腺进行了转录组分析,以确定与急性胸腺萎缩相关的变化特征。通过对 8 头犊牛胸腺进行 DNA 微阵列分析获得的基因表达谱分为三种模式,它们与急性胸腺萎缩的组织病理学阶段相关。通过主成分分析,小牛胸腺全局基因表达水平的第一个主成分与急性胸腺萎缩的阶段有关,这表明组织病理学变化对基因表达谱有很大影响。基因本体富集分析表明,与细胞增殖、伤口愈合和炎症反应相关的基因是第一个主成分的主要贡献者。实时 RT-PCR 显示,在胸腺急性内陷期,胸腺中 PCNA、KIFC1 和 HES6 的表达较低,而 SYNPO2、PDGFRB 和 TWIST1 的表达较高。免疫组化显示,在急性胸腺萎缩晚期,胸腺皮质中 Ki67 阳性细胞的比率有所下降。胸腺皮质中已裂解的 Caspase-1 阳性细胞比率的增加早于已裂解的 Caspase-3 阳性细胞比率的增加。波形蛋白在未内陷的胸腺皮质中几乎不存在,但在胸腺急性内陷期出现在胸腺皮质中。这些结果表明,在预后不良的养殖犊牛中,炎症反应和胸腺细胞增殖受损是急性胸腺萎缩的主要原因。
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引用次数: 0
Intranasal atomized dexmedetomidine alone or in combination with ketamine or midazolam to sedate healthy dogs 鼻内雾化右美托咪定单独使用或与氯胺酮或咪达唑仑联合使用,对健康犬进行镇静。
IF 2.3 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106224
Majid Jafarbeglou , Mehdi Marjani , Reza Bakhshi-Khanghah , Mohammadreza Paryani , Mohammadreza Oghbaei

A prospective, randomized, blinded experiment was conducted to compare the effects of intranasal (IN) dexmedetomidine (Dex, 10 µg/kg; n=12) alone or combined with midazolam (DexM, 0.3 mg/kg; n=12) or ketamine (DexK, 2 mg/kg; n=12) in healthy dogs. Ease of administration (EA1), total administration time (TAT), time for first (TA1) and second nostril administration (TA2), and adverse events during atomization were recorded. Two days later, EA2 was assessed by IN atomization of injectable water as an additional outcome variable. Onset of sedation was evaluated, along with behavioral scores and physiological parameters from T0 (baseline) to T120. Statistical analyses included Chi-square, one-way ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis, repeated measures or Friedman’s ANOVA, and Wilcoxon’s tests. Significance was p≤0.05.

Onset of sedation was 12.9 ± 4.1, 18.2 ± 7.5, and 9.9 ± 4.3 mins (mean ± SD) for Dex, DexM, and DexK, respectively. Onset was shorter in DexK compared to DexM (p=0.002), explaining the lower behavioral scores in DexM at T15. All dogs in Dex and DexK reached adequate sedation, with peak sedation occurring at T30, while some dogs in DexM never reached adequate sedation and this group peaked at T45. Adverse events such as saliva drooling and pawing at the nose were significantly higher in DexM and DexK, explaining their differences in TA2, TAT, and EA1 comparing to Dex. EA2 was also higher in Dex compared to DexM and DexK. In conclusion, Dex was better tolerated in dogs and DexK showed faster and more profound sedative effects. Due to paradoxical excitement, unpredictable sedation, and nasal irritation, DexM is not recommended.

我们进行了一项前瞻性、随机、盲法实验,比较在健康狗体内单独或与咪达唑仑(DexM,0.3毫克/千克;12只;12只)或氯胺酮(DexK,2毫克/千克;12只)联合使用鼻内注射(IN)右美托咪定(Dex,10微克/千克;12只)的效果。记录给药难易程度(EA1)、总给药时间(TAT)、第一次(TA1)和第二次鼻孔给药时间(TA2)以及雾化过程中的不良反应。两天后,通过 IN 雾化注射用水评估 EA2,作为额外的结果变量。从T0(基线)到T120,对镇静开始时间以及行为评分和生理参数进行了评估。统计分析包括Chi-square、单因素方差分析或Kruskal-Wallis、重复测量或Friedman方差分析以及Wilcoxon检验。显著性为 p≤0.05。Dex、DexM和DexK的镇静起始时间分别为12.9±4.1、18.2±7.5和9.9±4.3分钟(平均值±标度)。与 DexM 相比,DexK 的起始时间更短(p=0.002),这也是 DexM 在 T15 时行为评分更低的原因。所有使用 Dex 和 DexK 的狗都达到了充分镇静,镇静峰值出现在 T30,而一些使用 DexM 的狗从未达到充分镇静,该组狗的镇静峰值出现在 T45。DexM 和 DexK 的不良反应(如流口水和用爪子抓鼻子)明显高于 DexM 和 DexK,这也解释了它们与 Dex 相比在 TA2、TAT 和 EA1 方面的差异。与 DexM 和 DexK 相比,Dex 的 EA2 也更高。总之,狗对地塞米松的耐受性更好,而地塞米松的镇静效果更快、更深远。由于存在矛盾性兴奋、不可预测的镇静效果和鼻腔刺激,因此不推荐使用 DexM。
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引用次数: 0
Enhancing the Horse Grimace Scale (HGS): Proposed updates and anatomical descriptors for pain assessment 改进马匹疼痛量表(HGS):疼痛评估的拟议更新和解剖描述符。
IF 2.3 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106223
L.C. Werner , G.M. de Oliveira , R.R. Daros , E. Dalla Costa , P.V. Michelotto

The use of grimace scales enables the clinical identification of changes in the facial expressions of animals caused by pain. The Horse Grimace Scale (HGS) is one such tool, comprising a pain coding system based on facial expressions and assessing six Facial Action Units (FAUs). Each FAU is accompanied by descriptions and anatomical details to assist the evaluator. However, the morphological descriptions for certain FAUs in the HGS are not sufficiently detailed, potentially hindering accurate interpretation. This study is an analytical investigation aimed at enhancing the morphoanatomical details in the HGS and providing raters with more comprehensive materials for pain evaluation in horses using this scale.

To achieve this, detailed anatomical analyses were conducted using established references in veterinary anatomy. Initially, we propose substituting the term 'ear' with 'auricle' or 'pinna' and replacing 'area above the eye' with 'supraorbital region' for anatomical accuracy. Additionally, we introduce detailed morphoanatomical descriptions that identify specific landmarks, with the goal of ensuring more consistent application of the HGS and reducing interpretation variability. Furthermore, this study provides an explanation of the muscles involved in the investigated FAUs. These adjustments on the descriptions and evaluations remain unverified, however it is anticipated that the descriptive enhancements lead us to understand that higher interobserver reliability can be achieved for each of the FAUs.

使用龇牙咧嘴量表可以在临床上识别动物因疼痛而产生的面部表情变化。马面部表情量表(HGS)就是这样一种工具,它由一个基于面部表情的疼痛编码系统和六个面部动作单元(FAU)组成。每个面部动作单元都附有描述和解剖细节,以帮助评估者进行评估。然而,HGS 中某些 FAU 的形态描述不够详细,可能会妨碍准确的解释。本研究是一项分析性调查,旨在加强 HGS 中的形态解剖细节,为评分员提供更全面的材料,以便使用该量表对马的疼痛进行评估。为此,我们利用兽医解剖学中已有的参考文献进行了详细的解剖分析。首先,我们建议用 "耳廓 "或 "耳廓 "代替 "耳朵",用 "眶上区域 "代替 "眼睛上方区域",以确保解剖的准确性。此外,我们还引入了详细的形态解剖学描述,以确定具体的地标,从而确保 HGS 的应用更加一致,并减少解释的变异性。此外,本研究还对所调查的 FAU 所涉及的肌肉进行了解释。这些对描述和评估的调整仍未得到验证,但预计这些描述性改进将使我们了解到,每个 FAU 都可以实现更高的观察者间可靠性。
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引用次数: 0
Comparing the effects of various fluid resuscitative strategies on Glycocalyx damage in a canine hemorrhage model 比较各种液体复苏策略对犬出血模型糖萼损伤的影响
IF 2.3 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106221
Alan J. Weaver Jr. , Emilee C. Venn , Rebekah Ford , Nicole Ewer , Kim E. Hildreth , Charnae E. Williams , Christina E. Duncan , Cheresa L. Calhoun , Lonnie E. Grantham , Guillaume L. Hoareau , Thomas H. Edwards

Hemorrhagic shock and subsequent resuscitation can cause significant dysregulation of critical systems, including the vascular endothelium. Following hemorrhage, the endothelial lining (glycocalyx) can shed, causing release of glycocalyx components, endothelial activation, and systemic inflammation. A canine model of hemorrhagic shock was used to evaluate five resuscitation fluids, including Lactated Ringers+Hetastarch, Whole Blood (WB), Fresh Frozen Plasma+packed Red Blood Cells (FFP+pRBC), and two hemoglobin-based oxygen carrier (HBOC) fluids, for their impact on glycocalyx shedding. Under anesthesia, purpose-bred adult canines were instrumented and subjected to a controlled hemorrhage with blood being drawn until a mean arterial pressure of <50 mmHg was reached or 40 % of the estimated blood volume was removed. Canines were left in shock for 45 mins before being resuscitated with one of the resuscitation fluids over 30 mins. Following resuscitation, the dogs were monitored up to 2 weeks. Following an additional 3–4 weeks for washout, the canines repeated the protocol, undergoing each resuscitation fluid individually. Blood samples were collected during each round at various timepoints for serum isolation, which was used for detection of glycocalyx biomarker. Comparison of baseline and post-hemorrhage alone showed a significant reduction in serum protein (p<0.0001), heparan sulfate (p<0.001), and syndecan-1 (p<0.0001) concentrations, and a significant increase in hyaluronan (p<0.0001) concentration. Intercomparisons of resuscitation fluids indicated minimal differences in glycocalyx markers over time. Comparisons within each fluid showed dynamic responses in glycocalyx biomarkers over time. Relative to individual baselines, syndecan-1 was significantly reduced after resuscitation in most cases (p<0.0001), excluding WB and FFP+pRBC. In all cases, VE-cadherin was significantly elevated at 24 hr compared to baseline (p<0.001). Hyaluronan was significantly elevated by 3 hr in all cases (p<0.01), except for HBOC fluids. Total glycosaminoglycans were significantly reduced only at 3 hr (p<0.001) for non-HBOC fluids. Similarly, heparan sulfate was significantly reduced with all fluids between resuscitation and 24 hr (p<0.01), except WB. The temporal changes in canine glycocalyx biomarkers were atypical of hemorrhage response in other species. This suggests that the hemorrhage lacked severity and/or typical glycocalyx biomarkers do not reflect the canine endothelium compared to other species. Further research is needed to characterize the canine endothelium and the response to resuscitation fluids.

失血性休克和随后的复苏会导致包括血管内皮在内的关键系统严重失调。出血后,内皮衬里(糖萼)会脱落,导致糖萼成分释放、内皮活化和全身炎症。我们使用失血性休克犬模型来评估五种复苏液对糖萼脱落的影响,包括乳酸林格液+鲸蜡淀粉、全血(WB)、新鲜冰冻血浆+包装红细胞(FFP+pRBC)和两种基于血红蛋白的氧载体(HBOC)液。在麻醉状态下,对专门饲养的成年犬进行仪器操作,并进行控制性出血,抽血直至平均动脉压达到
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引用次数: 0
Storage of equine faecal microbiota transplantation solution has minimal impact on major bacterial communities and structure 马粪微生物群移植溶液的储存对主要细菌群落和结构的影响极小。
IF 2.3 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106220
J. Bell, S. Raidal, A. Peters, K.J. Hughes

Management of diarrhoea in horses is usually non-specific and supportive. Faecal microbiota transplantations (FMT) are used to manage dysbiosis in horses with diarrhoea. There are few studies investigating the effects of storage on prepared FMT solutions. This study was an in vitro non-randomised controlled experiment that investigated the effects of FMT solution preparation and storage on the faecal microbiota. Fresh faeces were collected from five healthy adult horses and used for DNA extraction and preparation of FMT. From each FMT, seven aliquots were collected and DNA was extracted immediately after FMT preparation (0 hr), after storage at 4 °C for 24, 48 or 72 hours, and after storage at −20°C for 7 days, 14 days or 28 days. The extracted DNA was used for 16 S rRNA gene sequencing.

The relative abundance, alpha diversity and beta diversity between fresh faeces and FMT 0 hr showed no differences (P ≥ 0.05). There were minimal changes in the microbiota of FMT stored at 4°C for up to 72 hours and −20°C for up to 28 days. The results of this study indicate that preparation of equine FMT solution has minimal effect on the microbiota in comparison to fresh faeces. FMT solution can be stored at 4°C for up to 3 days and −20°C for 28 days without major change in microbiota.

对马腹泻的治疗通常是非特异性和支持性的。粪便微生物群移植(FMT)可用于治疗腹泻马匹的菌群失调。很少有研究调查贮存对配制好的粪便微生物群移植溶液的影响。本研究是一项体外非随机对照实验,旨在调查 FMT 溶液配制和储存对粪便微生物群的影响。从五匹健康成年马身上收集新鲜粪便,用于提取 DNA 和制备 FMT。从每份 FMT 中收集 7 份等分样品,在配制 FMT 后(0 小时)、在 4oC 下储存 24、48 或 72 小时以及在 -20°C 下储存 7、14 或 28 天后立即提取 DNA。提取的 DNA 用于 16S rRNA 基因测序。新鲜粪便和 FMT 0hr 的相对丰度、α多样性和β多样性没有差异(P ≥ 0.05)。在 4°C 下储存 72 小时和在 -20°C 下储存 28 天的 FMT 微生物群变化极小。本研究结果表明,与新鲜粪便相比,配制马 FMT 溶液对微生物区系的影响极小。FMT 溶液可在 4°C 下储存 3 天,在 -20°C 下储存 28 天,微生物群不会发生重大变化。
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引用次数: 0
Exploring montelukast in dogs: A preliminary pharmacokinetic study following oral administration under fasted and fed conditions 探索狗体内的孟鲁司特:在禁食和进食条件下口服后的初步药代动力学研究。
IF 2.3 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106210
Charbel Fadel , Beata Łebkowska-Wieruszewska , Andrzej Lisowski , Firas Serih , Amnart Poapolathep , Mario Giorgi

This study investigates the pharmacokinetics (PK) of montelukast (MTK), a cysteinyl leukotriene receptor antagonist increasingly being considered in veterinary medicine. In dogs, MTK has found indications mainly for treating atopic dermatitis as an off-label use. Six male Labrador dogs underwent a single oral administration of MTK (40 mg/dog) in both fasted and fed conditions according to an open, single-dose, two-treatment, two-phase, cross-over design, with a washout period of one week. Blood was withdrawn to heparinized tubes at 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 24 hr. MTK plasma concentrations were quantified using a validated HPLC method, and the data were analysed using PKanalix™ software with a non-compartmental approach.

Concentrations remained quantifiable at 24 hr after administration, under both conditions. No significant differences were observed in the PK parameters between the fasted and fed states. MTK was relatively eliminated slowly, with t1/2 values of 8.10 and 7.68 hr after fasted and fed states, respectively. The attainment of maximum concentration (Cmax) occurred at a Tmax of 4 hr, with mean values of 1.98 μg/mL and 2.80 μg/mL under fasted and fed conditions, respectively. Given the unknown therapeutic range of MTK in dogs and the absence of controlled studies proving its efficacy in this species, further dosing adjustments and refinements should be considered based on both the current PK data and the need to establish an effective therapeutic range, if present. Future research should focus on efficacy studies, multiple-dose investigations, and pharmacodynamic assessments to evaluate the suitability of MTK use in dogs.

本研究调查了蒙曲司特 (MTK) 的药代动力学 (PK),蒙曲司特是一种半胱氨酰白三烯受体拮抗剂,在兽医领域越来越受到重视。在狗身上,MTK 的适应症主要是治疗特应性皮炎,属于标签外用途。六只雄性拉布拉多犬分别在禁食和进食条件下口服一次MTK(40毫克/只),采用开放式、单剂量、两疗程、两阶段、交叉设计,冲洗期为一周。分别在 0、0.25、0.5、0.75、1、1.5、2、4、6、8、10 和 24 小时抽血至肝素化试管。采用经过验证的高效液相色谱法对 MTK 血浆浓度进行定量,并使用 PKanalixTM 软件对数据进行非室分析。在两种条件下,给药后 24 小时的浓度仍可定量。空腹和进食状态下的 PK 参数无明显差异。MTK 的消除速度相对较慢,空腹和进食后的 t1/2 值分别为 8.10 小时和 7.68 小时。达到最大浓度(Cmax)的Tmax为4小时,空腹和进食状态下的平均值分别为1.98μg/mL和2.80μg/mL。鉴于MTK在狗体内的治疗范围尚不明确,也没有对照研究证明其在狗体内的疗效,因此应根据当前的PK数据和确定有效治疗范围(如果存在)的需要,考虑进一步调整和完善剂量。未来的研究应侧重于疗效研究、多剂量调查和药效学评估,以评估 MTK 是否适合在狗体内使用。
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引用次数: 0
Delayed canine heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) microfilarial reduction following Advocate™ for dogs (imidacloprid, moxidectin) treatment 用AdvocateTM for Dogs(吡虫啉、莫西菌素)治疗后,犬心丝虫(密螺旋体二螺旋体)微蚴减少延迟。
IF 2.3 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106209
Rosemonde Isabella Power , Jan Šlapeta

Macrocyclic lactone (ML) anthelmintics are currently the only class of drugs available for canine heartworm prevention. Recent reports of Dirofilaria immitis infection occurring in dogs reportedly receiving ‘rigorous’ prevention in Queensland, Australia, coupled with the confirmation of ML-resistant isolates in the USA, has led to speculation about the potential emergence of ML-resistance in Australia. In this study, we describe two cases (Dog 1 and 2) of asymptomatic canine heartworm disease in Townsville, Australia, that were reportedly receiving ‘rigorous’ heartworm prevention according to the owners’ claims. We aimed to deploy currently available tools to assess the phenotypic and genotypic ML-resistance status of these two dogs. For phenotypic testing, we performed an in-vivo 7-day microfilariae suppression test using a dose of spot-on moxidectin (Advocate™ for Dogs, 100 g/L imidacloprid + 25 g/L moxidectin). This formulation is marketed as Advantage Multi® for Dogs in the USA, which claims a D. immitis microfilaricidal effect. For genetic testing, an Illumina amplicon metabarcoding approach was used to target single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) previously associated with ML-resistance in D. immitis from the USA. Dog 1 and Dog 2 demonstrated <10 % and <40 % reductions in circulating microfilariae seven days after moxidectin treatment, respectively. These phenotypes were not corroborated by genetic SNP testing, as both dogs were classified as susceptible across all examined markers. To streamline testing of D. immitis SNPs, we developed a rhAmp™ SNP qPCR approach for rapidly genotyping suspect cases of ML-resistant infections at the two major loci (L15709_A and L30575). These findings illustrate a phenomenon shown in some heartworm cases outside the USA, whereby infected dogs are failing to see marked reductions in microfilaraemia after ML treatment but possess an ML-susceptible genotype.

大环内酯(ML)抗蠕虫药是目前唯一可用于预防犬心丝虫的药物。最近有报告称,在澳大利亚昆士兰州接受 "严格 "预防的犬只中出现了包虫病感染,美国也证实了对 ML 具有抗药性的分离物,这引发了人们对澳大利亚可能出现 ML 抗药性的猜测。在本研究中,我们描述了澳大利亚汤斯维尔的两例无症状犬心丝虫病病例(犬 1 和犬 2),据报告,这两例病例的犬主声称它们接受了 "严格 "的心丝虫病预防措施。我们的目的是利用现有工具评估这两只狗的表型和基因型 ML 抗药性状况。在表型测试方面,我们使用点滴莫西菌素(AdvocateTM for Dogs, 100g/L imidacloprid + 25g/L moxidectin)进行了为期 7 天的体内微丝蚴抑制测试。该制剂在美国市场上以 Advantage Multi® for Dogs 的名义销售,声称具有杀灭D. immitis微丝蚴的效果。在基因检测方面,采用了 Illumina 扩增子代谢条码方法,以先前与美国伊蚊的 ML 抗性相关的单核苷酸多态性 (SNP) 为目标。狗 1 和狗 2 显示
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引用次数: 0
Trunk kinematics and limb movement of horses walking backwards and forwards in hand and lifting a single limb 马的躯干运动学和肢体运动:手牵着马前后行走,单肢抬起。
IF 2.3 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106202
I.D. Jobst , R.R. Zsoldos , T.F. Licka

Equine physiotherapy commonly includes basic exercises such as walking backward (BW) and voluntary lifting of single limbs (SLL), but trunk movements during these have not been studied. In order to compare the trunk kinematics during BW and SLL with forward walking (FW), nine horses were measured in FW, BW and during SLL triggered by tactile cue. Kinematics were obtained from skin markers captured by ten high-speed video cameras. Trunk angles were calculated in sagittal and horizontal planes from withers, dorsal to spinous processes of the 16th thoracic vertebra (T16), 2nd and 4th sacral vertebrae (S2, S4), WT16S2 and T16S2S4 respectively. From the hooves, maximum hoof height during swing phase and horizontal distance between hoof and median body plane during swing and stance phases were determined.

Dorsoventral range of motion (ROM) and maximum flexion of WT16S2 was significantly larger in BW than in FW, while laterolateral ROM was significantly smaller during hindlimb swing phase in BW and SLL than in FW. In contrast, dorsoventral ROM of T16S2S4 was significantly smaller during stance and swing phases of hindlimbs in BW compared to FW, and throughout the movement. During forelimb swing phase, T16S2S4 ROM was significantly larger in BW than SLL. Hindhoof height in SLL was significantly higher than in FW. Distance between median body plane and hooves was significantly larger in BW than in FW, and significantly larger in BW than in SLL for hindlimb swing phase. In BW, increased lumbosacral stabilisation and the larger area of support created by fore- and hindlimbs may represent a strategy to enhance body stabilisation, as BW entails some insecurity.

马匹物理治疗通常包括基本练习,如倒退行走(BW)和自主抬起单肢(SLL),但这些练习中的躯干运动尚未研究过。为了比较BW和SLL与向前行走(FW)时的躯干运动学,对九匹马进行了FW、BW和由触觉提示触发的SLL测量。运动学数据来自十台高速摄像机捕捉到的皮肤标记。在矢状面和水平面上,分别计算了从马背到第 16 胸椎(T16)、第 2 和第 4 骶椎(S2、S4)棘突、WT16S2 和 T16S2S4 的躯干角度。通过蹄子测定了摆动阶段的最大蹄高以及摆动和站立阶段蹄子与身体中轴平面之间的水平距离。WT16S2的背腹运动范围(ROM)和最大屈曲度在BW中明显大于FW,而在后肢摆动阶段,BW和SLL的侧外侧ROM明显小于FW。相反,在后肢站立和摆动阶段,BW T16S2S4 的背腹侧 ROM 明显小于 FW,在整个运动过程中也是如此。在前肢摆动阶段,BW 的 T16S2S4 ROM 明显大于 SLL。SLL的后蹄高度明显高于FW。在后肢摆动阶段,BW 的身体中轴平面与蹄之间的距离明显大于 FW,且 BW 明显大于 SLL。在BW中,腰骶部的稳定性增强,前肢和后肢产生的支撑面积增大,这可能代表了一种增强身体稳定性的策略,因为BW会带来一些不安全感。
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引用次数: 0
Diagnosis of equine endocrine disease special issue 马内分泌疾病诊断》特刊。
IF 2.3 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106177
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引用次数: 0
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Veterinary journal
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