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Validation of the diagnostic accuracy of the 3M™ Petrifilm™ coliform and aerobic count plates to measure colostrum bacterial contamination on Scottish dairy farms 验证 3M™ Petrifilm™ 大肠菌群和需氧菌计数板测量苏格兰奶牛场初乳细菌污染的诊断准确性
IF 2.3 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106230
Tracy Anderson , Alexandra Haggerty , Emily Silva , Colin Mason , David Bell , Katharine S. Denholm

A calf should receive 10–12 % of its bodyweight in high quality colostrum ( >50 g/L immunoglobulin) shortly after birth in order to confer passive immunity, with calves ideally receiving their first feed of colostrum in the first 1–2 hours of life (Godden et al., 2019). It is recommended (not validated) that total counts for bacteria and coliforms in colostrum should not exceed 100,000 colony forming units per mL (CFU/mL) and 10,000 CFU/mL, respectively. This study was conducted between March and September 2023. Eighty-five colostrum samples from 5 commerical dairy farms in Dumfries and Galloway in Scotland were purposively selected. Samples were collected from various stages during the colostrum harvest, storage and feeding process to provide multiple samples with variable (low, medium and high) bacterial contamination. The objective of this study was to validate the diagnostic accuracy of the 3 M Petrifilm™ Coliform Count Plate (CCP) and Aerobic Count Plate (ACP) for colostrum bacteriology. The Petrifilm™ Aerobic Count Plates were compared to 5 % sheep blood agar (SBA) (total bacteria counts, TBC), and the Petrifilm™ Coliform Count Plates were compared to MacConkey plates (MAC) (total coliform counts, TCC) and test sensitivity and specificity were calculated.

Colostrum bacterial contamination was highly variable between farms (TBC median and interquartile range= 50,000CFU/mL and 546000CFU/mL; TCC median and interquartile range=100,750CFU/mL and 188,500CFU/mL). Overall correlation between the Petrifilms™ and reference plate measures was moderate (Spearman rho=0.38–0.47). The statistical accuracy of the Petrifilm™ systems and the test sensitivity were improved by lowering the bacterial cutpoint from 100,000CFU/mL to 91,000 CFU/mL for the aerobic counts plates and from 10,000CFU/mL to 1500 CFU/mL for the coliform count plates. The Petrifilm™ system could be used as a monitoring tool to provide quick and statistically accurate results for TBC and TCC but should not be seen as a comprehensive solution for poor colostrum hygiene.

犊牛出生后不久就应摄入占其体重 10-12% 的优质初乳(免疫球蛋白含量为 50 克/升),以获得被动免疫,犊牛最好在出生后 1-2 小时内摄入第一口初乳(Godden 等人,2019 年)。建议(未经验证)初乳中细菌和大肠菌群的总计数不应分别超过每毫升 100,000 菌落总数(CFU/mL)和每毫升 10,000 菌落总数(CFU/mL)。这项研究在 2023 年 3 月至 9 月期间进行。研究人员有目的地从苏格兰邓弗里斯和加洛韦的 5 个商业奶牛场选取了 85 份初乳样本。样品从牛初乳收获、储存和饲喂过程的不同阶段采集,以提供细菌污染程度不同(低、中、高)的多个样品。这项研究的目的是验证 3 M Petrifilm™ 大肠菌群计数板(CCP)和需氧菌计数板(ACP)对牛初乳细菌学诊断的准确性。将 Petrifilm™ 需氧菌计数板与 5 % 羊血琼脂(SBA)(细菌总数,TBC)进行比较,将 Petrifilm™ 大肠菌群计数板与麦康凯平板(MAC)(大肠菌群总数,TCC)进行比较,并计算检测灵敏度和特异性。不同牧场之间的初乳细菌污染差异很大(TBC 中位数和四分位数范围分别为 50,000CFU/mL 和 546,000CFU/mL;TCC 中位数和四分位数范围分别为 100,750CFU/mL 和 188,500CFU/mL )。Petrifilms™ 和参考平板测量值之间的总体相关性为中等(Spearman rho=0.38-0.47)。将需氧菌落计数平板的细菌切点从 100,000CFU/mL 降至 91,000 CFU/mL,将大肠菌群计数平板的细菌切点从 10,000CFU/mL 降至 1500 CFU/mL,可提高 Petrifilm™ 系统的统计准确性和测试灵敏度。Petrifilm™ 系统可用作监测工具,为 TBC 和 TCC 提供快速、统计准确的结果,但不应被视为解决初乳卫生问题的综合方案。
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引用次数: 0
Genome sequencing of canine distemper virus isolates from unvaccinated dogs in Mongolia 从蒙古未接种疫苗的狗身上分离出的犬瘟热病毒的基因组测序
IF 2.3 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106231
Ariunbold Munkhtsetseg , Enkhbaatar Batmagnai , Myagmarsuren Odonchimeg , Gombodash Ganbat , Yondonjamts Enkhmandakh , Gantulga Ariunbold , Tsedenbal Dolgorsuren , Raadan Odbileg , Purevtseren Dulam , Bumduuren Tuvshintulga , Chihiro Sugimoto , Yoshihiro Sakoda , Junya Yamagishi , Dashzevge Erdenechimeg

Canine distemper virus (CDV) triggers a severe, often fatal disease in dogs and wildlife known as canine distemper (CD). Prior research has noted significant genetic diversity and recombination among CDV isolates from different geographical regions, potentially contributing to vaccine failures. Despite this, no genetic characterization of Mongolian CDVs has been conducted. This study, isolated CDVs from three unvaccinated dogs: two 10-month-old mixed-breeds and an 18-month-old Samoyed. All exhibited CD symptoms and subsequently died. Virus isolation was conducted using Vero/dog SLAM cells, with genome sequencing performed via nanopore technology. The mixed-breed dogs were infected with non-recombinant CDV isolates, forming a sister clade to the Asia-1 lineage prevalent in Asia. The Samoyed was infected with a non-recombinant CDV isolate, classifying as Asia-4 lineage sporadically reported in some Asian countries. This sequencing data offers foundational information on genetic diversity, aiding CD control measure development and benefiting future Eurasia and Asian studies.

犬瘟热病毒(CDV)在犬和野生动物中引发一种严重的、往往致命的疾病,即犬瘟热(CD)。先前的研究指出,来自不同地理区域的 CDV 分离物之间存在显著的遗传多样性和重组,这可能是导致疫苗失效的原因之一。尽管如此,尚未对蒙古 CDV 进行基因鉴定。这项研究从三只未接种疫苗的狗身上分离出了 CDV:两只 10 个月大的混血犬和一只 18 个月大的萨摩耶犬。它们都出现了 CD 症状,随后死亡。使用 Vero/dog SLAM 细胞进行病毒分离,并通过纳米孔技术进行基因组测序。混种犬感染的是非重组 CDV 分离物,与亚洲流行的亚洲-1 系形成姊妹支系。萨摩耶犬感染的是非重组 CDV 分离物,属于亚洲-4 系,在一些亚洲国家偶有报道。这些测序数据为遗传多样性提供了基础信息,有助于CD控制措施的制定,并有利于未来欧亚大陆和亚洲的研究。
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引用次数: 0
Molecular and serological screening of coxiellosis in bovines with reproductive disorders in dairy farms 对奶牛场中患有繁殖障碍的牛群进行柯萨氏杆菌病的分子和血清学筛查。
IF 2.3 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106229
Neha Parmar , Satyaveer Singh Malik , Manesh Kumar , Jay Prakash Yadav , V.K. Vinod , M.S. Sivaprasad , Brijesh Kumar , Jess Vergis , E.S. Sanjumon , Sukhadeo Baliram Barbuddhe , Deepak Bhiwa Rawool

Coxiella burnetii infection is an emerging/re-emerging public health problem affecting several countries worldwide. In India, the disease is mainly underdiagnosed, creating hindrances in its effective control. This study investigated the occurrence of C. burnetii among apparently healthy cattle and cattle with a history of reproductive disorders by both PCR and indirect-ELISA. A total of 731 clinical samples (serum: 531, and vaginal swabs as well as blood: 100 each) from 531 cattle were screened for coxiellosis. The serum, blood, and vaginal swabs each collected from 100 cattle with a history of reproductive disorders were screened using Com1-PCR, Trans-PCR, and indirect-ELISA. Conversely, serum samples obtained from apparently healthy cattle were exclusively screened using indirect ELISA. None of the samples tested could detect C. burnetii in PCR assays, while 13.37 % of serum samples were found to be seropositive in i-ELISA. Seropositivity noted among clinically healthy and those suffering from reproductive disorders were 12.76 % and 16 %, respectively, exhibiting a non-significant difference observed between these two categories. The obtained results suggested that the occurrence of coxiellosis did not differ significantly between clinically healthy animals and those with reproductive disorders; hence, in farms affected with C. burnetii infection, screening healthy and symptomatic animals is crucial to implement appropriate preventive measures.

烧伤柯西氏菌感染是一个新出现/再次出现的公共卫生问题,影响着全球多个国家。在印度,这种疾病主要诊断不足,妨碍了有效控制。本研究通过聚合酶链式反应(PCR)和间接酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)调查了明显健康的牛和有生殖障碍病史的牛中烧伤弧菌的发生情况。共对 531 头牛的 731 份临床样本(血清 531 份、阴道拭子和血液各 100 份)进行了柯西氏菌病筛查。使用 Com1-PCR、Trans-PCR 和间接-ELISA 对从 100 头有生殖障碍病史的牛身上采集的血清、血液和阴道拭子进行了筛查。相反,从明显健康的牛身上采集的血清样本则完全采用间接 ELISA 方法进行筛查。在 PCR 检测中,没有一个样本能检测到烧伤蜱,而在 i-ELISA 检测中,发现 13.37% 的血清样本呈血清阳性。临床健康人和生殖系统疾病患者的血清阳性率分别为 12.76% 和 16%,两类人群之间的差异并不显著。结果表明,临床健康动物和繁殖障碍动物之间的柯西氏菌病发生率并无显著差异;因此,在受柏氏菌感染影响的农场中,筛查健康和有症状的动物对于采取适当的预防措施至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
Cannabidiol plus krill oil supplementation improves chronic stifle osteoarthritis in dogs: A double-blind randomized controlled trial 大麻二酚加磷虾油能改善狗的慢性跗关节骨关节炎:双盲随机对照试验
IF 2.3 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106227
K. Soontornvipart , P. Wongsirichatchai , A. Phongphuwanan , K. Chatdarong , S. Vimolmangkang

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common orthopedic disorder characterized by chronic inflammation and pain in dogs and cats. Cannabis spp. contains cannabidiol (CBD), a substance with pain relief and anti-inflammatory properties in different animals including dogs with OA. The use of CBD supplements has been increasingly intertwining in veterinary medicine. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical efficacy of CBD + krill oil-supplemented biscuit against canine OA. In total, 30 dogs with stifle OA were randomized and divided into the placebo, krill oil, and CBD + krill oil groups. The Canine Brief Pain Inventory questionnaire was used to evaluate the efficacy of each treatment against pain. Stifle temperature was monitored to identify degrees of stifle inflammation. Two and one dogs in the placebo group were excluded from the study due to worsening lameness and increased pain interference score (PIS) and pain severity score (PSS) at days 14 and 28, respectively.

The PIS and PSS scores of the krill oil and CBD + krill oil groups gradually and significantly improved after two weeks of treatment. The CBD + krill oil group had better PIS and PSS scores than the placebo and krill oil groups. However, there was no statistically significant difference in the PIS and PSS scores between the krill oil and CBD + krill oil groups. The stifle temperature of the three groups at different periods did not significantly differ. In conclusion, CBD + krill oil supplements are safe against canine OA. CBD can reduce pain and inflammation.

骨关节炎(OA)是最常见的骨科疾病,其特征是猫狗的慢性炎症和疼痛。大麻属植物含有大麻二酚(CBD),这种物质对包括患有 OA 的狗在内的不同动物具有镇痛和消炎作用。CBD补充剂的使用已越来越多地与兽医学结合在一起。本研究旨在评估CBD+磷虾油补充饼干对犬类OA的临床疗效。共有30只患有跗关节OA的狗被随机分为安慰剂组、磷虾油组和CBD+磷虾油组。犬简易疼痛量表问卷用于评估每种疗法对疼痛的疗效。对跗关节温度进行监测,以确定跗关节炎症的程度。安慰剂组分别有两只和一只狗因跛行恶化以及第 14 天和第 28 天疼痛干扰评分 (PIS) 和疼痛严重程度评分 (PSS) 增加而被排除在研究之外。磷虾油组和 CBD + 磷虾油组的 PIS 和 PSS 评分在治疗两周后逐渐显著改善。CBD + 磷虾油组的 PIS 和 PSS 评分优于安慰剂组和磷虾油组。然而,磷虾油组和 CBD + 磷虾油组的 PIS 和 PSS 评分在统计学上没有显著差异。三组在不同时期的跗关节温度也没有显著差异。总之,CBD + 磷虾油补充剂对犬 OA 是安全的。CBD 可以减轻疼痛和炎症。
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引用次数: 0
The effect of prophylactic tranexamic acid on the incidence of postoperative hemorrhage in greyhounds 预防性氨甲环酸对灰狗术后出血发生率的影响。
IF 2.3 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106226
O.P. Gilman , K. Borgeat , H.E. Wilson

To investigate whether the incidence of postoperative hemorrhage in greyhounds was reduced when a standardized protocol for prophylactic tranexamic acid (TXA) administration to greyhounds undergoing surgery was followed, a retrospective clinical study at a private referral and first opinion hospital group was performed. Patient records of client-owned greyhounds undergoing elective surgery or dental procedures involving extractions were examined retrospectively, and 58 incidents of surgery considered eligible were documented, along with any subsequent reports of hemorrhage and whether the TXA protocol was followed.

The use of TXA was not associated with a reduction in the incidence of postoperative hemorrhage in this population of greyhounds. In the group that did not receive TXA, post-operative hemorrhage was reported in 7/37 (18.9 %) cases and in the prophylactic TXA group, post-operative hemorrhage was reported in 11/21 (52.4 %) cases, a significantly higher number than in the group that did not receive TXA. Interestingly, in our population, prophylactic administration of TXA was not associated with a reduction in post-operative hemorrhage, but with a higher incidence of hemorrhage. We belief that descrepencies in our dataset may explain these findings, and a prospective randomized-controlled trial should be performed to further investigate the efficacy of TXA as an antifibrinolytic agent in greyhounds.

为了研究在对接受手术的灰狗实施氨甲环酸(TXA)预防性用药的标准化方案后,灰狗术后出血的发生率是否会降低,一家私人转诊和第一意见医院集团开展了一项回顾性临床研究。研究人员回顾性检查了客户饲养的灰猎犬接受择期手术或牙科拔牙手术的病历,并记录了58例符合条件的手术,以及随后的出血报告和是否遵循了氨甲环酸治疗方案。在这些灰狗中,使用 TXA 与降低术后出血发生率无关。在未使用 TXA 的组别中,7/37(18.9%)的病例报告了术后出血,而在使用预防性 TXA 的组别中,11/21(52.4%)的病例报告了术后出血,明显高于未使用 TXA 的组别。有趣的是,在我们的研究对象中,预防性使用 TXA 与术后出血减少无关,而是与出血发生率升高有关。我们认为,我们的数据集可能存在缺陷,因此应进行前瞻性随机对照试验,进一步研究 TXA 作为抗纤维蛋白溶解剂对灰猎犬的疗效。
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引用次数: 0
Real-time in vivo confocal laser endomicroscopic imaging of equine endometrium: Preliminary observations and feasibility study 马子宫内膜的实时活体共焦激光内窥镜成像:初步观察和可行性研究。
IF 2.3 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106222
K. Gallacher , L. Woolford , L.C. Santos , P.B.S. Serpa , J. Len , R.O. Gilbert , K.L. Kind

Endometrial health is vital for the reproductive efficiency of broodmares and accurate diagnostic testing is crucial for directing the best treatment options and outcomes. Confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) is an endoscopic technique for obtaining in-vivo, real-time microscopic imaging of tissues using a fiber optic probe. CLE relies on induced tissue fluorescence and fluorescein sodium, given intravenously, is the contrast agent most used in human medicine. This study aimed to determine the feasibility of CLE for imaging equine endometrium and determine a standard dose of fluorescein sodium to achieve optimal cellular imaging. In-vivo CLE was performed on 44 mares, and the images were compared with routine histopathological analysis of endometrial biopsies. No adverse reactions occurred after IV fluorescein sodium administration and a dose of 4 mg/kg was established (0.04 mL/kg of 10 % fluorescein sodium solution) to achieve optimal image contrast. CLE enabled multiple regions of the endometrium to be assessed quickly. Distinct tissue architecture patterns could be appreciated using CLE, and the luminal epithelium could be assessed for integrity (ulceration) and exocytosed inflammatory cells. Endometrial gland distribution, density, shape, and epithelial height were evaluated. Blood vessels were clearly outlined, and inflammatory cells and fibrosis were discernable within the interstitium. Image quality varied between mares, and the stage of oestrous cycle may have been a factor of influence. This novel imaging modality enables collection of “virtual” biopsies and facilitates critical assessment of multiple regions of the uterus compared with the standard histopathologic assessment of a single random tissue biopsy.

子宫内膜健康对肉用母马的繁殖效率至关重要,准确的诊断检测对指导最佳治疗方案和结果至关重要。共焦激光内窥镜(CLE)是一种内窥镜技术,可通过光纤探头获得体内组织的实时显微成像。CLE 依靠诱导组织荧光,而静脉注射荧光素钠是人类医学中最常用的造影剂。本研究旨在确定 CLE 对马子宫内膜成像的可行性,并确定实现最佳细胞成像的荧光素钠标准剂量。对 44 匹母马进行了体内 CLE,并将图像与子宫内膜活检的常规组织病理学分析进行了比较。静脉注射荧光素钠后未出现不良反应,并确定了 4 毫克/千克的剂量(0.04 毫升/千克 10%荧光素钠溶液),以获得最佳图像对比度。CLE 能够快速评估子宫内膜的多个区域。使用 CLE 可观察到不同的组织结构模式,并可评估管腔上皮的完整性(溃疡)和外渗的炎性细胞。对子宫内膜腺体的分布、密度、形状和上皮高度进行了评估。血管轮廓清晰,间质内的炎性细胞和纤维化清晰可见。不同母马的图像质量不同,发情周期的阶段可能是影响因素之一。与单个随机组织活检的标准组织病理学评估相比,这种新颖的成像模式能够收集 "虚拟 "活检组织,并有助于对子宫的多个区域进行关键评估。
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引用次数: 0
Dynamics of the thymic transcriptome at stages of acute thymic involution in Japanese Black calves with a poor prognosis 预后不良的日本黑犊牛在急性胸腺萎缩阶段的胸腺转录组动态。
IF 2.3 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106225
Ryogo Furukawa, Shoichi Wakitani, Risako Kawabata, Masahiro Yasuda

Transcriptome analysis was performed on the thymus of Japanese Black calves that were necropsied due to poor prognosis, to characterize changes associated with acute thymic involution. Gene expression profiles obtained by DNA microarray analysis of eight calf thymuses were classified into three patterns that correlated with the histopathological stage of acute thymic involution. Using principal component analysis, the first principal component of the global gene expression levels in the calf thymus was associated with the stage of acute thymic involution, suggesting that histopathological changes greatly influence the gene expression profile. Gene ontology enrichment analysis revealed that genes related to cell proliferation, wound healing, and inflammatory responses were the main contributors to the first principal component. Real-time RT-PCR showed that the thymus had lower expression of PCNA, KIFC1, and HES6, and higher expression of SYNPO2, PDGFRB, and TWIST1 during acute thymic involution. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated a decrease in the rate of Ki67-positive cells in the thymic cortex during the late stage of acute thymic involution. The rate of cleaved caspase-1-positive cells increased in the thymic cortex at an earlier stage than the increase in the rate of cleaved caspase-3-positive cells. Vimentin, which was almost absent in the non-involuted thymic cortex, appeared in the thymic cortex during acute thymic involution. These results suggest that in farmed calves with a poor prognosis, inflammatory responses and impaired thymocyte proliferation are primarily involved in acute thymic involution.

我们对因预后不良而死亡的日本黑犊牛胸腺进行了转录组分析,以确定与急性胸腺萎缩相关的变化特征。通过对 8 头犊牛胸腺进行 DNA 微阵列分析获得的基因表达谱分为三种模式,它们与急性胸腺萎缩的组织病理学阶段相关。通过主成分分析,小牛胸腺全局基因表达水平的第一个主成分与急性胸腺萎缩的阶段有关,这表明组织病理学变化对基因表达谱有很大影响。基因本体富集分析表明,与细胞增殖、伤口愈合和炎症反应相关的基因是第一个主成分的主要贡献者。实时 RT-PCR 显示,在胸腺急性内陷期,胸腺中 PCNA、KIFC1 和 HES6 的表达较低,而 SYNPO2、PDGFRB 和 TWIST1 的表达较高。免疫组化显示,在急性胸腺萎缩晚期,胸腺皮质中 Ki67 阳性细胞的比率有所下降。胸腺皮质中已裂解的 Caspase-1 阳性细胞比率的增加早于已裂解的 Caspase-3 阳性细胞比率的增加。波形蛋白在未内陷的胸腺皮质中几乎不存在,但在胸腺急性内陷期出现在胸腺皮质中。这些结果表明,在预后不良的养殖犊牛中,炎症反应和胸腺细胞增殖受损是急性胸腺萎缩的主要原因。
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引用次数: 0
Intranasal atomized dexmedetomidine alone or in combination with ketamine or midazolam to sedate healthy dogs 鼻内雾化右美托咪定单独使用或与氯胺酮或咪达唑仑联合使用,对健康犬进行镇静。
IF 2.3 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106224
Majid Jafarbeglou , Mehdi Marjani , Reza Bakhshi-Khanghah , Mohammadreza Paryani , Mohammadreza Oghbaei

A prospective, randomized, blinded experiment was conducted to compare the effects of intranasal (IN) dexmedetomidine (Dex, 10 µg/kg; n=12) alone or combined with midazolam (DexM, 0.3 mg/kg; n=12) or ketamine (DexK, 2 mg/kg; n=12) in healthy dogs. Ease of administration (EA1), total administration time (TAT), time for first (TA1) and second nostril administration (TA2), and adverse events during atomization were recorded. Two days later, EA2 was assessed by IN atomization of injectable water as an additional outcome variable. Onset of sedation was evaluated, along with behavioral scores and physiological parameters from T0 (baseline) to T120. Statistical analyses included Chi-square, one-way ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis, repeated measures or Friedman’s ANOVA, and Wilcoxon’s tests. Significance was p≤0.05.

Onset of sedation was 12.9 ± 4.1, 18.2 ± 7.5, and 9.9 ± 4.3 mins (mean ± SD) for Dex, DexM, and DexK, respectively. Onset was shorter in DexK compared to DexM (p=0.002), explaining the lower behavioral scores in DexM at T15. All dogs in Dex and DexK reached adequate sedation, with peak sedation occurring at T30, while some dogs in DexM never reached adequate sedation and this group peaked at T45. Adverse events such as saliva drooling and pawing at the nose were significantly higher in DexM and DexK, explaining their differences in TA2, TAT, and EA1 comparing to Dex. EA2 was also higher in Dex compared to DexM and DexK. In conclusion, Dex was better tolerated in dogs and DexK showed faster and more profound sedative effects. Due to paradoxical excitement, unpredictable sedation, and nasal irritation, DexM is not recommended.

我们进行了一项前瞻性、随机、盲法实验,比较在健康狗体内单独或与咪达唑仑(DexM,0.3毫克/千克;12只;12只)或氯胺酮(DexK,2毫克/千克;12只)联合使用鼻内注射(IN)右美托咪定(Dex,10微克/千克;12只)的效果。记录给药难易程度(EA1)、总给药时间(TAT)、第一次(TA1)和第二次鼻孔给药时间(TA2)以及雾化过程中的不良反应。两天后,通过 IN 雾化注射用水评估 EA2,作为额外的结果变量。从T0(基线)到T120,对镇静开始时间以及行为评分和生理参数进行了评估。统计分析包括Chi-square、单因素方差分析或Kruskal-Wallis、重复测量或Friedman方差分析以及Wilcoxon检验。显著性为 p≤0.05。Dex、DexM和DexK的镇静起始时间分别为12.9±4.1、18.2±7.5和9.9±4.3分钟(平均值±标度)。与 DexM 相比,DexK 的起始时间更短(p=0.002),这也是 DexM 在 T15 时行为评分更低的原因。所有使用 Dex 和 DexK 的狗都达到了充分镇静,镇静峰值出现在 T30,而一些使用 DexM 的狗从未达到充分镇静,该组狗的镇静峰值出现在 T45。DexM 和 DexK 的不良反应(如流口水和用爪子抓鼻子)明显高于 DexM 和 DexK,这也解释了它们与 Dex 相比在 TA2、TAT 和 EA1 方面的差异。与 DexM 和 DexK 相比,Dex 的 EA2 也更高。总之,狗对地塞米松的耐受性更好,而地塞米松的镇静效果更快、更深远。由于存在矛盾性兴奋、不可预测的镇静效果和鼻腔刺激,因此不推荐使用 DexM。
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引用次数: 0
Enhancing the Horse Grimace Scale (HGS): Proposed updates and anatomical descriptors for pain assessment 改进马匹疼痛量表(HGS):疼痛评估的拟议更新和解剖描述符。
IF 2.3 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106223
L.C. Werner , G.M. de Oliveira , R.R. Daros , E. Dalla Costa , P.V. Michelotto

The use of grimace scales enables the clinical identification of changes in the facial expressions of animals caused by pain. The Horse Grimace Scale (HGS) is one such tool, comprising a pain coding system based on facial expressions and assessing six Facial Action Units (FAUs). Each FAU is accompanied by descriptions and anatomical details to assist the evaluator. However, the morphological descriptions for certain FAUs in the HGS are not sufficiently detailed, potentially hindering accurate interpretation. This study is an analytical investigation aimed at enhancing the morphoanatomical details in the HGS and providing raters with more comprehensive materials for pain evaluation in horses using this scale.

To achieve this, detailed anatomical analyses were conducted using established references in veterinary anatomy. Initially, we propose substituting the term 'ear' with 'auricle' or 'pinna' and replacing 'area above the eye' with 'supraorbital region' for anatomical accuracy. Additionally, we introduce detailed morphoanatomical descriptions that identify specific landmarks, with the goal of ensuring more consistent application of the HGS and reducing interpretation variability. Furthermore, this study provides an explanation of the muscles involved in the investigated FAUs. These adjustments on the descriptions and evaluations remain unverified, however it is anticipated that the descriptive enhancements lead us to understand that higher interobserver reliability can be achieved for each of the FAUs.

使用龇牙咧嘴量表可以在临床上识别动物因疼痛而产生的面部表情变化。马面部表情量表(HGS)就是这样一种工具,它由一个基于面部表情的疼痛编码系统和六个面部动作单元(FAU)组成。每个面部动作单元都附有描述和解剖细节,以帮助评估者进行评估。然而,HGS 中某些 FAU 的形态描述不够详细,可能会妨碍准确的解释。本研究是一项分析性调查,旨在加强 HGS 中的形态解剖细节,为评分员提供更全面的材料,以便使用该量表对马的疼痛进行评估。为此,我们利用兽医解剖学中已有的参考文献进行了详细的解剖分析。首先,我们建议用 "耳廓 "或 "耳廓 "代替 "耳朵",用 "眶上区域 "代替 "眼睛上方区域",以确保解剖的准确性。此外,我们还引入了详细的形态解剖学描述,以确定具体的地标,从而确保 HGS 的应用更加一致,并减少解释的变异性。此外,本研究还对所调查的 FAU 所涉及的肌肉进行了解释。这些对描述和评估的调整仍未得到验证,但预计这些描述性改进将使我们了解到,每个 FAU 都可以实现更高的观察者间可靠性。
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引用次数: 0
Comparing the effects of various fluid resuscitative strategies on Glycocalyx damage in a canine hemorrhage model 比较各种液体复苏策略对犬出血模型糖萼损伤的影响
IF 2.3 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106221
Alan J. Weaver Jr. , Emilee C. Venn , Rebekah Ford , Nicole Ewer , Kim E. Hildreth , Charnae E. Williams , Christina E. Duncan , Cheresa L. Calhoun , Lonnie E. Grantham , Guillaume L. Hoareau , Thomas H. Edwards

Hemorrhagic shock and subsequent resuscitation can cause significant dysregulation of critical systems, including the vascular endothelium. Following hemorrhage, the endothelial lining (glycocalyx) can shed, causing release of glycocalyx components, endothelial activation, and systemic inflammation. A canine model of hemorrhagic shock was used to evaluate five resuscitation fluids, including Lactated Ringers+Hetastarch, Whole Blood (WB), Fresh Frozen Plasma+packed Red Blood Cells (FFP+pRBC), and two hemoglobin-based oxygen carrier (HBOC) fluids, for their impact on glycocalyx shedding. Under anesthesia, purpose-bred adult canines were instrumented and subjected to a controlled hemorrhage with blood being drawn until a mean arterial pressure of <50 mmHg was reached or 40 % of the estimated blood volume was removed. Canines were left in shock for 45 mins before being resuscitated with one of the resuscitation fluids over 30 mins. Following resuscitation, the dogs were monitored up to 2 weeks. Following an additional 3–4 weeks for washout, the canines repeated the protocol, undergoing each resuscitation fluid individually. Blood samples were collected during each round at various timepoints for serum isolation, which was used for detection of glycocalyx biomarker. Comparison of baseline and post-hemorrhage alone showed a significant reduction in serum protein (p<0.0001), heparan sulfate (p<0.001), and syndecan-1 (p<0.0001) concentrations, and a significant increase in hyaluronan (p<0.0001) concentration. Intercomparisons of resuscitation fluids indicated minimal differences in glycocalyx markers over time. Comparisons within each fluid showed dynamic responses in glycocalyx biomarkers over time. Relative to individual baselines, syndecan-1 was significantly reduced after resuscitation in most cases (p<0.0001), excluding WB and FFP+pRBC. In all cases, VE-cadherin was significantly elevated at 24 hr compared to baseline (p<0.001). Hyaluronan was significantly elevated by 3 hr in all cases (p<0.01), except for HBOC fluids. Total glycosaminoglycans were significantly reduced only at 3 hr (p<0.001) for non-HBOC fluids. Similarly, heparan sulfate was significantly reduced with all fluids between resuscitation and 24 hr (p<0.01), except WB. The temporal changes in canine glycocalyx biomarkers were atypical of hemorrhage response in other species. This suggests that the hemorrhage lacked severity and/or typical glycocalyx biomarkers do not reflect the canine endothelium compared to other species. Further research is needed to characterize the canine endothelium and the response to resuscitation fluids.

失血性休克和随后的复苏会导致包括血管内皮在内的关键系统严重失调。出血后,内皮衬里(糖萼)会脱落,导致糖萼成分释放、内皮活化和全身炎症。我们使用失血性休克犬模型来评估五种复苏液对糖萼脱落的影响,包括乳酸林格液+鲸蜡淀粉、全血(WB)、新鲜冰冻血浆+包装红细胞(FFP+pRBC)和两种基于血红蛋白的氧载体(HBOC)液。在麻醉状态下,对专门饲养的成年犬进行仪器操作,并进行控制性出血,抽血直至平均动脉压达到
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引用次数: 0
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Veterinary journal
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